Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo é discutir a associação entre padrão de consumo de álcool e dimensões de risco à exposição ao HIV, desdobradas em conhecimento sobre HIV e práticas sexuais entre universitários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 416 universitários de 14 cursos distintos. Os dados foram coletados através de dois instrumentos e tratados através de estatística descritiva com o software SPSS 21.0. A pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob n 003.3.2012. A população de estudo é predominantemente do sexo masculino (59,6%), com faixa etária entre 19 a 22 anos (54,3%), de cor branca (57,5%), sem companheiros (69,2%) ou filhos (92,3%) e com maior percentual de católicos (31,3%) e daqueles que não possuem religião (33,7%). Destaca-se, ainda, que são possuidores de computador ou eletrônicos portáteis (98,8%) com fácil acesso à internet (96,8%). Os principais achados apontam que a maioria faz uso de álcool (60%), com a proporção de 7 homens para cada 3 mulheres. Relacionado ao AUDIT, foi identificado predomínio das zonas I (abstinência ou baixo risco-73,8%) e II (uso nocivo-20,4%). Sobre as relações sexuais, a maioria afirmou ter experiência sexual (69,5%), com idade da primeira relação entre 16 e 18 anos (54%), no entanto, mais homens (54,3%) afirmaram manter relações sexuais após o consumo de álcool do que mulheres (45,7%). Apesar do conhecimento sobre HIV/aids e álcool ser considerado como fator protetor pela literatura vigente, constatou-se que não há associação deste conhecimento com a prática sexual mais segura. Independente do padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, os universitários apresentam o mesmo tipo de prática sexual, muitas vezes se expondo à infecção ao HIV e outras doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Dentre os dados analisados, um dos motivos de exposição ao HIV/Aids são as relações sexuais após a ingestão de bebida alcoólicas e o não uso de preservativos nestas situações. O consumo exagerado de bebidas alcoólicas está ligado ao sexo masculino e este grupo apresenta práticas sexuais de maior risco. Sugere-se que novos estudos possam analisar a relação de causa e efeito para verificar quais fatores podem influenciar de fato a exposição ao HIV de estudantes usuários de álcool. Estas informações são relevantes para conhecermos a atual demanda desse grupo e focar nas reais necessidades que são imperiosas para a prevenção dos futuros danos nocivos à saúde individual e coletiva. Torna-se necessário compreender qual é a demanda dos jovens em se expor a diversos riscos à saúde adotando práticas não seguras e, principalmente, o que de fato modula estas condutas. / The objective of this study is to discuss the pattern association between alcohol consumption and risk dimensions with HIV exposure, deployed in knowledge on HIV and sexual practices among university students. It is a cross-sectional survey with a quantitative approach, conducted with 416 students from 14 different courses. The data were collected through two instruments and analyzed through descriptive statistics with the software SPSS 21.0. The research was approved by the Research ethics Committee at the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, under Protocol No. 003.3.2012. The study population is predominantly male (59.6%), aged from 19 to 22 years (54.3%), white (57.5%), without companions (69.2%) or children (92.3%) and with a higher percentage of Catholics (31.3%) and those who do not have religion (33.7%). It should also be highlighted that are owners of computer or portable electronics (98.8%) with easy access to the internet (96.8%). The main findings indicate that the majority consumes alcohol (60%), with the proportion of 7 men for every 3 women. Related to the AUDIT, the predominance of zones I (abstinence or low risk -73.8%) and II (harmful use - 20.4%) were identified. About sexual relations, the majority said they have sexual experience (69.5%), with the age of the first relationship between 16 and 18 years (54%), however, more men (54.3%) stated they maintain sexual relations after the consumption of alcohol than women (45.7%). Despite the knowledge about HIV/aids and alcohol being considered as protective factor by current literature, it was found that there is no association of this knowledge with safer sexual practices. Regardless of the pattern of alcohol consumption, students have the same type of sexual practice, often exposing themselves to HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Among the analyzed data, one of the reasons of exposure to HIV/Aids are the sexual relations after the ingestion of alcohol and the non-use of condoms in these situations. The excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is connected to the male sex and this group presents higher risk in sexual practices. It is suggested that further studies can analyze the relation of cause and effect to determine which factors may indeed influence HIV exposure of students using alcohol. This information are relevant to know the current demand of this group and focus on real needs that are compelling for the prevention of future damage harmful to individual and collective health. It is necessary to understand what the demand is for young people to expose themselves to various health risks by adopting unsafe practices, and especially the fact that modulates these behaviors.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo é discutir a associação entre padrão de consumo de álcool e dimensões de risco à exposição ao HIV, desdobradas em conhecimento sobre HIV e práticas sexuais entre universitários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizada com 416 universitários de 14 cursos distintos. Os dados foram coletados através de dois instrumentos e tratados através de estatística descritiva com o software SPSS 21.0. A pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sob n 003.3.2012. A população de estudo é predominantemente do sexo masculino (59,6%), com faixa etária entre 19 a 22 anos (54,3%), de cor branca (57,5%), sem companheiros (69,2%) ou filhos (92,3%) e com maior percentual de católicos (31,3%) e daqueles que não possuem religião (33,7%). Destaca-se, ainda, que são possuidores de computador ou eletrônicos portáteis (98,8%) com fácil acesso à internet (96,8%). Os principais achados apontam que a maioria faz uso de álcool (60%), com a proporção de 7 homens para cada 3 mulheres. Relacionado ao AUDIT, foi identificado predomínio das zonas I (abstinência ou baixo risco-73,8%) e II (uso nocivo-20,4%). Sobre as relações sexuais, a maioria afirmou ter experiência sexual (69,5%), com idade da primeira relação entre 16 e 18 anos (54%), no entanto, mais homens (54,3%) afirmaram manter relações sexuais após o consumo de álcool do que mulheres (45,7%). Apesar do conhecimento sobre HIV/aids e álcool ser considerado como fator protetor pela literatura vigente, constatou-se que não há associação deste conhecimento com a prática sexual mais segura. Independente do padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, os universitários apresentam o mesmo tipo de prática sexual, muitas vezes se expondo à infecção ao HIV e outras doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Dentre os dados analisados, um dos motivos de exposição ao HIV/Aids são as relações sexuais após a ingestão de bebida alcoólicas e o não uso de preservativos nestas situações. O consumo exagerado de bebidas alcoólicas está ligado ao sexo masculino e este grupo apresenta práticas sexuais de maior risco. Sugere-se que novos estudos possam analisar a relação de causa e efeito para verificar quais fatores podem influenciar de fato a exposição ao HIV de estudantes usuários de álcool. Estas informações são relevantes para conhecermos a atual demanda desse grupo e focar nas reais necessidades que são imperiosas para a prevenção dos futuros danos nocivos à saúde individual e coletiva. Torna-se necessário compreender qual é a demanda dos jovens em se expor a diversos riscos à saúde adotando práticas não seguras e, principalmente, o que de fato modula estas condutas. / The objective of this study is to discuss the pattern association between alcohol consumption and risk dimensions with HIV exposure, deployed in knowledge on HIV and sexual practices among university students. It is a cross-sectional survey with a quantitative approach, conducted with 416 students from 14 different courses. The data were collected through two instruments and analyzed through descriptive statistics with the software SPSS 21.0. The research was approved by the Research ethics Committee at the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, under Protocol No. 003.3.2012. The study population is predominantly male (59.6%), aged from 19 to 22 years (54.3%), white (57.5%), without companions (69.2%) or children (92.3%) and with a higher percentage of Catholics (31.3%) and those who do not have religion (33.7%). It should also be highlighted that are owners of computer or portable electronics (98.8%) with easy access to the internet (96.8%). The main findings indicate that the majority consumes alcohol (60%), with the proportion of 7 men for every 3 women. Related to the AUDIT, the predominance of zones I (abstinence or low risk -73.8%) and II (harmful use - 20.4%) were identified. About sexual relations, the majority said they have sexual experience (69.5%), with the age of the first relationship between 16 and 18 years (54%), however, more men (54.3%) stated they maintain sexual relations after the consumption of alcohol than women (45.7%). Despite the knowledge about HIV/aids and alcohol being considered as protective factor by current literature, it was found that there is no association of this knowledge with safer sexual practices. Regardless of the pattern of alcohol consumption, students have the same type of sexual practice, often exposing themselves to HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Among the analyzed data, one of the reasons of exposure to HIV/Aids are the sexual relations after the ingestion of alcohol and the non-use of condoms in these situations. The excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is connected to the male sex and this group presents higher risk in sexual practices. It is suggested that further studies can analyze the relation of cause and effect to determine which factors may indeed influence HIV exposure of students using alcohol. This information are relevant to know the current demand of this group and focus on real needs that are compelling for the prevention of future damage harmful to individual and collective health. It is necessary to understand what the demand is for young people to expose themselves to various health risks by adopting unsafe practices, and especially the fact that modulates these behaviors.

INTRODUÇÃO: O suicídio é uma das principais causas de morte violenta em todo o mundo e uma questão de saúde pública, em virtude do aumento no número de casos principalmente entre os jovens. O consumo excessivo de álcool é um grave problema de saúde pública, pois a embriaguez prejudica o juízo crítico e o autocontrole, podendo desencadear o comportamento violento e/ou autodestrutivo, o que sugere uma associação entre consumo de álcool e vitimização por suicídio. No Brasil, faltam estudos que permitam uma abordagem epidemiológica para apoiar estratégias preventivas, com o objetivo de reduzir o número de mortes por suicídio e seus custos financeiros relacionados. OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre consumo de álcool e vitimização por suicídio na cidade de São Paulo e sua relação com as características sócio-demográficas das vítimas e as circunstâncias do suicídio. MÉTODO: Dados de 1.700 vítimas de suicídio submetidas ao exame dosagem alcoólica no sangue, no período de 2011 a 2015, foram obtidos a partir dos laudos de exames toxicológicos realizados no Instituto Médico Legal do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados coletados foram: sexo, idade, cor da pele, método suicida, dosagem alcoólica no sangue, data e horário da morte. RESULTADOS: O álcool foi detectado no sangue de 30,24% das vítimas, com uma média de alcoolemia de 1,73 ± 0,08 g/L. A maioria das vítimas pertencia ao sexo masculino (74,59%), sendo que a prevalência dos níveis de alcoolemia positiva foi maior entre os homens (34,70%) do que entre as mulheres (17,13%). A média de idade das vítimas foi de 39,90 ± 0,75 anos, sendo que a média de idade das vítimas com alcoolemia positiva (37,94 ± 1,08 anos) foi menor que das vítimas com alcoolemia negativa (40,75 ± 0,96 anos). A maior prevalência de vítimas com alcoolemia positiva foi na faixa etária de 25 a 44 anos. A faixa de alcoolemia predominante foi de 0,6-2,5 g/L. Observou-se prevalência de indivíduos de cor branca na amostra (64,65%), porém houve maior proporção de vítimas de cor parda e negra com alcoolemia positiva. O enforcamento foi o método suicida de maior prevalência na amostra (48,65%) e entre os homens (55,36%), enquanto que entre as mulheres foi a precipitação (34,96%). O enforcamento foi o método que apresentou a maior proporção de vítimas com alcoolemia positiva para ambos os sexos. A maioria dos suicídios ocorreu no período diurno (63,41%), porém houve maior proporção de vítimas com alcoolemia positiva nos finais de semana e no período noturno. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos reforçam a existência de uma associação entre consumo de álcool e vitimização por suicídio na cidade de São Paulo, mesmo que uma relação causal não tenha sido estabelecida entre ambos, pois o álcool foi detectado no sangue de 30,24% das vítimas de suicídio, com uma média de alcoolemia de 1,73 ± 0,08 g/L. Indivíduos com esse valor de alcoolemia podem apresentar prejuízo do juízo crítico e do autocontrole, podendo desencadear o comportamento suicida naqueles com predisposiçao para tal / INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a leading cause of violent death worldwide and a major public health issue, as there has been an increase in the number of suicides, especially amongst young people. Excessive alcohol consumption is a serious public health problem, as drunkenness affects critical judgment and self-control and can trigger violent and/or self-destructive behavior, which suggests an association between alcohol consumption and victimization by suicide. In Brazil, there is a lack of studies that allow an epidemiological approach to support preventive actions in order to reduce the number of deaths by suicide and their related financial costs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between alcohol consumption and victimization by suicide in the city of Sao Paulo and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics of the victims and the circumstances of suicide. METHOD: Data from 1,700 suicide victims subjected to examination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) from 2011 to 2015 were obtained from toxicology reports performed in the Institute of Legal Medicine of the State of Sao Paulo. Data was collected on sex, age, skin color, suicide method, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), date and time of death. RESULTS: Alcohol was detected in blood samples of 30.24% of the victims and mean BAC levels were 1.73 ± 0.08 g/L. The majority of the victims were male (74.59%) and the prevalence of positive BAC was higher amongst men (34.70%) than women (17.13%). The mean age of the victims was 39.90 ± 0.75 years, while the mean age of victims with positive BAC (37.94 ± 1.08 years) was lower than victims with no detectable alcohol levels (40.75 ± 0.96 years). The most prevalent age group with positive BAC was 25-44 years. The most prevalent range of positive BAC was 0.6 to 2.5 g/L. The majority of the victims were white skinned (64.65%), but there was a higher proportion of victims with positive BAC among mulatto and black individuals. Hanging was the most prevalent suicide method in the sample (48.65%) and amongst men (55.36%), but amongst women it was precipitation (34.96%). Hanging was the suicide method with the highest proportion of victims with positive BAC, for both sexes. The majority of suicides occurred during the day (63.41%), but there was a higher proportion of victims with positive BAC on weekends and at night time. CONCLUSION: The results support the existence of an association between alcohol consumption and victimization by suicide in the city of Sao Paulo, even though a causal relationship has not been established between them, because alcohol was detected in blood samples of 30.24% of the victims and mean BAC levels were 1.73 ± 0.08 g/L. Individuals with this BAC level may present critical judgment and self-control impairment, and may trigger suicidal behavior in those with a predisposition to do so

Abstract Heavy alcohol consumption places a substantial burden on health all over the world. Metabolites of alcohol evoke alterations that lead to tissue damage in many organs. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a unique phospholipid formed in the cellular membranes during the metabolism of ethanol after alcohol consumption. PEth has attracted special attention as it is postulated to be a reliable marker of long term heavy alcohol consumption. The aims of present study were to investigate the immunogenicity of phosphatidylethanol in mice and to analyze the plasma antibodies binding to phosphatidylethanol in humans. In this study a clear immune response was generated in mice immunized with PEth in human low density lipoprotein (LDL) carrier. Mouse monoclonal IgM antibodies binding specifically to phosphoethyl head group of PEth were generated using hybridoma technology. Since PEth was shown to be immunogenic in mice, plasma was analyzed for the presence of antibodies also in humans. PEth-specific antibodies of IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes in plasma were detected in heavy drinkers of alcohol with or without pancreatitis as well as in the controls. The plasma levels of the antibodies binding to PEth were significantly lower in the study subjects with heavy alcohol use and in this present study sample the low IgA levels to PEth were better indicators of heavy alcohol consumption as compared to the some of the traditional markers of heavy alcohol use. The antibody levels to PEth associated significantly to plasma antibodies binding to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts that are known to be formed during alcohol metabolism but not to antibodies binding to phosphocholine which is generated by lipid oxidation in humans. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that phosphatidylethanol is immunogenic in mice when using carriers such as human LDL in the immunization process. The binding of the monoclonal antibodies specifically to the PEth head group suggests that it would be feasible to develop a diagnostic immunoassay to PEth. The presence of antibodies binding to PEth in plasma indicates that PEth may be a target of humoral immunity in humans. / Tiivistelmä Runsas alkoholinkulutus aiheuttaa maailmanlaajuisesti merkittäviä terveydellisiä haittoja. Alkoholin aineenvaihduntatuotteet muuttavat kudoksien rakenteita ja aiheuttavat kudosvaurioita. Fosfatidyylietanoli on alkoholin aineenvaihdunnan tuloksena solukalvoilla syntyvä fosfolipidi, jota on tutkittu kahdenkymmenen vuoden ajan lupaavana alkoholin suurkulutuksen merkkiaineena. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää fosfatidyylietanolin immunisoinnin aiheuttamaa vasta-aineiden muodostumista koe-eläinmallina käytetyissä hiirissä sekä määrittää ihmisten plasmanäytteistä vasta-aineita, jotka sitoutuvat fosfatidyylietanoliin. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin immuunivasteen muodostuminen hiirissä, jotka immunisoitiin ihmisen LDL hiukkasiin liitetyllä fosfatidyylietanolilla. Hiiren monoklonaalisia fosfatidyylietanoliin sitoutuvia IgM-luokan vasta-aineita tuotettiin tutkimuksessa soluviljelyn avulla. Fosfatidyylietanolin aiheuttama vasta-aineiden muodostuminen hiirillä johdatti mittaamaan fosfatidyylietanoliin sitoutuvia vasta-aineita myös ihmisiltä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin fosfatidyylietanoliin sitoutuvia IgG-, IgA- ja IgM-luokan vasta-aineita alkoholin suurkuluttajilla, alkoholihaimatulehdusta sairastavilla ja verrokkihenkilöillä. Vasta-aineiden pitoisuudet olivat alkoholia runsaasti käyttävillä koehenkilöillä merkitsevästi pienemmät kuin verrokkiryhmällä. Matalat IgA-vasta-ainepitoisuudet osoittautuivat aineistossa paremmaksi alkoholin suurkulutuksen osoittajiksi kuin eräät tavanomaisesti käytetyt alkoholinkäytön merkkiaineet. Plasman fosfatidyylietanoli-vasta-aineiden ja alkoholin aineenvaihdunnan seurauksena syntyvien malondialdehydi-asetaldehydi-addukteihin sitoutuvien vasta-aineiden määrän välillä havaittiin merkitsevä yhteys, jota ei havaittu rasvojen hapettumisen seurauksena syntyvien fosfokoliini-vasta-aineiden ja fosfatidyylietanoli-vasta-aineiden välillä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että hiirillä voidaan aikaansaada vasta-ainevälitteinen immuunivaste, kun ne rokotetaan ihmisen LDL-hiukkaseen liitetyllä fosfatidyylietanolilla. Fosfatidyylietanoliin spesifisesti sitoutuvien monoklonaalisten vasta-aineiden tuottaminen voi tulevaisuudessa johtaa immunologisen diagnostisen määritysmenetelmän kehittämiseen. Fosfatidyylietanoliin sitoutuvien plasman vasta-aineiden havaitseminen viittaa siihen, että fosfatidyylietanoli on vasta-ainevälitteisen immuunivasteen kohde myös ihmisillä.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an enormous health and economic problem. The proportion of alcohol involvement among subjects with TBI varies 34–51%. Acute alcohol intoxication increases the risk for head trauma compared with other parts of the body. Therefore, alcohol is a major, yet preventable risk factor for TBI. Alcohol taxes were reduced in 2004 and limits on tax-free imports from other EU countries were also removed. Within a year, total alcohol consumption increased by 10% in Finland. Alcohol-induced liver diseases and sudden deaths involving alcohol increased after the reduction. The effects of the reduction on the incidence and mortality of TBI were not known. Data on all TBI subjects admitted to Oulu University Hospital (1999, 2007) were gathered, as well as data on all fatal TBIs among the residents of Oulu Province (1999, 2006, and 2007). A cohort of subjects with head trauma admitted to Oulu University Hospital in 1999 was followed up until the end of 2009. Alcohol involvement was based on positive alcohol measurement or alcohol-related cause of death on death certificate or hospital chart notes made by health care providers. The incidence and mortality rates of moderate-to-severe TBI and alcohol involvement between the observation years were compared. Cumulative survival rates were calculated to demonstrate the effect of alcohol price reduction on the mortality of the head trauma cohort during a 10-year follow-up. The incidence of moderate-to-severe and fatal TBI was similar before and after the reduction of alcohol prices. After the reduction, the proportion of alcohol-related moderate-to-severe and fatal TBIs increased among middle-aged people, but decreased among young adults. The increase in TBIs among the middle-aged was mainly due to an increase in falls, whereas the decrease among young adults was due to a decreased number of suicides (particularly among young men). After the reduction of alcohol prices, harmful drinkers were significantly more likely to die than those who were not harmful drinkers. The overall incidence of moderate-to-severe and fatal TBIs did not increase after the reduction of alcohol prices, but the proportions of alcohol-related TBIs due to falls increased among middle-aged people. Our observations demonstrate that harmful drinkers and middle-aged people were the groups which suffered the most TBI-related harm after the reduction of alcohol prices. / Tiivistelmä Traumaattiset aivovammat aiheuttavat mittavia terveydellisiä ja taloudellisia ongelmia. Alkoholin vaikutuksen alaisena on vammautumishetkellä 34–51 % aivovammapotilaista. Akuutti päihtymystila lisää riskiä saada pään alueen vamma verrattuna muihin vartalon osiin. Alkoholi on merkittävä ja estettävissä oleva aivovammojen riskitekijä. Vuonna 2004 toteutettiin merkittävä alkoholin veronalennus sekä poistettiin muista EU-maista tuotavien verottomien juomien rajoitukset. Alkoholin kulutus lisääntyi 10 % vuoden aikana. Alkoholin aiheuttamat maksasairaudet sekä äkkikuolemat lisääntyivät alkoholin veronalennuksen jälkeen. Vaikutuksia traumaattisten aivovammojen ilmaantuvuuteen ja kuolleisuuteen ei ole vielä tutkittu. Tiedot kerättiin Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa hoidetuista aivovammapotilaista (1999 ja 2007) sekä Oulun läänin alueella aivovammoihin kuolleista (1999, 2006 ja 2007) vainajista. Vuonna 1999 pään vamman vuoksi Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa käyneitä potilaita seurattiin vuoden 2009 loppuun saakka. Tiedot alkoholin käytöstä perustuivat positiiviseen mitattuun alkoholipitoisuuteen sekä asiakirjamerkintöihin alkoholin käytöstä. Lievää vaikeampien traumaattisten aivovammojen ilmaantuvuutta, kuolleisuutta sekä alkoholiin liittyvien tapausten osuutta verrattiin tutkimusvuosien välillä. Vuonna 1999 päätään loukanneiden pitkäaikaisseurannassa tutkittiin alkoholin veronalennuksen vaikutusta kuolleisuuteen. Lievää vaikeampien aivovammojen ilmaantuvuus sekä aivovammakuolleisuus pysyivät samansuuruisina ennen ja jälkeen alkoholin veronalennuksen. Veronalennuksen jälkeen alkoholiin liittyvien aivovammojen osuus lisääntyi keski-ikäisillä mutta väheni nuorilla. Keski-ikäisillä havaittu alkoholi liitännäisten aivovammojen lisääntyminen johtui pääasiallisesti siitä että kaatumisvammoja tapahtui enemmän, kun taas nuorten kohdalla havaittu väheneminen johtui itsemurhien vähenemisestä. Alkoholin veronalennuksen jälkeen alkoholia haitallisesti käyttävien kuolleisuus lisääntyi merkittävästi verrattuna niihin, jotka eivät käyttäneet alkoholia haitallisesti. Lievää vaikeampien aivovammojen ilmaantuvuus sekä kuolleisuus eivät lisääntynyt alkoholin veronalennuksen jälkeen, mutta keski-ikäisten alkoholiin liittyvät kaatumistapaukset lisääntyivät. Havainnot osoittavat, että erityisesti haitallisesti alkoholia käyttävillä sekä keski-ikäisillä oli suurempi riski saada aivovammoihin liittyviä ongelmia veronalennuksen jälkeen.

Thesis (MA. (Clinical Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015. / The present research investigated the relationship between peer friendships and alcohol drinking patterns, amongst second year students at the University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus). The use and abuse of alcohol amongst students in South African and globally is problematic and increases decade after decade. Students consider alcohol consumption a normal part of university life and often overlook the consequences of health and social problems associated with high levels of alcohol use. The study utilised a quantitative approach with a cross sectional survey design. A convenience sample of second year students was used. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results as they give a clear and concise picture of the data. The chi-square test was utilised to see if there were any significant differences between male and female participants in terms of the study propositions and questions. The results suggest that positive psychosocial and psychological needs are intrinsic and are more likely to occur if an individual has ongoing and positive peer friendships, particularly amongst female participants. Generally, significant results indicate that females are more likely to engage in positive peer friendships and behaviours than males. Responses from male participants suggest that they are more likely to engage in maladaptive behaviours and are more likely to be negatively influenced by their peers, in terms of alcohol consumption, than females. However, females may tend to underestimate how much they drink as they are less likely to go out to a bar and are more likely to drink in their rooms or homes with friends than males.

Rationale: There is evidence for a common genetic link between alcohol and nicotine dependence. Rodents selectively bred for high alcohol consumption/responsivity are also more likely to self-administer nicotine than controls. Objectives: The experiments examined the response to systemic nicotine, the effects of nicotine within the drug reward pathway, and innate expression of nicotine-related genes in a brain region regulating drug reward/self-administration in multiple lines of rats selectively bred for high and low alcohol consumption. Methods: The experiments examined the effects of systemic administration of nicotine on locomotor activity, the effects of nicotine administered directly into the (posterior ventral tegmental area; pVTA) on dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh), and innate mRNA levels of acetylcholine receptor genes in the pVTA were determined in 6 selectively bred high/low alcohol consuming and Wistar rat lines. Results: The high alcohol-consuming rat lines had greater nicotine-induced locomotor activity compared to low alcohol-consuming rat lines. Microinjections of nicotine into the pVTA resulted in DA release in the AcbSh with the dose response curves for high alcohol-consuming rats shifted leftward and upward. Genetic analysis of the pVTA indicated P rats expressed higher levels of α2 and β4. Conclusion: Selective breeding for high alcohol preference resulted in a genetically divergent behavioral and neurobiological sensitivity to nicotine. The observed behavioral and neurochemical differences between the rat lines would predict an increased likelihood of nicotine reinforcement. The data support the hypothesis of a common genetic basis for drug addiction and identifies potential receptor targets.

Adopted individuals have an increased risk for a variety of psychopathological disorders. Studies of the effects adoption in humans are difficult to perform because of the difficulty separating genetic risk and treatment effects. This is a developmental study investigating the effects of at birth adoption using a nonhuman primate model. Three experimental paradigms were used to assess maternal treatment, stress-related behavior, and physiology late in infancy and again later in life. Rhesus monkeys were reared for their first six months of life by either their biological mother or an unrelated, lactating adult female. Adoptions occurred immediately following birth. At six months of age, both groups were exposed to four, 4-day mother-infant separations. Behavioral observations and plasma stress hormones were used to compare the two group's responses to the separation stressor. Maternal treatments were also compared. In a second experiment performed about three years later when subjects were adolescents or young adults, an unfamiliar intruder was placed outside their home pen and stress-related behavioral responses were again measured. In the third experiment, adolescent subjects were allowed free access to a sweetened alcohol solution and daily alcohol consumption was measured across 8-10 weeks. Analyses showed that adopted subjects exhibited more behavior withdrawal and higher ACTH during the Acute and Chronic phases of the separation than infants reared by their biological mothers. This persisted when subjects were again tested with an intruder stressor 1-3 years later, with adopted subjects still showing more behavioral withdrawal during the Intruder Challenge stressor. Adopted subjects also differ in their relationship with their mother, showing more independence at an early age in non-stressful environments. Paradoxically, alcohol intake was lower in adolescents raised by an adoptive mother. Differences in maternal treatment and mismatches in temperament between the adopted mother and her infant are potential mechanisms that lead to the increased stress and anxiety in subjects raised by an adopted mother.

Numerous studies have examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol use changes in Europe, with concerns raised regarding increased use and related harms. Approach. We synthesised observational studies published between 1 January 2020 and 31 September 2021 on self-reported changes in alcohol use associated with COVID-19. Electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating individual data from European general and clinical populations. We identified 646 reports, of which 56 general population studies were suitable for random-effects meta-analyses of proportional differences in alcohol use changes. Variations by time, sub-region and study quality were assessed in subsequent meta-regressions. Additional 16 reports identified were summarised narratively. Key Findings. Compiling reports measuring changes in overall alcohol use, slightly more individuals indicated a decrease than an increase in their alcohol use during the pandemic [3.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00–7.6%]. Decreases were also reported more often than increases in drinking frequency (8.0%, 95% CI 2.7–13.2%), quantity consumed (12.2%, 95% CI 8.3–16.2%) and heavy episodic drinking (17.7%, 95% CI 13.6–21.8%). Among people with pre-existing high drinking levels/alcohol use disorder, high-level drinking patterns appear to have solidified or intensified. Implications. Pandemic-related changes in alcohol use may be associated with pre-pandemic drinking levels. Increases among high-risk alcohol users are concerning, suggesting a need for ongoing monitoring and support from relevant health-care services. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that more people reduced their alcohol use in Europe than increased it since the onset of the pandemic. However high-quality studies examining specific change mechanisms at the population level are lacking.

A fase lútea tardia (FLT) é citada pela literatura como crítica para exacerbação de todos os transtornos psiquiátricos, o que pode significar maior consumo alcoólico por indivíduos dependentes e risco de recaídas para aqueles abstinentes. Paralelamente, é freqüente o relato clínico de aumento do consumo alimentar nesta fase. Conter a compulsividade e impulsividade alimentar é um dos inúmeros aspectos da atuação nutricional na recuperação de mulheres dependentes de álcool, uma vez que a eutrofia destas pacientes é importante para suas condições clínicas e psicológicas e, conseqüentemente, prevenir recaídas. Desta forma, conhecer a influência do ciclo menstrual feminino no consumo alimentar e alcoólico de mulheres em tratamento torna-se importante. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a composição alimentar e o consumo alcoólico entre a fase folicular (FF) e a FLT de mulheres dependentes de álcool. METODOLOGIA: estudadas 30 mulheres alcoolistas em tratamento no Programa de Atenção à Mulher Dependente Química (PROMUD) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Todas elas preencheram diários alimentares (que continham consumo alcoólico) durante dois meses. Foram aplicados também questionários relativos a dados sócio-demográficos, comportamento alimentar e comorbidades psiquiátricas. Os diários foram avaliados pelo Programa Virtual Nutri versão 1.0. RESULTADOS: A correlação do consumo energético (p=0,688), lipídico (0,500) e alcoólico (p= 0,673) entre a FF e FLT foi positivo. Foi possível dividir a amostra em dois clusters, onde constatou-se diferença significativa no consumo energético e de carboidratos entre os dois grupos, que possuíam tempo de tratamento e Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) diferentes, mas não estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÕES: Não parece existir diferença de consumo alimentar ou alcoólico em mulheres alcoolistas entre a FF e FLT. Se dividirmos a amostra em subgrupos, aquelas com mais tempo de tratamento IMC mais elevado tendem a ingerir mais álcool e não relatar corretamente seu consumo alimentar e alcoólico / The late luteal phase (LLF) of the menstrual cycle is often associated with exacerbation of psychiatric disorders. Increased food intake due to mechanism not yet established can be seen during LLF. A key component of nutritional intervention for the treatment of alcoholic women is to approach the so-called binge and impulsive eating behaviors. It is thus necessary to know the impact of the menstrual cycle on food and alcohol intake of women in alcohol dependence treatment. OBJECTIVES: To compare food composition and alcohol consumption between follicular phase (FP) and LLF in alcohol dependent women. METHODS: Thirty alcoholic women in treatment at the Women Drug Dependent Treatment Center (PROMUD) at Clínicas Hospital Psychiatry Institute of Universidade de São Paulo Medical School completed food diaries (including alcohol consumption) for two months. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, eating behaviors and psychiatric comorbidities were also collected using specific questionnaires. Food diaries were assessed using Virtual Nutri Program version 1.0. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference of energy and alcohol consumption, as well as macronutrient intake (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids), between FP and LLF. But when the study sample was divided into two groups according to nutritional variables, a significant difference was evidenced in energy and carbohydrate intake. Length of treatment and body mass index (BMI) differed in both subgroups but not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There does not seem to be a difference in food or alcohol consumption in alcoholic women between FP and LLF. The two subgroups studied showed that longer treatment and higher BMI are associated with higher alcohol consumption and misreporting of food and alcohol intake