Background: Obesity and the accompanying increased morbidity and mortality risk is highly prevalent among older adults. As obese elderly might benefit from intentional weight reduction, it is necessary to determine associated and potentially modifiable factors on senior obesity. This cross-sectional study focuses on multi-morbid patients which make up the majority in primary care. It reports on the prevalence of senior obesity and its associations with lifestyle behaviors. Methods: A total of 3,189 non-demented, multi-morbid participants aged 65–85 years were recruited in primary care within the German MultiCare-study. Physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and quantity and quality of nutritional intake were classified as relevant lifestyle factors. Body Mass Index (BMI, general obesity) and waist circumference (WC, abdominal obesity) were used as outcome measures and regression analyses were conducted. Results: About one third of all patients were classified as obese according to BMI. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 73.5%. Adjusted for socio-demographic variables and objective and subjective disease burden, participants with low physical activity had a 1.6 kg/m2 higher BMI as well as a higher WC (4.9 cm, p<0.001). Current smoking and high alcohol consumption were associated with a lower BMI and WC. In multivariate logistic regression, using elevated WC and BMI as categorical outcomes, the same pattern in lifestyle factors was observed. Only for WC, not current but former smoking was associated with a higher probability for elevated WC. Dietary intake in quantity and quality was not associated with BMI or WC in either model. Conclusions: Further research is needed to clarify if the huge prevalence discrepancy between BMI and WC also reflects a difference in obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, age-specific thresholds for the BMI are needed likewise. Encouraging and promoting physical activity in older adults might a starting point for weight reduction efforts.

Abstract This thesis includes three separate empirical studies on economic demography and health economics. The first study explores the effect of alcohol consumption on divorce across 23 OECD countries during the period 1960–2010. We find strong evidence that alcohol consumption is a major socioeconomic factor which influences divorces in these countries. We find robust evidence on the relationship between alcohol consumption and divorce rates both in the short and long run. In addition, using worldwide survey data on values we explore whether the change in values with respect to marriage, and moral values can explain our findings. It is noteworthy, that alcohol consumption has a significant effect on divorces even after controlling for moral values. The second and third studies concentrate on the economics of suicide. In the second study, we explore the effects of unemployment on the well-being of the regional population with disaggregated suicide data across gender and age in Finland during 1991–2011. Our findings suggest that the increased job insecurity is associated with higher number of suicides than what is expected in good economic times. The effect is significant especially for the prime working-age (35–64 years old) male suicides. The second main contribution of this study is to relate the concept of social norm to unemployment. We show that in high unemployment areas the association between job loss and suicide mortality is not as severe as in low unemployment areas. An implication is that the burden of unemployment is reduced when it becomes socially more common and acceptable. The goal of the third study is to provide evidence on the effects of economic crises on suicides in 21 OECD countries over the period between 1970 and 2011. In conclusion, this study shows that over 60 000 suicides are attributable to the economic/financial crises since 1970. Two main findings emerged from the data. First, the impact of the most recent global financial crisis (2008) on suicides was not particularly stronger than that of the previous major economic/financial crises. Second, stock market crashes and banking crises are the most severe economic crises in terms of excess suicides when calculated on population-level data. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta empiirisestä tutkimuksesta. Tutkimukset keskittyvät väestötason kysymyksiin avioerojen määrään vaikuttavien sosioekonomisten tekijöiden, sekä makrotaloudellisten tekijöiden ja itsemurhien välisen yhteyden näkökulmasta. Ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkoholin kulutuksen vaikutusta avioerojen määrään 23 OECD-maassa vuosina 1960–2010. Tutkimuksessa havaitaan alkoholin kulutuksen olevan yksi merkittävimmistä avioeroihin vaikuttavista sosioekonomisista tekijöistä sekä lyhyellä että pitkällä aikavälillä tarkasteltuna. Tutkimuksen mukaan alkoholin kulutuksella näyttäisi olevan vaikutusta avioerojen lukumäärään myös silloin, kun moraaliarvoissa tapahtuneet muutokset on huomioitu. Toinen ja kolmas tutkimus keskittyvät itsemurhien taloustieteeseen. Toisessa tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työttömyyden vaikutuksia hyvinvointiin. Aineistona käytetään maakuntatason sukupuoli- ja ikäryhmäjaoteltua aineistoa itsemurhakuolleisuudesta Suomessa vuosina 1991–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan kasvava epävarmuus työpaikan pysyvyydestä voi johtaa korkeampiin itsemurhalukuihin kuin mitä olisi odotettavissa parempina taloudellisina aikoina. Tämä tulos näyttäytyy erityisesti työikäisten miesten keskuudessa. Toinen tutkimuksen päätuloksista liittyy sosiaalisten normien näkymiseen siinä, miten työttömyys vaikuttaa itsemurhakuolleisuuteen. Tulokset osoittavat, että korkeamman työttömyyden alueilla työn menettämisen ja itsemurhakuolleisuuden välinen yhteys ei ole niin voimakas kuin matalamman työttömyyden alueilla. Sosiaalisten normien vaikutus näyttäisi suojaavan ihmisiä itsemurhakuolleisuudelta niissä tapauksissa, jolloin työttömyys on yleisempää. Kolmas tutkimus tarjoaa tietoa talouskriisien vaikutuksista itsemurhiin 21 OECD-maassa vuosina 1970–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan yli 60 tuhannen itsemurhan voidaan katsoa olevan yhteydessä talouskriiseihin vuodesta 1970 lähtien. Löydökset osoittavat, etteivät viimeisimmän globaalin finassikriisin vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen poikenneet merkittävästi aikaisempiin laajoihin kriiseihin verrattuna. Lisäksi pankki- ja osakemarkkinakriiseillä näyttäisi olevan muita talouskriisejä vakavammat vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen väestötasolla tarkasteltuna.

Submitted by KAREN MENDES GRANER null (kmendesgra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-05T17:23:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPLETA_FINAL_Karen.pdf: 4265685 bytes, checksum: ffc72126aa22a871312c0c8a1f8fd4da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-09T14:09:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 graner_km_dr_bot.pdf: 4265685 bytes, checksum: ffc72126aa22a871312c0c8a1f8fd4da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T14:09:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 graner_km_dr_bot.pdf: 4265685 bytes, checksum: ffc72126aa22a871312c0c8a1f8fd4da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) e uso de risco de álcool entre estudantes universitários vêm sendo foco de pesquisas, sendo ainda raros os estudos com alunos de graduação em odontologia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a prevalência de TMC e do uso de risco de álcool e suas associações com as características sociodemográficas, de saúde, relacionais, do ambiente acadêmico, de estratégias de enfrentamento e resiliência entre estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. Neste manuscrito, estão apresentados três estudos que representam os resultados obtidos: uma revisão integrativa sobre o tema e dois estudos empíricos que focalizaram dois diferentes desfechos: TMC e uso de risco de álcool em estudantes de odontologia. A revisão investigou, em pesquisas publicadas entre 2006 e 2016, fatores de risco e proteção para sofrimento psíquico de estudantes universitários. Os estudos empíricos utilizaram delineamentos transversais, descritivos e analíticos. A amostra nesses estudos foi composta por 230 alunos, 71,8% dos estudantes matriculados nos quatro anos do curso de odontologia. Foram aplicados formulário padronizado para caracterização da amostra e seis instrumentos que investigaram: Transtorno Mental Comum (Self Repporting Questionnarie-20 – SRQ-20), uso de risco de álcool (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-AUDIT), apoio social (Escala de Apoio Social, do Medical Outcomes Study-EAS), percepção do ambiente educacional (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure-DREEM), estratégias de enfrentamento (Inventário de Estratégias de Enfrentamento-IEC) e resiliência (Escala de Resiliência-ER). Foram realizadas análises descritiva e bivariada, e regressão logística (RL) para modelos sucessivos. Do total da amostra, 30,0% cursavam a primeira série, 21,7% a segunda, 31,2% a terceira e 17,0% na quarta, sendo 75,2% mulheres. A média de idade foi de 20,6 (DP±1,99), maioria referiu não ter companheiro (98,7%), morar com amigos (59,6%), ter pai e mãe (66,1%; 63,5%) com ensino superior completo, renda familiar elevada (65,9%) e ter gasto mensal de até dois salários mínimos (87,6%). A maioria não recebia mesada ou a considerava insuficiente (61,6%), não tinha trabalhado nos últimos seis meses (91,3%), seguia alguma religião (84,3%) e considerava-a muito importante (54,8%). Análise descritiva dos escores obtidos nos instrumentos indicou, em geral, médias elevadas para percepção geral positiva do apoio social (EAS total: 72,7, DP:15,9), ambiente educacional (DREEM total: 119,9; DP:22,9), resiliência (ER: 124,1; DP:16,4). Identificou-se também maior uso de Reavaliação Positiva como estratégia de enfrentamento (13,6; DP:4,7; 1-27) e menor uso de estratégias de Fuga/Esquiva (1,7, DP:1,8) pelos estudantes. A prevalência de TMC foi de 45.2% (95% CI: 38.7- 51.6) e de uso de risco de álcool 29,6% (95%IC: 23,7%-35,9%) com prevalência significativamente maior entre os homens (p<0,01). A análise multivariada permitiu identificar como fatores de risco para TMC: não desempenhar atividades extracurriculares como gostaria (OR:4,5;IC:1,9-10,7), avaliar negativamente sua saúde (OR:4,24;IC:1,9-9,8), e seu desempenho escolar (OR:3,8;IC:1,3-10,5), ter recebido tratamento psicológico/psiquiátrico após o ingresso na universidade (OR:2,65;IC:1,1-6,1), e utilizar coping confronto (OR:1,20;IC:1.0-1.4). Resiliência (OR:0,93;IC:0,9-1,0) foi identificada como fator de proteção para TMC. Em relação aos fatores de risco para uso problemático do álcool, permaneceram no modelo final da RL: cursar a terceira série (OR:3,72;IC:1,55-8,90), ter recebido trote (OR:3,29;IC:1,54-7,03), sexo masculino (OR:3,19; IC:1,57-6,49), renda mais alta (OR:2,87;IC:1,31-6,28). As prevalências de TMC e de uso de risco de álcool foram mais elevadas que as descritas para a população geral. Características individuais (sexo, renda), de saúde (autoavaliação da saúde, histórico de tratamento psicológico/psiquiátrico), comportamentais (coping e resiliência) e, principalmente, as relativas à vida acadêmica (série, atividades extracurriculares, desempenho acadêmico, trote abusivo) desempenharam importante função nos desfechos investigados. Embora tenha sido realizado com população universitária específica, os achados sugerem a relevância de ações de prevenção e cuidado nas instituições de ensino superior de forma a favorecer o bem estar dos estudantes. Estudos longitudinais poderão favorecer o aprofundamento dos dados identificados. / Common Mental Disorders and hazardous alcohol consumption in university students have been the focus of researchers; however, studies that focus on mental health and risk behaviors of dental students are less frequent. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CMD and hazardous alcohol consumption, and its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, relational aspects, academic life’ perceptions, coping and resilience of dental students in the State of University of Campinas - UNICAMP. Three scientific papers are presented: an integrative review and two empirical studies about CMD and hazardous alcohol consumption of dental students. The review investigated, in publications between 2006 and 2016, risk and protective factors for psychological distress in university students. The empirical studies had cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical design. The sample in these studies was composed by 230 students, 71.8% enrolled in the four years of the dentistry course. Students answered to a standardized questionnaire and six instruments: Self-Repporting Questionnarie-20 (SRQ-20; CMD), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (hazardous alcohol consumption), Social Support Scale of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS; social support), Dundee Ready Education Environment (DREEM; educational environment’ perception), Ways of Coping (WC; coping strategies) and Resilience Scale (RS; resilience). We conducted a descriptive and bivariate analyzes, and a logistic regression (LR) performed for successive models. Of the total sample, 30.0% were in the first grade, 21.7% in the second grade, 31.2% in the third grade and 17.0% in the fourth grade, 75.2% of which were women. The mean age was 20.6 (SD ± 1.99), the majority reported having no partner (98.7%), living with friends (59.6%), having father and mother with complete higher education (66.1%, 63.5%), high family income (65.9%) and monthly cost more than two minimum wages (87.6%). Most of students did not receive allowance or it was insufficient (61.6%), had not worked in the last six months (91.3%), were religious (84.3%) and considered it very important (54.8%). Descriptive analysis indicated high averages for overall positive perception of social support (total MOS: 72.7, SD: 15.9), educational environment’perception (total DREEM: 119.9; 9), and resilience (RS: 124.1, SD: 16.4). Positive reappraisal was the coping strategy most reported (13.6, SD: 4.7, 1-27) and escape/avoidance the less use strategy (1.7, SD: 1.8). The prevalence of CMD was 45.2% (95% CI: 38.7-51.6), and 29.6% (95% CI: 23.7% -35.9%) of the students presented hazardous alcohol consumption, which was significantly higher among men (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors for CMD were having unsatisfactory extracurricular activities (OR: 4.5, CI: 1.9-10.7), having negative perception of their health (OR: 4.24;9-9,8) and of their academic performance (OR: 3.8; CI: 1.3-10.5), having psychological/psychiatric treatment during the course (OR: 2.65; CI: 1,1-6,1), and using confrontive coping (OR: 1.20; CI: 1.0-1.4). Resilience (OR: 0.93; CI: 0.9- 1.0) was identified as a protective factor for CMD. Regarding risk factors for hazardous alcohol consumption identified in LR were being in the third grade (OR: 3.72, CI: 1.55-8.90), having received hazing (OR: 3.29 , CI: 1.54-7.03), being male (OR: 3.19, CI: 1.57-6.49) and having higher family income (OR: 2.87; CI: 1.31-6, 28). In this study, the prevalence of CMD and hazardous alcohol consumption was higher than identified in general population. Individuals characteristics (sex, income), health aspects (self-assessment of health, history of psychological / psychiatric treatment), behavioral (coping and resilience) and especially those characteristics related to academic life (series, extracurricular activities, academic performance) influenced the outcomes. Longitudinal studies may contribute to clarify the findings. Although this study carried out with a specific university population (dental students of one university), the findings suggest the relevance of preventive and care actions in university students contributing to their well-being. / FAPESP: 2014/093230

No description available.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-17T13:56:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rosimeireaparecidanetodiasvillela.pdf: 2054313 bytes, checksum: 560c39bfaf7b77051e6534dc7dcc2422 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T13:06:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosimeireaparecidanetodiasvillela.pdf: 2054313 bytes, checksum: 560c39bfaf7b77051e6534dc7dcc2422 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T13:06:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosimeireaparecidanetodiasvillela.pdf: 2054313 bytes, checksum: 560c39bfaf7b77051e6534dc7dcc2422 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-03 / Introdução: O consumo de álcool é um fator de risco que pode estar relacionado ao suporte social e estratégias de enfrentamento em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre uso de álcool e aspectos sociocognitivos em diferentes tratamentos para DRC. Método: Estudo quantitativo, associativo e transversal realizado no município de Juiz de Fora/MG, com 150 pacientes com DRC: 50 em tratamento conservador, 50 em tratamento de hemodiálise e 50 no transplante renal. Os instrumentos foram: questionário clinico e sociodemográfico; Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT); Inventário de Estratégias de Enfrentamento (IEE) de Folkman e Lazarus; Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS). Utilizou-se testes não paramétricos com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: Encontrou-se um consumo de álcool de risco (34%) e padrão binge (16%). Não foram encontradas associações entre estratégias de enfrentamento e suporte social com o consumo de álcool. Conclusão: O uso de álcool é frequente entre pacientes com DRC e em padrões de consumo de risco, e não está associado à percepção de suporte social ou estratégias de enfrentamento na amostra estudada. / Introduction: Alcohol consumption is a risk factor that may be related to the social support and coping strategies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: To assess the association between alcohol use and socio-cognitive aspects in different forms of treatment for CKD. Method: A quantitative, associative, and cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Juiz de Fora / MG, with 150 CKD patients: 50 undergoing conservative treatment, 50 on hemodialysis, and 50 renal tranpsplant patients. The instruments were: a clinical and sociodemographic questionnaire; the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT); the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) by Folkman and Lazarus; the Scale of Perceived Social Support (SPSS). Nonparametric tests with a significance level of p < 0.05 were used. Results: the findings were risky alcohol use (34%) and binge drinking patterns (16%). No associations with alcohol consumption were found for coping strategies and social support. Conclusion: Alcohol use among patients with CKD is common and in risky consumption patterns, and were not associated with perceived social support and coping strategies in the sample studied.

O objeto deste estudo são as práticas de Atenção Básica (AB) desenvolvidas nos serviços de saúde voltadas para pessoas e grupos sociais que consomem drogas de forma prejudicial. Este objeto foi recortado a partir do referencial teórico da Saúde Coletiva e se conforma na interface entre as políticas públicas voltadas para a população que faz uso prejudicial de drogas e a realidade concreta dos serviços de saúde. O estudo tem por objetivo geral analisar as práticas voltadas para consumidores problemáticos de drogas na AB, a partir do levantamento dessas práticas junto a trabalhadores de uma UBS da região periférica do município de São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, de natureza descritiva e analítica, que se desenvolveu na perspectiva dialético-crítica. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e individuais com 10 trabalhadores de uma UBS mista, ou seja, que atua com a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) e com o modelo tradicional de produção dos serviços de saúde. As práticas desenvolvidas pelos trabalhadores e direcionadas aos usuários de drogas são analisadas a partir da categoria analítica processo de trabalho, que permite analisar os modos e as dificuldades de operacionalização das políticas públicas nos espaços concretos de produção dos serviços de saúde. Os resultados mostram que: 1) os trabalhadores desenvolvem o processo de trabalho, na perspectiva funcionalista da moderna saúde pública, que compreende o consumo de drogas como doença e considera usuários de drogas como desviantes; 2) as práticas existentes são consideradas frágeis e os trabalhadores valorizam muito a formação técnico-clínica, que em suas opiniões proporcionaria melhores respostas para as demandas relacionadas ao uso de drogas; 3) reproduz-se um ciclo infértil de explicação sobre a incapacidade e as sensações de fracasso que tomam conta do discurso de muitos trabalhadores que lidam com demandas relacionadas ao consumo prejudicial de drogas; 4) todo o processo de trabalho parece ficar centrado num único elemento, o trabalhador em si, já que os demais elementos não se encontram estruturados para atender a demanda. Pode-se concluir que as formas como se organizam os processos de trabalho na AB e como se estrutura o processo de produção dos serviços de saúde brasileiro dificulta e/ou impede o acesso da população usuária de drogas à rede de atenção à saúde. A AB carece de elementos estruturais inerentes ao processo de produção em saúde, e da dinamicidade interna aos processos de trabalho, que favoreçam a implementação de práticas voltadas aos indivíduos e grupos sociais que usam drogas de forma prejudicial. Este trabalho contribui com a finalidade do estudo de promover denúncia em relação à fragilidade das práticas desenvolvidas na AB frente às desafiadoras e crescentes demandas relacionadas ao consumo de drogas pela população. / The object of this study was the practices developed at Primary Health Care services focused on individuals and social groups who use drugs in a harmful way. The study object derived from the theoretical framework of collective health and was constructed at the interface between public policies focused on the population that uses harmful drugs and the reality of health services. The aim of the study was to analyze the practices towards drug users at Primary Health Care based on a survey of these practices with workers of a Primary Health Center (PHC) in the outskirts of São Paulo. It is a qualitative, descriptive and analytical research developed within a critical-dialectical approach. Data were collected from semi structured interviews with 10 workers of a PHC, which has two different health care models, namely: the Family Health Strategy and the traditional model of primary health services. The practices developed by workers and directed towards drug users were analyzed from the analytical category of the work process, which allows the analysis of the modes and difficulties to operationalizing public policies as practices that take place in the real spaces of the health production process. Results show that: 1) workers develop the work process within the functionalist perspective of the modern public health, which understands drug consumption as a disease and considers users as deviants; 2) the existing practices are actually considered fragile and the workers greatly value technical and clinical training that in their opinions would provide better responses to the demands related to drug use; 3) a cycle of infertile explanation about the incapacity and the feeling of failure of the workers who deal with demands related to drug use is reproduced; 4) the entire work process seems to be focused on a single element, the workers itself since the other elements seem not to be structured. It may be concluded that the ways the work process is organized in the PHC and how the process of the Brazilian primary health services is structured makes it difficult or constitute a barrier for drug users to access the health care network. The PHC lacks structural elements inherent to the health care process and internal dynamics of the work processes that favor the implementation of practices directed towards individuals and social groups who use drugs in a harmful way. The purpose of the study is to report the fragility of the practices developed at the PHC due to the challenging and increasing demands of drug consumption.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-07-24T14:50:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-25T15:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T15:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-12-08 / O consumo de álcool em doses excessivas pode causar riscos importantes na saúde, trazendo consequências fisiológicas, cognitivas e comportamentais, para quem bebe e para aqueles com quem se relaciona. O uso de álcool é explicado pelo modelo biopsicossocial, mas o trabalho não é citado como uma variável explicativa. Visto que este é uma das dimensões centrais da vida, compreender como se manifesta a satisfação no trabalho em contexto do serviço público e as possíveis correlações deste constructo sobre os padrões de uso de álcool poderá contribuir para compreender o fenômeno. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral do presente estudo consiste em examinar a associação entre consumo de álcool e satisfação no trabalho e os demais fatores relacionados a cada um, em uma amostra de servidores de Universidade Federal. Foi realizado estudo transversal entre servidores (N = 1011). A informação foi coletada utilizando instrumentos de rastreio do uso de álcool, escala de satisfação no trabalho, qualidade de vida, estado de saúde física e psiquiátrica. As características demográficas e os fatores como tempo e local de trabalho também foram levados em consideração. Os odds ratios ajustados (OR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) foram calculados através de regressões logbinomiais e regressões lineares. Entre os entrevistados, 15% bebem regularmente, 10% usam em padrão binge consumindo uma média de 8,05 (±4,05). A maioria dos bebedores que fazem consumo de risco possuem escolaridade até ensino fundamental completo e a distribuição do consumo em padrão binge manteve-se em 13% em áreas administrativas e acadêmicas, enquanto na unidade hospitalar em 7% . Além da escolaridade nível de pósgraduação e sexo feminino, a OR de fazer consumo de risco do álcool foi menor entre aqueles que praticam alguma religião e foi significativamente associado a apresentar preocupação com condições físicas, com a relevância no tratamento destas condições e dificuldades com funções cognitivas de atenção, concentração, memória, em com o controle de temperamento e tentativa de suicídio. A satisfação no trabalho foi associada, além de características sóciodemográficas como escolaridade e prática de religião, à unidade de trabalho, unidade de lotação, importância de tratamento de condições clínicas, e às dimensões físicas, relacionamentos e meio ambiente da qualidade de vida. Ou seja, o uso problemático do álcool está mais relacionado às questões intrínsecas do indivíduo, experiências pessoais e como vivenciam estas experiências, enquanto que a satisfação é respondida por questões intrínsecas e extrínsecas do trabalho. / Excessive alcohol consumption can cause significant health risks, with physiological, cognitive and behavioral consequences for the drinker and those with whom he is related. Alcohol use is explained by the biopsychosocial model, but the work is not cited as an explanatory variable. Since this is one of the central dimensions of life, understanding how satisfaction is manifested in work in the context of public service and the possible correlations of this construct on patterns of alcohol use may contribute to understanding the phenomenon. In this sense, the general objective of the present study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and job satisfaction, the other factors related to each one, in a sample of Federal University employee. A cross-sectional study was performed between employees (N = 1011). The information was collected using alcohol use screening instruments, work satisfaction scale, quality of life, physical and psychiatric health status. Demographic characteristics and factors such as time and place of work were also taken into account. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using log-binomial regressions and linear regressions. Among those interviewed, 15% drink regularly, 10% use in standard binge consuming an average of 8.05 (± 4.05). The majority of drinkers who consume at risk have schooling until full elementary school and the distribution of consumption in binge remained in 13% in administrative and academic areas, while in the hospital unit in 7%. In addition, the postgraduate level of education and the female gender, the OR to consume alcohol risk was lower among those who practice some religion and was significantly associated with concern about physical conditions, with relevance in the treatment of these conditions and difficulties with cognitive functions of attention, concentration, memory, in with temperament control and attempted suicide. Work satisfaction was associated, in addition to socio-demographic characteristics such as schooling and religious practice, to the unit of work, unit of stocking, importance of treatment of clinical conditions, and to the physical dimensions, relationships and environment of quality of life. The Problematic use of alcohol is more related to the intrinsic issues of the individual, personal experiences and how they experience these experiences, while satisfaction is answered by intrinsic and extrinsic issues of work.

This master thesis presents a theory of distribution of alcohol consumption by a Norwegian sociologist Ole-Jørgen Skog (1985), which has had an influence on many alcohol policies. Skog's theory described the relationship between the average alcohol consumption in the population and the consumption at all levels of consumption (from light to heavy drinkers). A change in the average consumption of the population is always followed by a change at each level of consumption; Skog describes this relationship as log-linear (multiple) and argues that the largest changes appears at the level of light drinkers. Another key point of this thesis is to describe the development of underage alcohol consumption in the Czech Republic, compared with Finland, which is the subject of the second chapter. A comparison with Finland was chosen based on the results of an international survey ESPAD, which showed that both countries have different trends in alcohol consumption by youth, and in its excessive form as well (Hibell et al., 2012). Data analysed in this thesis come from international surveys ISRD and ESPAD, which consistently showed that alcohol consumption increases over time among Czech youth, while it decreases in Finland. Furthermore, the Czech Republic has higher prevalence of alcohol consumption. In the...

Bakgrund: Konsumtionen av alkohol har i stort minskat i hela västvärlden, denna nedåtgående trend är extra tydlig bland ungdomar. Fler och fler ungdomar konsumerar mindre och många väljer att helt avstå från att konsumera alkohol. Denna trend är förstås positiv på många sätt men väcker även frågor om hur och varför denna trend uppkommit. Samtidigt som konsumtionen av alkohol har minskat har studier visats att vissa former av narkotika blir vanligare och har därmed skapat teorin om ett eventuellt samband. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera ungdomars minskade alkoholkonsumtion och koppla detta till eventuell ökning eller minskning i brukandet av narkotika bland de som inte konsumerar, konsumerar måttligt samt de som konsumerar mycket alkohol. Metod: Studiepopulationen består av 71 852 ungdomar i åldern 15-16 år från hela Sverige. Studien är en upprepad tvärsnittsstudie med data från åren 2001 till 2014. Den insamlade data analyseras med hjälp av flera logistiska regressioner. Resultat: Resultatet visar att de ungdomar som inte konsumerar alkohol inte använder narkotika eller cannabis i större utsträckning, de som konsumerar måttligt och konsumerar mycket använder dock narkotika och cannabis i större utsträckning. Slutsats: Sambandet mellan narkotika- och cannabisanvändandet och de ungdomar som konsumerar måttligt och mycket kan stärkas. Normalitetsprincipens hypotes att vid tider med låg totalkonsumtion av alkohol är det de som konsumerar mycket som använder narkotika och cannabis stärks av resultatet. / Background: Consumption of alcohol has declined substantially throughout the western world, this downward trend is extra clear among adolescents. More and more adolescents drink less and many choose to completely refrain from consuming alcohol. This trend is of course positive in many ways but also raises questions about how and why this trend has arisen. While alcohol consumption has decreased, studies have shown that certain forms of drugs are common and have thus created the theory of a possible connection. Aims: The purpose of this study is to analyze adolescents reduced alcohol consumption and link this to any increase or decrease in the use of narcotics among those who do not drink, drink moderately, and those who drink a lot. Methods: The study population consists of 71 852 adolescents aged 15-16 years from all over Sweden. The study is a repeated cross-sectional study with data from 2001 to 2014. The collected data is analyzed using multiple logistic regressions as well as an interaction regression. Results: The results show that the non-drinking adolescents do not use drugs or cannabis to a greater extent, but those who drink moderately and drink a lot, use narcotics as well as cannabis in greater extent. Conclusions: The relationship between narcotics/cannabis use and the adolescents who drink moderately and heavy can be strengthened. The results are consistent with the principle of normality which shows that at times with low total consumption of alcohol the heavy consumers of alcohol use more narcotics and cannabis.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence has been firmly established in a wide array of studies concerning various forms of violence including intimate partner violence, domestic violence as well as sexual assault. One factor which has been highlighted as having a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression is the specific aggression-related alcohol expectancies concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on aggressive behaviour. In light of the prevalence of alcohol-related violence in South African communities it becomes important to examine the specific factors that moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and violence. The aim of this study was to examine aggressionrelated alcohol expectancies as a moderating factor in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and to examine the possible influence of exposure to community alcohol-related aggression in the formulation of aggression-related alcohol expectancies. The main objectives of this were to examine aggression-related alcohol expectancies as well as exposure to community alcohol-related aggression as domains for intervention to prevent alcohol-related violence. / South Africa