Vários procedimentos de indução ao alcoolismo em ratos têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de produzir padrões de consumo de álcool. Muitos deles parecem ser eficientes em garantir a ingesta voluntária de altas doses de álcool por certo período de tempo, indicando a possibilidade de serem eficientes em induzir dependência de álcool de acordo com critérios como (aumento e escalada do consumo de álcool, sintomas de abstinência, comportamento de autoadministração resistente a punição). Entretanto, autores da Análise do Comportamento apontam que a dependência não seria considerada uma doença crônica, nem é apenas produto da ingesta da droga, mas seria fruto de processos comportamentais de escolha e que seria melhor descrita pela preferência pela droga sobre outros reforçadores concorrentes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar e comparar os padrões de autoadministração e preferência por álcool de ratos submetidos a três procedimentos de indução de dependência reconhecidos pela literatura. No primeiro experimento o objetivo era a indução e avaliação da dependência de álcool por meio do procedimento de intubação intragástrica. Após realização de treino operante, os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de intubação intragástrica, tal procedimento consistiu na infusão gástrica de solução de etanol 17,8 ml/kg, os animais receberam 10g/kg/dia. No segundo experimento o objetivo foi a indução a dependência de etanol por meio do procedimento operante em que os animais eram submetidos a sessões com duração de 14 horas cada, durante três vezes por semana. O esquema operante em vigor era CRF etanol 20% (v/v). No terceiro experimento foi realizado o procedimento de indução operante, em que, inicialmente, os animais respondiam a uma esquema CRF etanol 20% (v/v) durante 30 minutos diários.Depois dos procedimentos de indução os animais de cada experimento foram expostos a diferentes procedimentos de avaliação da escolha por etanol. No primeiro experimento, após a primeira fase de intubação intragástrica, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente CRF etanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sacarose 14,7% (w/v). Na segunda fase do primeiro experimento, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente FR2 etanol 10% (v/v) FR2 sacarose 14,7% (w/v). No segundo experimento, foram realizadas duas fases para mensuração da preferência por etanol: a primeira consistiu em um esquema concorrente FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) FR2 água; o segundo consistiu em um esquema operante FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 sacarina 0,25% (w/v). No terceiro experimento, a mensuração da preferência por etanol se deu por meio de dois esquemas operantes concorrentes, o primeiro foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF água, e o segundo foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF sacarina 0,25% (w/v). Os animais consumiram doses ativas de etanol em todos os experimentos, entretanto, não apresentaram preferência por etanol quando este esteve concorrente à água, à sacarose 14,7% ou à sacarina 0,25% / Various alcohol induction procedures in rats have been developed to produce patterns of alcohol consumption. Many of them seems to be efficient at ensuring the voluntary intake of high doses of alcohol for a certain period of time, indicating the possibility of being efficient in inducing alcohol addiction according to criteria such as (increase and escalation of alcohol consumption, withdrawal symptoms, self-administration behavior resistant to punishment). However, Behavior Analysis authors point out that addiction should not be considered a chronic disease, nor is it just a product of drug intake, but would be the result of behavioral processes of choice and that would be better described by the drug preference over other competing reinforcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the patterns of autoadministration and alcohol preference of rats submitted to three procedures of induction of addiction recognized in the literature. In the first experiment the objective was the induction and evaluation of alcohol addiction through the intragastric intubation procedure. After operant training, the animals were submitted to intragastric intubation procedure, such procedure consisted of gastric infusion of ethanol solution 17.8 ml/kg, the animals received 10g/kg/day. In the second experiment the objective was to induce ethanol addiction by means of the operant procedure in which the animals were submitted to sessions lasting 14 hours each, three times a week. The operant schedule was CRF 20% ethanol (v/v). In the third experiment the operant induction procedure was performed, initially animals responded to a 20% (v / v) CRF ethanol for 30 minutes daily. After the induction procedures, the animals from each experiment were exposed to different procedures for evaluating the preference for ethanol. In the first experiment, after the first phase of intragastric intubation, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operative schedule CRF ethanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second phase of the first experiment, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operant schedule FR2 10% (v/v) ethanol - FR2 sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second experiment, two phases were used to measure ethanol preference: the first consisted of a concurrent schedule FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR2 water; the second consisted of an operative scheme FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 saccharin 0.25% (w/v). In the third experiment, ethanol preference was measured by two concurrent operating schedules, the first one was CRF 20% (v/v) ethanol - CRF water, and the second was CRF ethanol 20% (v/v) CRF saccharin 0.25% (w/v). The animals consumed active doses of ethanol in all the experiments; however, they did not present preference for ethanol when it was in competition with water, 14.7% sucrose or 0.25% saccharin

Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan de fem personlighetsdimensionerna; neuroticism, extraversion, öppenhet, sympatiskhet och samvetsgrannhet, och om de kan predicera vuxnas alkoholkonsumtion och alkoholrelaterade problem i ett svenskt urval. En webbenkät skickades till ett urval av anställda inom socialförvaltningen i Stockholms Län. Resultaten tyder på ett negativt samband mellan öppenhet och frekvensen av högkonsumtion av alkohol samt alkoholrelaterade problem. De indikerar vidare ett positivt samband mellan extraversion och kvantiteten av alkoholkonsumtionen vid ett typiskt tillfälle man dricker alkohol samt frekvensen av högkonsumtion av alkohol. / The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the five personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, and if they can predict adults alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in a Swedish sample. A webbased-survey was sent to a sample of municipality employees in Stockholms county. The results indicate a negative association between openness and the frequency of binge drinking and alcohol-related problems. They further imply a positive association between extraversion and the quantity of alcohol consumption at a typical instance when alcohol is consumed and the frequency of binge drinking.

Universitetsstudenter har ofta ett riskabelt alkoholbeteende ochupplever depressiva symtom under studietiden, vilket kan ha svårakonsekvenser. Förklaringarna till alkoholkonsumtion blanduniversitetsstudenter har ofta fokuserat på studenters motivation tillsocialisering med andra studenter. Litteraturen har också fokuserat påförstaårsstudenters övergångsfas i förklaringarna till depression.Denna studie involverade 117 universitetsstudenter i ett medelstortsvenskt universitet. Studiens huvudsyfte var att undersöka omstudenter som bytte ort för att studera dricker mer alkohol ochupplever flera depressiva symtom än studenter som studerar i sinhemort. Resultatet visar på en betydande skillnad i alkoholkonsumtionmellan de två grupperna, vilket tyder på ett samband mellan flyttenfrån hemorten och alkoholkonsumtion. / University students have often a risky alcohol behaviour andexperience depressive symptoms during their studies, which can haveserious consequences. Explanations to why college students drinkalcohol have often focused on the students’ social motivations. Theliterature has also focused on first-year university students’ being in atransitional phase in their lives when explaining their experience ofdepressive symptoms. This study involved 117 university students at amiddle-sized Swedish university. The main purpose of this study wasto investigate if students who moved from their home districts in orderto attend college drink more alcohol and experience more depressivesymptoms than university students who study in their home district.The result of this study shows a significant difference in alcoholconsumption between the two groups, which indicates a relationshipbetween moving from one’s home district and drinking alcohol.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti prevencijos programos “Gyvai” efektyvumą tabako ir alkoholio vartojimo sumažėjimui šią programą įgyvendinusios mokyklos šeštose klasėse. Tyrimas atliktas dviem etapais. Tie patys mokiniai apklausti prieš ir po priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo prevencinės programos „Gyvai“. Pirmo etapo metu tyrime dalyvavo 164 VI klasių mokiniai. Antro etapo metu dalyvavo 83,5 proc. mokinių iš pirmo etapo – 137 VII klasių mokiniai: 59 berniukai (43,1 proc.) ir 78 mergaitės (56,9 proc.), amžiaus vidurkis 12,76 ± 0,47. Siekiant įvertinti priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų prevencinės programos „Gyvai“ veiksmingumą, mokiniams buvo pravesta 12-a nuoseklių pamokų. Nustatyti jaunesniųjų paauglių alkoholio vartojimo ir rūkymo ypatumus, naudota sveikatos ir įpročių anketa (Goštautas, 1999), nustatyti jaunesniųjų paauglių savigarbą, naudota Rosenbergo (1965) savigarbos skalė (angl. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES), įvertinti saviveiksmngumą, naudota M. Jerusalem ir R. Schwarzer (1979) bendroji saviveiksmingumo skalė (angl. The General Self-Efficacy Scale, GSE). Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad per metus bandžiusių rūkyti ir vartoti alkoholį paauglių skaičius išaugo tiek tarp poveikio, tiek tarp lyginamosios grupės mokinių. Tačiau tarp programoje nedalyvavusių mokinių bandžiusių rūkyti skaičius buvo daugiau nei dvigubai didesnis nei tarp mokinių, kurie dalyvavo programoje „Gyvai“. Taip pat tarp poveikio grupės mokinių sumažėjo ketinančių vartoti alkoholį ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research is to establish the efficiency of the prevention program “Gyvai” in terms of decrease in tobacco and alcohol consumption among the 6th-graders of the school implementing the program. The research was conducted in two stages. The same students were given questions before and after the addiction-causing substances prevention program “Gyvai”. During the first stage, 164 students of the 6th grade participated. During the second stage, 83.5% of the first stage participants were involved; these were 137 students of the 7th grade including 59 boys (43.1%) and 78 girls (56.9%); age average 12.76 ± 0.47. In order to evaluate the efficiency of addiction-causing substances prevention program “Gyvai”, students were given 12 consecutive classes. In order to establish the peculiarities of alcohol consumption and smoking among junior adolescents, a health-and-habits questionnaire by Goštautas (1999) was employed; in order to evaluate the self-esteem of junior adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; 1965) was employed while in order to find out the self-efficacy of an individual, įvertinti savaveiksmiškumą, The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE; 1979) by M.Jerusalem ir R.Schwarzer was applied. The results of the research revealed that during the year, the number of adolescents who tried smoking and consuming alcohol increased among the impact group as well as among the comparison group students. Yet, the number of students not participating in the program who... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti vyresniųjų klasių mokinių lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes ypatumus ir jų sąsajas su alkoholio vartojimu. Tyrime dalyvavo 253 Kauno miesto ir dviejų Jurbarko miesto mokyklų vyresniųjų klasių mokiniai (112 vaikinų ir 141 merginų). Lūkesčiams apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes nustatyti buvo naudojamos dvi metodikos: teigiamų ir neigiamų lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes skalės ir laisvųjų asociacijų metodas, kada tiriamųjų buvo prašoma užbaigti sakinį „Gerdama(s) alkoholį aš...“. Alkoholio vartojimo ypatumams įvertinti tiriamiesiems buvo pateikti šie klausimai: kaip jie geria alkoholį ir, ar jie buvo išgėrę tiek alkoholio, jog buvo girti. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog kuo didesni vaikinų ir merginų teigiamų lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes skalių įverčiai, tuo daugiau teigiamų lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes jie išvardina patys. Taip pat vaikinų ir merginų, kurių pirmasis įvardintas lūkestis apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes yra teigiamas, teigiamų lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes skalių įverčiai didesni, nei tų, kurių, pirmasis įvardintas lūkestis - neigiamas. Įvertinus alkoholio vartojimo ypatumų ir lūkesčių apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes sąsajas buvo nustatyta, jog kuo dažniau vaikinai ir merginos vartoja alkoholį, tuo labiau išreikšti jų teigiami lūkesčiai apie alkoholio vartojimo pasekmes ir tuo daugiau teigiamų lūkesčių jie gali išvardinti. Taip pat kuo daugiau kartų vaikinai ir merginos buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study was to examine the features of high school student’s alcohol outcome expectancies and their correlation with student’s alcohol use. The participants of this study were 253 (112 boys and 141 girls) high school students from one Kaunas city and two Jurbarkas city school’s. It was used two methods to evaluate alcohol outcome expectancies: positive and negative alcohol outcome expectancies scales and free association method – participants had to finish the sentence “When I drink alcohol I …”. Also participants had to answer how often they drink alcohol and how many times in their lives they were drunk. Study’s results showed that high school student’s positive alcohol outcome expectancies scale scores correlate with the positive expectancies which they have named themselves. And the positive expectancies scale scores were higher of those students who’s first named alcohol outcome expectancy was positive than those students who’s first named alcohol outcome expectancy negative. Also the results showed that the more often students used alcohol and the more times they were drunk the higher positive alcohol outcome expectancies scale scores they had and the more positive expectancies they could name themselves. Also the more times girls were drunk the higher negative alcohol outcome expectancies scale scores they had.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarinaBFS.pdf: 1928015 bytes, checksum: d79600dcb09b2160c753301382067619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study has an object the understanding of the alcohol phenomenon consumption that occurs among teenagers. It is adopted as research locus catholic private schools of Natal - RN, which receive pupils proceeding from the social groups pertaining to the classes taken from Natal private schools. The researched public corresponds to 87 teenagers, who had answered to a mixing questionnaire, with open and closed questions. The research uses as a procedure the intentional election, which for the access easinesses privileges subjects who, at the moment of the research accomplishment, reveal to be in condition to participate of it. The study presents quantitative and qualitative character. It presents the following objectives: 1-Identify in which circumstances the teenagers make alcoholic beverage use; 2 -To identify the knowledge that the teenagers have on the alcohol effects; 3 -To identify the performance role of the school institution on the prevention of alcohol use by teenagers. The analysis method used corresponds to the one called answers interpretation method. Regards to the theoretical-methodological support, the Social Control Theory and the Symbolic Interactionism Theory are adopted as referential. Its contained chapters are organized in the following way: The first chapter approaches the situation of drugs adolescent consumption in general and the social confrontation of this situation. The second chapter presents sociocultural aspects of the alcohol consumption and the description of some of the researched public characteristics. The third chapter emphasizes the school and its performance next to the teenagers and the society in general, towards the prevention and combat of the alcohol use, as well as of other drugs / O estudo O consumo do ?lcool entre adolescentes estudantes de escolas privadas cat?licas de Natal RN, 2004-2005 tem como objeto a compreens?o do fen?meno do consumo do ?lcool que ocorre entre os adolescentes. Adota-se como l?cus de pesquisa escolas privadas cat?licas de Natal RN, as quais atendem alunos provenientes de grupos sociais pertencentes ?s classes atendidas pelas escolas privadas de Natal. O p?blico pesquisado corresponde a 87 adolescentes que responderam ao question?rio misto, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. A pesquisa utiliza como procedimento a amostra intencional, a qual, pelas facilidades de acesso, privilegia indiv?duos que no momento de realiza??o da pesquisa mostram-se em condi??o de participar da mesma. O estudo apresenta car?ter quantitativo e qualitativo. Apresenta os seguintes objetivos: 1-Analisar em que circunst?ncias os adolescentes fazem uso de bebidas alco?licas; 2- Identificar o conhecimento que os adolescentes t?m sobre os efeitos do ?lcool; 3 - Entender o papel de atua??o da institui??o escola na preven??o do uso do ?lcool pelos adolescentes. A an?lise privilegia a interpreta??o das respostas. No tocante ? fundamenta??o te?rico-metodol?gica adotam-se como referencial a Teoria do Controle Social e a Teoria do Interacionismo Simb?lico. Os cap?tulos aqui constantes encontram-se organizados da seguinte maneira: O primeiro capitulo aborda a situa??o atual de consumo adolescente de drogas em geral e o enfrentamento social desta situa??o. O segundo capitulo apresenta aspectos socioculturais do consumo do ?lcool e a descri??o de algumas caracter?sticas do p?blico pesquisado. O terceiro capitulo enfatiza a escola e sua atua??o junto aos jovens e ? sociedade em geral, no sentido de preven??o e combate ao uso do ?lcool bem como das demais drogas

This work focuses on research related to alcohol consumption of men and women students of University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The purpose of my work is to find out what opinions/ experiences do the students have with alcoholic beverages. The main attention is aimed at these chapters: ethanol its production, properties and use, alcoholic beverages, effects on human organism, effect of ethanol in the blood and its elimination, alcohol addiction alcoholism, the consequences of alcohol addiction, the treatment of intoxication and prophylaxis. The applicative part includes prepared questionnaire and quantitative research dedicated to the target group of students of USB. The obtained data are compiled in spreadsheets, graphs and subsequently evaluated. The information is further analyzed in the discussion. The contribution of my work is located at the end.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the topic of alcohol in general, more in detail in connection with the difference in consumption among women and men and its effects on the human organism and its health. In the practical part was made a questionnaire and conducted quantitative research designed for the target group of students of the University of South Bohemia. Data obtained by processing the survey was recorded, evaluated and presented in graphs with commentary; discussions then took place and were determined conclusions.

Relatively little is known regarding trait anxiety and its relationship with negative health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in adults. This study aimed to examine whether negative health risk behaviors differ by sex and whether trait anxiety is associated with the negative health risk behaviors above and beyond sociodemographic factors and depression. Data used in the present study came from a published dataset from the Midlife in the United States 2 (MIDUS 2) study and include a sample of 1,054 adults whose age range from 34 to 84 years. There were significant sex differences in alcohol consumption, but not in physical inactivity. Age, sex, BMI, and depression were significantly associated with alcohol consumption or physical inactivity, whereas trait anxiety was not. These results suggest that sociodemographic variables and depression should be taken into consideration when studying negative health risk behaviors. / Det finns relativt lite kunskap om ångest och dess förhållande till negativa hälsobeteenden som alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet hos vuxna individer. Denna studie avsåg undersöka om negativa hälsobeteenden varierade beroende på kön och om ångest har en relation till negativa hälsobeteenden utöver sociodemografiska faktorer och depression. De data som användes i denna studie kommer från ett offentligt data-set från the Midlife in the United States 2-studien (MIDUS 2) som omfattar 1054 vuxna deltagare med en ålder mellan 34 och 84 år. Det påfanns signifikanta könsskillnader inom alkoholkonsumtion men inte inom fysisk inaktivitet. Variablerna ålder, kön, BMI och depression hade en signifikant koppling till alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet, men ett liknande samband kunde inte påfinnas mellan ångest och de två hälsobeteendena. Detta indikerar således att man bör studera sociodemografiska variabler och depression i relation till negativa hälsobeteenden då det verkar finnas en tydlig koppling.

A eficácia e a segurança do acamprosato foram avaliadas no tratamento ambulatorial de setenta e cinco pacientes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos, com diagnóstico de dependência de álcool pelo CID-10. O estudo foi controlado duplo-cego, com duração de 24 semanas. Transtornos clínicos e/ou psiquiátricos que necessitassem de internação, uso de medicação psiquiátrica, quadros psicóticos prévios independentes do consumo de álcool e hipersensibilidade ao acamprosato foram critérios de exclusão. Após um período de desintoxicação de uma semana, os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o primeiro grupo recebeu acamprosato (6 comprimidos de 333 mg por dia durante 12 semanas), e o segundo recebeu placebo (6 comprimidos por dia durante 12 semanas). Após as primeiras 12 semanas, os pacientes continuaram o tratamento por mais 12 semanas sem uso de medicação. Os grupos foram comparados quanto a sintomas depressivos, uso de álcool, efeitos colaterais das medicações, exames laboratoriais e tempo de abstinência contínuo. 25% dos pacientes que estavam recebendo acamprosato e 20% dos pacientes que estavam recebendo placebo foram excluídos do seguimento. Os pacientes que receberam acamprosato mostraram maior taxa de abstinência contínua no final das 24 semanas de tratamento quando comparados aos que receberam placebo (57% versus 25%, p = 0,014), e tiveram uma duração média de abstinência contínua de 18,8 semanas enquanto o grupo placebo teve uma duração média de abstinência contínua de 12 semanas (p = 0,003). Efeitos colaterais foram registrados. O acamprosato mostrou-se ser seguro e eficaz no tratamento de pacientes dependentes de álcool e na manutenção da abstinência durante 24 semanas. / The efficacy and security of acamprosate were evaluated in the treatment of 75 men, between 18 and 59 years of age, with diagnosis of alcohol dependence by ICD-10. It was a double-blind, placebo controlled study, 24 weeks long. Patients with disorders that should be treated in an inpatient setting, using psychiatric medications, relating previous psychoses without alcohol use and with hipersensibility to acamprosate were excluded. After a one-week detoxification period, the patients were randomily divided in two groups: the first group received acamprosate (6 tablets of 333 mg a day during 12 weeks) and the second group received placebo (6 tablets during 12 weeks). After the first 12 weeks, the patients continued the follow-up for 12 weeks more without medication. The groups were compared in terms of depressive symptoms, use of alcohol, side effects of medications and laboratory tests. 25% of patients who were receiving acamprosate dropped out, whereas 20% of the placebo-treated patients dropped out of the study. Patients who were receiving acamprosate showed significantly higher continuous abstinence rate within the 24 weeks of treatment compared with patients who were assigned to placebo treatment (57% versus 25%, p = 0,014), and they had significantly longer mean abstinence duration of 18,8 weeks versus 12 weeks abstinent (p = 0,003). Few side effects were related. Acamprosate proved to be safe and an effective aid in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients and in maintaining the abstinence of patients during 24 weeks.