A interpretação do perfil de consumo alimentar de uma população é tarefa complexa, especialmente quando a sociedade brasileira vem passando por intensos processos, entre outros, a rápida industrialização, acelerada urbanização, a crescente participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho, o desenvolvimento da agroindústria e os planos de ajustes econômicos, o envelhecimento da população, a crescente importância da mídia, modificações dos hábitos e costumes.Também têm sido enfatizados os conhecidos danos para a saúde que podem decorrer do consumo insuficiente de nutrientes ou do consumo excessivo, que invariavelmente condiciona a obesidade. Tendo em vista as lacunas existentes, sobre o consumo alimentar da população, julgou-se pertinente implementar a presente pesquisa tendo entre seus objetivos a análise do conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, disponível nos domicílios das regiões metropolitanas de Recife e São Paulo e a variação dos mesmos de acordo com o recebimento familiar per capita; avaliação da participação relativa dos diferentes grupos de alimentos e, também, dos macronutrientes no valor energético total – VET. Como base de dados, foram utilizadas as informações obtidas pela Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF, realizada pelo IBGE, durante o período de 1 o de outubro de 1995 a 30 de setembro de 1996 (IBGE, 1998). Para a análise dos dados relativos ao conteúdo disponível de energia e nutrientes, adotou-se o software Virtual Nutri (Philippi et al, 1996).Os recursos do software Statistical Analysis System – SAS (1996),foram utilizados para a elaboração das demais análises. Para analisar como a disponibilidade de energia e os nutrientes selecionados variam com o recebimento familiar per capita nas duas regiões metropolitanas analisadas, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão múltipla. Elaborou-se a análise da participação dos macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteína e lipídeos) no valor total de energia disponível nos domicílios para as famílias de todos os estratos de recebimentos, adotando-se como parâmetros os valores preconizados pela National Academy of Sciences (2002). Verificou-se que para as duas regiões metropolitanas e totalidade dos estratos de recebimento, a participação da proteína animal supera o valor recomendado .Note-se que a participação da proteína que procedem de fontes animais supera 50%, quando se examina os resultados referentes à totalidade dos estratos de recebimentos.Quando se considera a participação dos macronutrientes, verifica-se que o maior valor (31%), referente aos lipídios no VET é verificado na região metropolitana de São Paulo (famílias com rendimento entre 15 e 20 s.m.). Valor também considerado elevado, foi observado em São Paulo para famílias pertencentes aos estratos de 3 a 5, 20 a 30 e acima de 30 salários mínimos.No tocante a participação dos carboidratos, vale enfatizar que os maiores percentuais (63% e 62%) foram verificados na região metropolitana de Recife. Quando se considerou os três estratos de recebimento (< 2 s.m.; entre 6 e 8 s.m.; e > 30 s.m.) verificou-se que as famílias da região metropolitana de Recife, pertencentes aos referidos estratos dispõe de maior conteúdo de energia no domicílio, que as famílias da região metropolitana de São Paulo. A disponibilidade de fibras se revelou muito inferior ao mínimo recomendado. Situação preocupante também foi observada quando se considerou a disponibilidade no domicílio, do ferro. Verificou-se também que possivelmente os hábitos regionais exerçam forte influência no consumo da população. Ilustra esse registro a contribuição do grupo das farinha no VET disponível para as famílias da região metropolitana de Recife (região nordeste do pais) que se revelou superior àquela verificada para São Paulo. A participação das frutas se revelou mais expressiva, para as famílias pertencentes aos estratos mais elevados de renda, das duas regiões consideradas nas análises. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa forneçam subsídios para as análises do comportamento do perfil alimentar dos brasileiros das áreas duas urbanas. Acredita-se, também, que os resultados contribuam para sistemas agroalimentares brasileiros e, entre outros procedimentos de intervenção, para a elaboração de programas educativos na área da saúde mais condizente com a melhoria do estado nutricional da população.As indústrias de alimentos e profissionais da área de marketing também poderão se beneficiar dos resultados à medida que esses revelam tendências e preferências dos consumidores. / It is a complex task interpreting the eating habits of a given population, especially when the Brazilian society is passing through great changes, as the fast industrialisation, quick urbanisation growth the increasing of the women’s participation at the job market, the agroindustrial development, the economic agreement plans, the population aging-process, the growth of the media importance, those factors result in habit and custom changings. It is also been emphasising the well-known health problems that occur because of the inadequate nutrients consumption or the excess nutrients consumption, which drives the individual to an obese condition. Because of the lack of information on the population eating consumption, I resolve to start the following research to analyze the energy and nutrient contents, available at the homes in Recife and São Paulo metropolitan regions and the range of the energy and nutrients according on how much each family earns, their per capita income, the evaluation of the relative participation of the different food groups, and also the macronutrients found in the Total Energetic Value – TEV. Based on collected data, it was used the information obtained by the pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares – POF (Familiar Budget Research) fulfiled by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) throughout the period of October 1 st , 1995 to September 30 th, 1996 (IBGE,1998). To analyze the data related to the available energy and nutrients contents, it was used the Virtual Nutri software (Philippi et al, 1996). The Statical Analysis Sytem – SAS resources (1996) were used to elaborate the other analyses. To analyze how the energy and nutrient available chosen ranges according the familiar per capita income in both metropolitan regions it was used a multiple regression model. It was elaborated the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat) participation in the total valour of the available energy found at the homes to the families from every social class, the parametres taken were the foretold by the National Academy of Sciences (2002). It was verified that for both regions and all familiar range income the participation of animal protein surpasses the recommendable valour, in a 50% scale, when it is taken the whole familiar income range. When one considers the macronutrients participation, one verifies that the major valour (31%) is conserning to the fat in the TEV it is found that in São Paulo metropolitan region (families that have about 3000 to 4000 Reais monthly income – being 1 dollar equal to about 3,80 Reais nowadays) another high considered valour was observed in São Paulo within the families who have incomes from 600 Reais to 1000 Reais, the families who income ranges from 4000 Reais to 6000 Reais and the families that have an income higher than 6000 Reais. As far as carbohydrate is concerned it is good to emphasise that the major valours (63% and 62%) were found in Recife metropolitan region. When it was considered the three levels of income (less than 400 Reais; between 1200 Reais and 1600 Reais and more than 6000 Reais) it was verified that the families in Recife metropolitan area in the citied income levels have more energy content at home than theirs counterparts in São Paulo metropolitan areas. The available fibre turned out to be much fewer than the recommendable one. That worrying situation was also observed when one considered the iron available at home. It was observed that probably the regional habits have a strong influence as far as comsuption is concerned. The flour in the TEV available to the families shows us the regional habits, because it is higher in Recife metropolitan area than in São Paulo metropolitan area. It was noticed the fruits expressive participation among the families who have the major incomes in both regions. It is expected that the results in this research provide subsidies to the Brazilian eating behaviour in both metropolitan regions. It is believed that the results will help the Brazilian agro-food systems and amongst other intervention proceedings, to elaborate educative programmes on health field aiming the improving the nutritional state of the population. The food industries and the professionals on the marketing area will also be able to get the benefits from the results for they reveal the consumers tendencies and preferences.

The primary prevention of dental caries includes the regular reduction of dental plaque, the adequate nutrition with reduced frequency of sugar intake and the application of topical and/or alimentary fluorides. The caries-protective effect of fluorides is based on the stabilization of demineralization/remineralization processes in the surface of teeth. The alimentary fluoride intake involves its nutritional sources, fluoride supplements when administered and unintentionally swallowed fluoride toothpastes. The fluoride intake, besides its verifiable and significant contribution to the control of cariogenic conditions in the oral cavity, brings some risk in the period of permanent teeth development. That is why the fluoride intake in childhood ought to be well set up and controlled for achieving the maximum benefit in caries reduction and for minimizing the risk for the enamel development. The assessment on fluoride content in its most significant nutritional sources and the model estimates of fluoride intake in preschool children have been conducted with the aim at contributing the solution of the benefit/risk strategy of fluoride caries prevention. The fluoride content was estimated in bottled waters for preschool children, in instant milk formulas, in herbal teas for children and in instant products of...

L’intensità del trasporto alimentare è un trend destinato ad aumentare nella sua complessità. La ricerca attesta come sia rilevante analizzare “come il cibo viaggia”, forse più di “quanto il cibo viaggia”, nel mercato globalizzato dei prodotti agroalimentari, nelle realtà urbane che modificano le abitudini di consumo e nel “global food system” composto da cinque tipologie di sistemi agroalimentari. Gli impatti in sostenibilità sono strettamente dipendenti dall’efficienza del trasporto e della logistica, di merci agroalimentari e di persone che si spostano per l’approvvigionamento, dal campo al consumatore e viceversa. Eppure il concetto di food miles si è ampiamente diffuso tra gruppi di consumatori, attestando mutamenti culturali significativi. Si pensi all’idea tutta italiana di “km-zero”. “Può il trasporto del cibo essere economicamente, socialmente e culturalmente sostenibile, per conservare l'ecosistema?” Questa domanda, approfondita pedagogicamente, può essere riformulata: “How can consumers, economical stakeholders and policy makers become environmentally friendly about transportation of food?” Il quesito conduce all’interrogativo di quale formazione e ricerca interdisciplinare progettare per orientare gli sforzi verso questo fine. Una nuova formulazione concettuale potrebbe promuovere azioni sostenibili per la mobilità e i trasporti sulle lunghe, medie e corte distanze, per la filiera lunga e corta: il “Kmetro verde”. / The transportation of agro-alimentary products is constantly evolving. The research has been focusing on long distances, tied with the global market. But results in a lack of investigations in medium and short distances which also possess some efficiency gain. The investigation of these shorter mode of transport is paramount as they have significant impact on the triptych of sustainability. In this context, the concepts of "food miles" and of "km-zero" have spread widely among the consumers, attesting the community awareness regarding sustainability issues. However, as environmental concerns arise, such concept has showed it's limit. Therefore the question, "Can transportation of food become economically, socially and culturally sustainable, to preserve the ecosystem?", that lead to this concept, needs to be reassessed. Starting from a pedagogical standpoint, this question can be rephrased as “How can consumers, economical stakeholders and policy makers become environmentally friendly about transportation of food, to preserve the ecosystem?”. For a successful undertaking of such problematic, it is paramount to evaluate the need of novel training practises as well as the design of interdisciplinary research. A new formulation of such concept, embodied in "kmeter green", would aim to promote sustainable mobility on all the distances and chains' lengths.

Plusieurs études à grande échelle ont identifié la modification ou la perte d’habitats comme menace principale à la conservation des communautés de poissons d’eau douce. Au Canada, « aucune perte nette dans la capacité productive des habitats » (NNL) est le principe directeur de la politique de gestion des habitats du ministère des Pêches et Océans. Le respect du NNL implique l’avancement des connaissances au niveau des relations entre les poissons et leurs habitats, de même que des outils pour quantifier l’impact de la modification des habitats sur les poissons. Les modèles d’utilisation de l’habitat des poissons (FHUM) sont des outils qui permettent d’améliorer nos connaissances des relations poissons – habitat, de prédire la distribution des espèces, mais aussi leurs densités, biomasses ou abondances, sur la base des caractéristiques de l’environnement. L’objectif général de mon mémoire est d’améliorer la performance des FHUM pour les rivières des basses Laurentides, en suggérant des perfectionnements au niveau de 2 aspects cruciaux de l’élaboration de tels modèles : la description précise de la communauté de poissons et l’utilisation de modèles statistiques efficaces. Dans un premier chapitre, j’évalue la performance relative de la pêcheuse électrique et de l’échantillonnage en visuel (plongée de surface) pour estimer les abondances des combinaisons d’espèces et de classes de taille des poissons en rivière. J’évalue aussi l’effet des conditions environnementales sur les différences potentielles entre les communautés observées par ces 2 méthodes d’échantillonnage. Pour ce faire, 10 sections de rivière de 20 m de longueur ont été échantillonnées à l’aide de ces 2 méthodes alors qu’elles étaient fermées par des filets de blocage. 3 plongeurs performèrent l’échantillonnage en visuel en se déplaçant de l’aval vers l’amont des sections, tout en dénombrant les espèces et classes de taille. Par la suite, nous avons fait 3 passages de pêcheuse électrique et les abondances furent estimées grâce à un modèle restreint de maximum de vraisemblance, basé sur la diminution des abondances observées. De plus grandes abondances de poissons furent observées en visuel qu’avec la pêcheuse électrique à tous les sites. La richesse spécifique observée en visuel était plus élevée (6/10) ou égale (4/10) à celle observée avec la pêcheuse électrique. Les différences entre les communautés de poissons observées à l’aide de ces 2 méthodes ne purent être reliées aux conditions environnementales. Les résultats de cette expérience sont contraires à ceux de toutes les études comparant ces 2 méthodes d’échantillonnage, lesquels suggèrent une supériorité de la pêcheuse électrique. Les conditions environnementales de notre expérience étaient distinctes de celles observées dans les autres études (absence d’arbres tombés dans l’eau, très peu de substrats grossiers), mais la différence la plus marquante était en terme de communauté de poissons observée (dominance des cyprinidés et des centrarchidés plutôt que des salmonidés). Je termine ce chapitre en suggérant que les caractéristiques comportementales favorisant l’évitement de la capture (formation de bancs) et facilitant l’observation en visuel (curiosité) sont responsables de la supériorité de la plongée de surface pour échantillonner les communautés dans les rivières des basses Laurentides. Dans un deuxième chapitre, je développe des FHUM pour des communautés de poissons de rivière ayant plusieurs espèces. Dans le but de simplifier la modélisation de telles communautés et d’améliorer notre compréhension des relations poissons – habitat, j’utilise les concepts de guilde écologique et de filtre environnemental pour explorer les relations entre les guildes formées sur la bases de différents types de traits (reproducteurs, taxonomiques, éco-morphologiques et alimentaires) et les conditions environnementales locales à l’échelle du méso-habitat. Les modèles d’habitats basés sur les guildes reproductrices ont clairement surpassé les autres modèles, parce que l’habitat de fraie reflète l’habitat de préférence en dehors de la période de reproduction. J’ai également utilisé l’approche inverse, c’est à dire définir des guildes d’utilisation de l’habitat et les mettre en relation avec les traits des espèces. Les traits reliés à l’alimentation des poissons ont semblés être les meilleurs pour expliquer l’appartenance aux groupes d’utilisation de l’habitat, mais le modèle utilisé ne représentait pas bien la relation entre les groupes. La validation de notre modèle basé sur les guildes reproductrices avec un jeu de données indépendant pourrait confirmer notre découverte, laquelle représente une manière prometteuse de modéliser les relations poissons – environnement dans des communautés de poissons complexes. En conclusion, mon mémoire suggère d’importantes améliorations aux FHUM pour les communautés de poissons des basses Laurentides, en suggérant de prendre en compte les caractéristiques biologiques des cours d’eau dans le choix d’une méthode d’échantillonnage, et également en utilisant une méthode prometteuse pour simplifier les FHUM de communautés de poissons complexes : les guildes reproductrices. / Many large scale studies have identified habitat modification or habitat losses as primary threats for the conservation of freshwater fish communities. In Canada, No Net Loss (NNL) of the productive capacity of habitats is the guiding principle of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans’ policy for the management of fish habitat. To respect NNL, a better understanding of fish-habitat relationships is required, as well as tools to quantify the impact of habitat modifications on fish. Fish habitat use models (FHUM) are tools that can improve our understanding of fish-habitat relationships, predict species occurrences, densities or biomass on the basis of habitat descriptors and quantify habitat requirements. They consist in relationships between biological descriptors of fish and habitat descriptors. The general objective of my thesis is to improve the performance of FHUM for the lower Laurentian streams by suggesting refinements on 2 crucial aspects in the development of these models: a precise description of the fish community and the use of efficient statistical models. In the first chapter, I evaluate the relative performance of electrofishing and visual surveys (snorkeling) for estimating the abundance of combinations of fish species and size classes in rivers. I also assessed the effect of environmental conditions on potential differences between the results obtained using these two sampling methods. Sampling sites consisted in 10 river sections of 20 m in length distributed in the Laurentian region of Québec. Both methods were used while sections were blocked. Three snorkelers that swam the river sections upstream while identifying and counting fish of each species and size-classes performed visual surveys. Three-pass electrofishing was performed and abundances were estimated with a maximum likelihood depletion model. Greater abundances of fish were observed by snorkeling than by electrofishing at all sites. Snorkeling species richness was higher (6/10) or equal (4/10) to electrofishing richness. Differences in the fish communities observed by both sampling methods were not related to environmental conditions. The results of our work are therefore contrary to that of most published studies that suggested the superiority of electrofishing on visual surveys. Compared to the conditions found in previous studies, our sampling sites had different environmental characteristics (no fallen trees, insignificant cover of large cobble and boulder) but the most striking dissimilarity was in terms of fish communities (dominance of cyprinids and centrarchids instead of salmonids). Behavioural characteristics favouring capture avoidance (schooling) and facilitating underwater observation (curiosity) may be responsible for the superiority of visual surveys in our study rivers. Survey methods should be selected based on fish community composition. In the second chapter, I develop FHUM for complex stream fish communities. In order to simplify the modelling of such communities, as well as improve our understanding of fish – habitat relationships, I used the ecological guild concept and the niche filtering hypothesis to explore the relationships between guilds based on different types of traits (eco-morphological, reproductive, alimentary and taxonomic) and local environmental descriptors, at the coarse meso-habitat scale. Reproductive guilds led to FHUM that clearly outperformed the other 3 approaches, because of the close relationship between preferred spawning grounds and non spawning habitat preferences, and also because reproductive traits are linked to habitat characteristics at the reach or coarse mesohabitat scale. We also defined guilds based on habitat-use and related them to species traits. Traits related to the feeding biology of fishes seemed to be the best at explaining the habitat-use guilds, but our model did not correctly represent the among-guild relationships. Validation of our reproductive trait model on an independent dataset would confirm our finding, which represents a promising way of modelling fish - habitat relationships in complex fish communities. In conclusion, my thesis suggests important improvements to FHUM models in the Laurentian streams by giving new insights on the choice of a sampling method that take into account the biological characteristics of the streams targeted, and by using a promising way of simplifying FHUM for species rich communities: reproductive guilds.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit LL.M. (2-325-1-0)" / Le Québec est la seule province canadienne à ne pas imposer d'obligation légale quant aux rapports interpersonnels entre les membres de couples non mariés. Pourtant, leur nombre augmente considérablement et, en 2001, il y avait 1 158 410 couples en union libre au Canada, dont 508 525 vivaient au Québec. Les conjoints de fait des autres provinces canadiennes ont revendiqué un statut juridique d'égalité de droits avec les couples mariés, ce qui a donné lieu à plusieurs décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada et à la mise en vigueur de lois visant l'encadrement juridique de la rupture de ces conjoints de fait. C'est ainsi que toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf le Québec, imposent une obligation alimentaire entre conjoints de fait à la rupture. La présente étude utilise les méthodologies d'analyse proposées par les théories légales féministes pour aborder la situation juridique de la famille québécoise dans un contexte historique et social afin de suggérer la mise en place d'un cadre légal des rapports interpersonnels des conjoints de fait. Afin de favoriser une plus grande égalité et une solidarité familiale, l'auteur propose l'établissement d'une obligation alimentaire compensatoire entre les membres des couples québécois non-mariés, avec enfants. / Quebec is the only Canadian province that does not impose legal obligations regarding interpersonal relations between the members of unmarried couples. In 2001, there was 1 158 410 unmarried couples in Canada, of which 508 525 were living in the province of Ouebec. Common law spouses from other provinces have claimed equal legal status with married couples, which lead to many decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada and to provincial legislations regarding their separation. Thus, ail Canadian provinces except Ouebec impose alimentary support on common law spouses at separation. This study uses the methodology of feminist legal theories to approach the legal situation of Quebec families in a historical and sociological context to propose a legislation regarding interpersonal relations within unmarried couples. According to the author, there should be a compensatory obligation of support between the members of unmarried couples with children to favor equality and familial solidarity.

Migration within the body of an infected host is one of the most important parts in the life cycle of flukes, including schistosomes. Migration of avian and mammalian visceral schistosomes has been a quite well studied topic (Haas a Haeberlein, 2009), which became more attractive after the discovery of T. regenti, an avian schistosome which is able to migrate through the nervous tissues of infected birds and mammals as well. Migration of T. regenti and T. szidati schistosomula within the definitive (duck) and the accidental (mouse) hosts is the main topic of the diploma thesis. This work continues with the research of K. Blažová (Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague) who studied migration of T. regenti within the definitive hosts infected perorally with cercariae or hepatopancreases of the infected intermediate snail, Radix lagotis (unpblished). She proved that T. regenti schistosomula are able to use the central nervous system for migration to the nasal mucosa of infected birds. In our work, we focused on the early phase of migration within the perorally infected birds and mice. Invasion of esophagus by T. regenti cercariae in vitro is not conditioned by secretion of glandular products, including cathepsin B2 of T. regenti (TrCB2). Activity of TrCB2 against mucins, the main components...

Le Québec est la seule province canadienne à ne pas imposer d'obligation légale quant aux rapports interpersonnels entre les membres de couples non mariés. Pourtant, leur nombre augmente considérablement et, en 2001, il y avait 1 158 410 couples en union libre au Canada, dont 508 525 vivaient au Québec. Les conjoints de fait des autres provinces canadiennes ont revendiqué un statut juridique d'égalité de droits avec les couples mariés, ce qui a donné lieu à plusieurs décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada et à la mise en vigueur de lois visant l'encadrement juridique de la rupture de ces conjoints de fait. C'est ainsi que toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf le Québec, imposent une obligation alimentaire entre conjoints de fait à la rupture. La présente étude utilise les méthodologies d'analyse proposées par les théories légales féministes pour aborder la situation juridique de la famille québécoise dans un contexte historique et social afin de suggérer la mise en place d'un cadre légal des rapports interpersonnels des conjoints de fait. Afin de favoriser une plus grande égalité et une solidarité familiale, l'auteur propose l'établissement d'une obligation alimentaire compensatoire entre les membres des couples québécois non-mariés, avec enfants. / Quebec is the only Canadian province that does not impose legal obligations regarding interpersonal relations between the members of unmarried couples. In 2001, there was 1 158 410 unmarried couples in Canada, of which 508 525 were living in the province of Ouebec. Common law spouses from other provinces have claimed equal legal status with married couples, which lead to many decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada and to provincial legislations regarding their separation. Thus, ail Canadian provinces except Ouebec impose alimentary support on common law spouses at separation. This study uses the methodology of feminist legal theories to approach the legal situation of Quebec families in a historical and sociological context to propose a legislation regarding interpersonal relations within unmarried couples. According to the author, there should be a compensatory obligation of support between the members of unmarried couples with children to favor equality and familial solidarity. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit LL.M. (2-325-1-0)"

Plusieurs études à grande échelle ont identifié la modification ou la perte d’habitats comme menace principale à la conservation des communautés de poissons d’eau douce. Au Canada, « aucune perte nette dans la capacité productive des habitats » (NNL) est le principe directeur de la politique de gestion des habitats du ministère des Pêches et Océans. Le respect du NNL implique l’avancement des connaissances au niveau des relations entre les poissons et leurs habitats, de même que des outils pour quantifier l’impact de la modification des habitats sur les poissons. Les modèles d’utilisation de l’habitat des poissons (FHUM) sont des outils qui permettent d’améliorer nos connaissances des relations poissons – habitat, de prédire la distribution des espèces, mais aussi leurs densités, biomasses ou abondances, sur la base des caractéristiques de l’environnement. L’objectif général de mon mémoire est d’améliorer la performance des FHUM pour les rivières des basses Laurentides, en suggérant des perfectionnements au niveau de 2 aspects cruciaux de l’élaboration de tels modèles : la description précise de la communauté de poissons et l’utilisation de modèles statistiques efficaces. Dans un premier chapitre, j’évalue la performance relative de la pêcheuse électrique et de l’échantillonnage en visuel (plongée de surface) pour estimer les abondances des combinaisons d’espèces et de classes de taille des poissons en rivière. J’évalue aussi l’effet des conditions environnementales sur les différences potentielles entre les communautés observées par ces 2 méthodes d’échantillonnage. Pour ce faire, 10 sections de rivière de 20 m de longueur ont été échantillonnées à l’aide de ces 2 méthodes alors qu’elles étaient fermées par des filets de blocage. 3 plongeurs performèrent l’échantillonnage en visuel en se déplaçant de l’aval vers l’amont des sections, tout en dénombrant les espèces et classes de taille. Par la suite, nous avons fait 3 passages de pêcheuse électrique et les abondances furent estimées grâce à un modèle restreint de maximum de vraisemblance, basé sur la diminution des abondances observées. De plus grandes abondances de poissons furent observées en visuel qu’avec la pêcheuse électrique à tous les sites. La richesse spécifique observée en visuel était plus élevée (6/10) ou égale (4/10) à celle observée avec la pêcheuse électrique. Les différences entre les communautés de poissons observées à l’aide de ces 2 méthodes ne purent être reliées aux conditions environnementales. Les résultats de cette expérience sont contraires à ceux de toutes les études comparant ces 2 méthodes d’échantillonnage, lesquels suggèrent une supériorité de la pêcheuse électrique. Les conditions environnementales de notre expérience étaient distinctes de celles observées dans les autres études (absence d’arbres tombés dans l’eau, très peu de substrats grossiers), mais la différence la plus marquante était en terme de communauté de poissons observée (dominance des cyprinidés et des centrarchidés plutôt que des salmonidés). Je termine ce chapitre en suggérant que les caractéristiques comportementales favorisant l’évitement de la capture (formation de bancs) et facilitant l’observation en visuel (curiosité) sont responsables de la supériorité de la plongée de surface pour échantillonner les communautés dans les rivières des basses Laurentides. Dans un deuxième chapitre, je développe des FHUM pour des communautés de poissons de rivière ayant plusieurs espèces. Dans le but de simplifier la modélisation de telles communautés et d’améliorer notre compréhension des relations poissons – habitat, j’utilise les concepts de guilde écologique et de filtre environnemental pour explorer les relations entre les guildes formées sur la bases de différents types de traits (reproducteurs, taxonomiques, éco-morphologiques et alimentaires) et les conditions environnementales locales à l’échelle du méso-habitat. Les modèles d’habitats basés sur les guildes reproductrices ont clairement surpassé les autres modèles, parce que l’habitat de fraie reflète l’habitat de préférence en dehors de la période de reproduction. J’ai également utilisé l’approche inverse, c’est à dire définir des guildes d’utilisation de l’habitat et les mettre en relation avec les traits des espèces. Les traits reliés à l’alimentation des poissons ont semblés être les meilleurs pour expliquer l’appartenance aux groupes d’utilisation de l’habitat, mais le modèle utilisé ne représentait pas bien la relation entre les groupes. La validation de notre modèle basé sur les guildes reproductrices avec un jeu de données indépendant pourrait confirmer notre découverte, laquelle représente une manière prometteuse de modéliser les relations poissons – environnement dans des communautés de poissons complexes. En conclusion, mon mémoire suggère d’importantes améliorations aux FHUM pour les communautés de poissons des basses Laurentides, en suggérant de prendre en compte les caractéristiques biologiques des cours d’eau dans le choix d’une méthode d’échantillonnage, et également en utilisant une méthode prometteuse pour simplifier les FHUM de communautés de poissons complexes : les guildes reproductrices. / Many large scale studies have identified habitat modification or habitat losses as primary threats for the conservation of freshwater fish communities. In Canada, No Net Loss (NNL) of the productive capacity of habitats is the guiding principle of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans’ policy for the management of fish habitat. To respect NNL, a better understanding of fish-habitat relationships is required, as well as tools to quantify the impact of habitat modifications on fish. Fish habitat use models (FHUM) are tools that can improve our understanding of fish-habitat relationships, predict species occurrences, densities or biomass on the basis of habitat descriptors and quantify habitat requirements. They consist in relationships between biological descriptors of fish and habitat descriptors. The general objective of my thesis is to improve the performance of FHUM for the lower Laurentian streams by suggesting refinements on 2 crucial aspects in the development of these models: a precise description of the fish community and the use of efficient statistical models. In the first chapter, I evaluate the relative performance of electrofishing and visual surveys (snorkeling) for estimating the abundance of combinations of fish species and size classes in rivers. I also assessed the effect of environmental conditions on potential differences between the results obtained using these two sampling methods. Sampling sites consisted in 10 river sections of 20 m in length distributed in the Laurentian region of Québec. Both methods were used while sections were blocked. Three snorkelers that swam the river sections upstream while identifying and counting fish of each species and size-classes performed visual surveys. Three-pass electrofishing was performed and abundances were estimated with a maximum likelihood depletion model. Greater abundances of fish were observed by snorkeling than by electrofishing at all sites. Snorkeling species richness was higher (6/10) or equal (4/10) to electrofishing richness. Differences in the fish communities observed by both sampling methods were not related to environmental conditions. The results of our work are therefore contrary to that of most published studies that suggested the superiority of electrofishing on visual surveys. Compared to the conditions found in previous studies, our sampling sites had different environmental characteristics (no fallen trees, insignificant cover of large cobble and boulder) but the most striking dissimilarity was in terms of fish communities (dominance of cyprinids and centrarchids instead of salmonids). Behavioural characteristics favouring capture avoidance (schooling) and facilitating underwater observation (curiosity) may be responsible for the superiority of visual surveys in our study rivers. Survey methods should be selected based on fish community composition. In the second chapter, I develop FHUM for complex stream fish communities. In order to simplify the modelling of such communities, as well as improve our understanding of fish – habitat relationships, I used the ecological guild concept and the niche filtering hypothesis to explore the relationships between guilds based on different types of traits (eco-morphological, reproductive, alimentary and taxonomic) and local environmental descriptors, at the coarse meso-habitat scale. Reproductive guilds led to FHUM that clearly outperformed the other 3 approaches, because of the close relationship between preferred spawning grounds and non spawning habitat preferences, and also because reproductive traits are linked to habitat characteristics at the reach or coarse mesohabitat scale. We also defined guilds based on habitat-use and related them to species traits. Traits related to the feeding biology of fishes seemed to be the best at explaining the habitat-use guilds, but our model did not correctly represent the among-guild relationships. Validation of our reproductive trait model on an independent dataset would confirm our finding, which represents a promising way of modelling fish - habitat relationships in complex fish communities. In conclusion, my thesis suggests important improvements to FHUM models in the Laurentian streams by giving new insights on the choice of a sampling method that take into account the biological characteristics of the streams targeted, and by using a promising way of simplifying FHUM for species rich communities: reproductive guilds.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VeraLXP.pdf: 739385 bytes, checksum: 39e55369e3d68f24ba74cd42c7b6cab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper gives clues for the educative action in nutrition subjects. It deals about the professors experiences deployments lived in 2003 e 2004, both in Nutrition undergraduate course of the Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), in Nutrition Education and Supervised Internship in Social Nutrition academic disciplines, as well as in the II Update Course in Nutrition Practices for Health Basic Care , offered to the supervisors nutritionists of internship, in this same department, being able to be characterized as an action-research, with interventionism purpose. The study stands out the importance of a new point of view about the nutritionist formation to overcome the limits imposed by the scientism, and the adoption of a complex and reflexive reference about the educational practice in this area. The corpus is made up by 81 undergraduate students alimentary autobiography (source of generating subjects for interventions with the nutritionists), 17 questionnaires and 05 interviews, being 03 of them biography (the start up for an initial dialogue with the nutritionists). The data found and the professors experiences allied to a theoretic reference, by the light of the education proposals for the XXI century were used as establishment elements for the proposition of five guidance axles used to build a complex and reflexive nutrition education, which are: 1) Take the cookery and the culture of eating together as significant elements for the human being integral formation; 2) Conceive the religion manifestations associated to feeding process as relevant elements of the human food culture; 3) Discuss the rupture nature/culture aiming the preservation of live in earth; 4) Search for the overcoming of the identity conflicts by a higher inclosing conscience degrees of being part of this process. 5) Face the limits of fragmented formation. The presented thesis stands that the autobiography method, allied to the freirean pedagogy and to a complex reference, could be taken as an important tool to the health educative subjects, contributing to the formation of reflective individuals able to transform themselves and the world. / Este trabalho apresenta pistas para a a??o educativa em nutri??o. Trata do desdobramento de viv?ncias docentes experienciadas em 2003 e 2004, tanto no curso de Gradua??o em Nutri??o, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), nas disciplinas de Educa??o Nutricional e Est?gio Supervisionado em Nutri??o Social , bem como no II Curso de Atualiza??o nas Pr?ticas de Nutri??o na Aten??o B?sica ? Sa?de , oferecido ?s nutricionistas supervisoras de est?gio, pelo mesmo departamento, podendo ser caracterizada como uma pesquisa-a??o, de cunho intervencionista. O estudo ressalta a import?ncia de um novo olhar sobre a forma??o do nutricionista para a supera??o dos limites impostos pelo cientificismo, e a ado??o de um referencial complexo e reflexivo sobre o fazer educativo nesta ?rea. O corpus est? constitu?do por 81 autobiografias alimentares de graduandas (fonte de temas geradores para interven??es junto a nutricionistas), 17 question?rios e 05 entrevistas, sendo 03 biogr?ficas (ponto de partida para o in?cio de um di?logo junto ?s nutricionistas). Os dados encontrados e a experi?ncia docente aliada ao referencial te?rico, iluminados pelas propostas de educa??o para o s?culo XXI serviram como elementos fundantes da proposi??o de cinco eixos norteadores para a constru??o de uma educa??o nutricional complexa e reflexiva, que s?o: 1) Tomar o fazer culin?rio e a comensalidade como elementos significativos para a forma??o integral dos seres humanos; 2) Conceber as manifesta??es de religiosidade associadas ? alimenta??o como elementos relevantes da cultura alimentar humana. 3) Discutir a ruptura natureza/cultura visando a preserva??o da vida da Terra; 4) Buscar a supera??o dos conflitos identit?rios pela consci?ncia de graus de pertencimento mais abrangentes; 5) Enfrentar os limites da forma??o fragmentadora. A tese apresentada ? a de que o m?todo autobiogr?fico, aliado ? pedagogia freireana e a um referencial complexo, pode ser tomado como uma ferramenta importante para o trabalho educativo em sa?de, contribuindo para a forma??o de sujeitos capazes de refletir para transformar a si e ao mundo

Après la Révolution Verte, qui débuta dans les années 1960, l’agriculture a pris de nouvelles directions grâce à l’introduction de technologies et de pratiques agricoles modernes (modification génétique de semences, usage intensif d’engrais agricoles, mécanisation des coûts d’exploitation) qui ont permis d’intensifier la production et la productivité agricoles. Ce modèle de production s’est formé au sein de l’agriculture conventionnelle. Cependant, après moins d’un siècle de développement, ce modèle d’agriculture a généré un certain nombre de préoccupations quant à son impact sur l’environnement et la santé de la population. En tant qu’alternative à l’agriculture conventionnelle, l’agriculture écologique - qui se présente sous diverses dénominations (organique, agro-écologique, biologique, entre autres) - se distingue en termes de production et de commercialisation dans des systèmes agroalimentaires locaux et globaux. Son développement a été rendu possible grâce à des investissements économiques du fait aussi bien de grandes entreprises agroalimentaires que de petits agriculteurs qui ont converti leurs exploitations à un mode écologique de production. C’est dans ce contexte que l’on observe les motifs d’adhésion des petits agriculteurs à ce type d’agriculture. Nous privilégions dans cette analyse la place que représente la Qualité de Vie (QV) dans le choix de l’agriculteur familial brésilien et du paysan français, en l’occurrence des horticulteurs maraîchers dans deux régions métropolitaines, la Région Métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte (Brésil) et la Région Métropolitaine de l’Île-de-France (France). Ce questionnement recoupe l’idée de « durabilité », comprise non seulement comme la préservation de l’environnement et des écosystèmes, mais aussi comme la prise en compte du tissu social et des conditions de vie des individus, dans ce cas des agriculteurs. En d’autres termes, nous considérons que l’auto-estime et la satisfaction professionnelle sont intrinsèquement liées aux relations sociales et à l’organisation de l’espace dans lequel elles s’insèrent. A partir d’un échantillon intégrant des agriculteurs écologiques et conventionnels, on montre qu’au-delà de valeurs communes représentant une aspiration à une bonne qualité de vie (possibilités de développer un travail salubre - sans risque pour la santé -, prospère - avec un retour financier suffisant - et plaisant - en tant que source de satisfaction et de reconnaissance sociale -), certaines spécificités propres à chacun de ces groupes existent, par-delà l’appartenance régionale. Mais, dans le même temps, il apparaît également que le rapport à la QV vient renforcer la durabilité des exploitations lorsqu’il est incorporé ou relayé dans les projets de développement agricole local. Le rapprochement entre deux contextes régionaux métropolitains permet de comprendre en quoi il existe une spécificité brésilienne autour des questions de sécurité alimentaire et à quelles conditions certaines approches de gestion en France pourraient inspirer les politiques publiques de la région métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte. / After the Green revolution, which began in the years 1960, agriculture took new directions thanks to the introduction of technologies and modern practices (genetic modification of seeds, intensive use of manures, and mechanization of the farms) which made it possible to intensify the production and raise the agricultural productivity. This model of production was formed within the conventional agriculture. However, after less than one century of development, this model of agriculture generated a number of concerns as well for its environmental impact and as well on public health. As an alternative to the conventional agriculture, the ecological agriculture - with its various denominations (Organic, Agro-ecological, Biological, inter alia) - has created its own marks in terms of production and marketing in local and global agro- alimentary systems. Its development was maintained thanks to growing demand and investment of large agro- alimentary companies and family farmers who converted their surfaces to an ecological mode of production. In this context, the inclusion and the adhesion of the small farmers to this type of agriculture is the main framework of this research. The thesis proposes therefore to carry out a reflection around the social sustainability of the farmers with this main question: “Is ecological agriculture a sustainable solution for all?” - which emerges within a social perspective through the analysis of quality of life of Brazilian family farmers and the French peasants, actives within market-gardening inside metropolitan regions of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and the Metropolitan region of the Ile-de-France (France). This questioning cross the idea of “sustainability”, understood not only like safeguarding of the environment and the ecosystems, but also as taking into account the "social factory" and the living conditions of the individuals, in this case, of the farmers. Thus, the question of the quality of life (QOL) of the farmers – where self-esteem and the job satisfaction are intrinsically related to the social relations and the organization of the space of which they form part – is analysed. The results show inter alia, that the permanence of the production units depends on the conditions given to its owner, taking account of possibilities of developing a salubrious work (without health risk), prosper (with a sufficient financial return) and pleasant (as a source of satisfaction and social recognition). Our work reaffirms thus that ecological agriculture is in fact sustainable for all when the variables of the QOL of the farmers are potentiated and incorporated in the local agricultural development. In addition it's observed that the relation between the values of the QOL and the regional contexts reflects as well in the capacities of the farmers to carry their work as in their feelings of pleasure and self-confidence, i.e. of personal and professional wellbeing. The specificities around the questions of food security in the Brazilian context direct the future research towards arrangements of management strategies used in France and liable to be adapted to the reality of the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region. / Após a Revolução Verde, iniciada na década de 1960, a agricultura tomou novos rumos graças à introdução de tecnologias e práticas agrícolas modernas (modificação genética de sementes, uso intensivo de insumos industriais, mecanização e redução de custo de manejo) que permitiram intensificar a produção e a produtividade agrícola. Esse modelo de produção conformou-se na agricultura convencional. No entanto, a menos de meio século de seu desenvolvimento, este tipo de agricultura tem causado preocupações sobre o seu impacto no meio ambiente e na saúde da população. Como uma proposta alternativa à agricultura convencional, a agricultura ecológica, sob diversos nomes (Orgânica, Agroecológica, Biologique, dentre outras) tem-se destacado no âmbito dos sistemas agroalimentares locais e globais, tanto em termos de produção quanto de área e comercialização. Seu desenvolvimento tem se sustentado por um mercado de investimentos econômicos, representado por grandes empresas agroalimentares e por pequenos agricultores, que converteram suas áreas para uma maneira ecológica de produção. Diante desse contexto, a inclusão ou adesão dos pequenos agricultores a esse tipo de agricultura motiva uma investigação na esfera social. Assim, a proposta dessa tese é trazer uma reflexão acerca da sustentabilidade social dos agricultores, cuja questão: “A agricultura ecológica é uma solução sustentável para todos?” surge com uma perspectiva social sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho do agricultor familiar brasileiro, e do paysan francês, investidos na prática da horticultura ecológica. Este questionamento recai sobre a ideia de “sustentabilidade”, compreendida não somente no aspecto da preservação do meio ambiente e dos ecossistemas, mas também quanto ao tecido social e à qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos, nesse caso, os agricultores. Desta forma, discute-se a QV dos agricultores, cujas autoestima e satisfação profissional encontram-se intrínsecas às relações sociais e às organizações do espaço ao qual eles se inserem. Os limites espaciais da pesquisa englobam duas regiões metropolitanas, a saber: 1) Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte – Brasil e; 2) Região Metropolitana de Île-de-France – França.