Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. Most ALL cases originate from immature B-cells (BCP-ALL) and are characterized by reoccurring structural genetic aberrations. These aberrations hold information of the pathogenesis of ALL and are used for risk stratification in treatment. Despite increased knowledge of genetic aberrations in pediatric T-cell ALL (T-ALL), no reliable molecular genetic markers exist for identifying patients with higher risk of relapse. The lack of molecular prognostic markers is also evident in patients with relapsed ALL. During the last decades, aberrant epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation have emerged as important components in cancer development. Telomere maintenance is another important factor in malignant transformation and is crucial for long-term cell survival. Like DNA methylation, telomere length maintenance has also been implicated to reflect outcomes for patients with leukemia. In this thesis, the prognostic relevance of DNA methylation and telomere length was investigated in pediatric ALL at diagnosis and relapse. The telomere length (TL) was significantly shorter in diagnostic ALL samples compared to normal bone marrow samples collected at cessation of therapy, reflecting the proliferation associated telomere length shortening. Prognostic relevance of TL was shown in low-risk BCP-ALL patients where longer telomeres at diagnosis were associated with higher risk of relapse. Genome-wide methylation characterization by arrays in diagnostic T-ALL samples identified two distinct methylation subgroups denoted CIMP+ (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype high) and CIMP- (low). CIMP- T-ALL patients had significantly worse outcome compared to CIMP+ cases. These results were confirmed in a Nordic cohort treated according to the current NOPHO-ALL2008 protocol.  By combining minimal residual disease (MRD) status at treatment day 29 and CIMP status at diagnosis we could further separate T-ALL patients into risk groups. Likewise, the CIMP profile could separate relapsed BCP-ALL patients into risk groups, where the CIMP- cases had a significantly worse outcome compared to CIMP+ cases.  From these data we conclude that DNA methylation subgrouping is a promising prognostic marker in T-ALL, as well as in relapsed BCP-ALL two groups where reliable prognostic markers are currently missing. By elucidating the biology behind the different CIMP profiles, the pathogenesis of ALL will be further understood and may contribute to new treatment strategies.

Past research has confirmed that workplace design affects employee productivity. It is known to affect the employees both psychologically and professionally. Past researchers have looked at it from ergonomic, architectural and other perspectives. However, this research is limited to certain professions such as nursing and construction. However, the research indicates that sing workplace design it is possible to improve productivity of employees in other professions as well. This research aims to focus on how workplace designs can improve productivity of teachers. Teaching is an intellectual/ non manual work and hence design considerations for teachers should be more psychological in nature. Little research has been conducted on improving workplaces designs for non manual workers. Also past research has not paid sufficient attention to gender aspects of workplace design. This research looks at how designers’ consideration of culture, gender and profession of the occupants at the time of designing will affect employees’ perception of the psychological, social and functional quality of their workplace and consequently their productivity. This research primarily fills three gaps in existing literature: Firstly, it focuses on gender of occupants and how considering this during workplace design can affect the productivity of employees. Secondly, it looks at impact of workplace design on teachers, who carry out intellectual non manual work. Thirdly, this study is conducted in context of Saudi Arabia with an aim to reduce the scarcity of similar research in context of Saudi Arabia. Data or this research was collected in two stages. Firstly, female academics provided self-observation data in form of comments using a mobile app which was developed specifically for the purpose of this research. This data was quantified using thematic analysis approach and quantified data was analysed using regression analysis. The second aspect of this research included collecting quantitative data using semi-structured interviews with designers who have worked on designing all-female universities in Saudi Arabia. This research finds that by taking cultural, gender and professional factors into consideration it is possible to improve the social, psychological and functional experience of occupants of the workplace and this is likely to improve their ability to achieve organisational and personal objectives. This research, thus concludes that cultural, gender and professional consideration affect the employees; ability to contribute to employees’ and organisational outcomes.

The 1970s brought a change to the face of the television sitcom, particularly with the works of Norman Lear, as comedy began to shift its focus away from portrayals of the ideal nuclear family to more complicated interactions with the outside world. This thesis focuses on All in the Family and the various ways that the series broke ground in its methods of social discourse. The series’ unique representation of working-class domestic life and its various distancing techniques provided a new challenge for sitcom audiences. With other Lear series and the likes of M*A*S*H and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the 1970s television comedy landscape provided platform for socially conscious discourse. However, this period of progressive entertainment declined toward the end of the decade, as series like Happy Days and Laverne and Shirley sought to look backward rather than forward. From the 1980s to the 2000s, with a few exceptions, the focus of the sitcom reverted back to the preservation of idealized domestic and workplace families with the likes of Family Ties and Friends. However, the 2010s bring the promise of new social relevancy in television with series like Black-ish, which negotiate 1970s relevancy with 2010 narrative and aesthetic style, and streaming, non-network programs like Orange is the New Black and Transparent that experiment with genre in new ways.

Previous empirical studies show that returns on gold mining equities are positive and statistically significantly related to changes in the price of gold. However, these studies fail to examine operational factors that may provide further explanatory power to gold mining equity returns. Examining quarterly gold mining equity returns, All-In Sustaining Cost and gold production results between 2013 and 2018, I find that there exists a positive and statistically significant relationship between changes in gold mining equity returns and the price of gold and a negative and statistically significant relationship between lagged changes in All-In Sustaining Cost and gold mining equity returns. My findings suggest that investors must be cognizant of cost metrics when seeking gold exposure through gold mining equities.

隨著危險因素不斷增加與變異，海上保險人為因應被保險人要求擴大承保 範圍之趨勢，除增列保險事故之項目外，亦逐漸於海上保險領域內運用所 謂「全險」(ALL Risks) 概念以資配合。本論文即就「全險」概念於海上 保險之定位與各險別實際運作情形加以探討，全文概分為六章： 首章 為緒論，說明本論文之研究目的，研究範圍及大綱。 第二章為「全險 」概念於海上保險之定位，自其發展沿革闡明意義、可能之範圍及舉證責 任之分配，以有別於一般特定危險(Specified-risk)型保單。 第三章 為貨物保險關於「全險」概念之運用，除比較英、美二國協會貨物條款運 用「全險」概念之差異外，並探討我國使用貨物「全險」保單時可能遭遇 之問題。 第四章論及聯合國貿易暨發展委員會(UNCTAD)就船體保險草 擬「全險」建議條款，除介紹其內容與市場反應外，並試與現行倫敦保險 人協會船體時間條款作一比較。 第五章則為探討防護與補償保險中是 否有「全險」概念之運用，及其實際運作之情形。 第六章為結論與建 議，將全文作一總結，並就海上保險「全險」概念於我國法律定位與實務 運作提出若干建議。 all risks

Take - all disease ( caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici, Ggt ) can be suppressed by soil microorganisms after continuous monoculture of wheat ( take - all decline, TAD ). Fluorescent pseudomonads have been implicated in this suppression. Two strategies for controlling take - ail are the in situ development of disease suppressive soil, and / or the application of a biocontrol agent. However, TAD takes up to 10 years to develop after initially high levels of disease, and the performance of bacterial biocontrol agents has been inconsistent. It is not known what environmental factors select for disease antagonists. In this work the role of diseased root lesions in directing the evolution of a native pseudomonad community, and a model disease antagonist, Pseudomonas corrugate strain 2140 ( Pc2140 ) for increased disease suppression was investigated. This work shows that root lesions are a distinct niche, supporting increased populations of total aerobic bacteria ( TAB ), pseudomonads and Pc2140 ( compared to non - lesioned sections of diseased roots and healthy roots ). Lesions selected for fluorescent pseudomonads and pseudomonads which increase take - all severity. In. contrast, lesions selected for non - pseudomonads which decrease take - all, and healthy roots selected for non - fluorescent pseudomonads which decrease take - all. It was concluded that non - fluorescent pseudomonads and non - pseudomonads were important in reducing take - all, but not fluorescent pseudomonads. Pc2140 produced multiple variant phenotypes in vitro and on wheat roots which were altered in ( 1 ) their ability to inhibit pathogens in vitro and control take - all, and ( 2 ) GC - FAME and BIOLOG profiles to the extent that some variants were identified as different species. Different sets of phenotypes were produced in vitro and on roots. After 108 weeks culture of Pc2140 on root lesions and healthy wheat roots, variant colony types were generally slightly decreased in ability to reduce take - all, and reisolates with the wild type colony morphology were generally slightly increased in ability to reduce take - all compared to the ancestral Pc2140. This is the first report on the diversification of a pseudomonad biocontrol agent on roots, and has implications for the taxonomic identification and grouping of isolates based on phenotypic characteristics. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Crop Protection, 1998.

<p>All inclusive travel has become a popular way to travel abroad. When tourists pay for everything in advance their need for contact with the local people will be reduced. The consequences of this can be dissatisfaction from the local people as they are left out and do not share the financial benefits created by tourism. During the purchasing cycle of an all inclusive travel, it is possible that the tour operator can influence a sustainable development.</p><p>The aim of this paper is to compare how a large and a small tour operator in their purchase of all inclusive holidays interacts with local players to create sustainable development, thereby creating a surplus value to the customer. The hypothesis is that the amount of knowledge and application of this knowledge regarding sustainable development differs in the purchase process between large and small tour operators.</p><p>This paper was carried out as a case study. We conducted two deep interviews with the chosen tour operators Fritidsresor and PolarQuest. We came to our conclusion by analyzing the answers from the two tour operators and comparing them to the chosen theories. We found that Fritidsresor, as a large tour operator, has knowledge of sustainable development. However they do not use this knowledge in their purchase of all inclusive travels. Nor do they interact with local players to create surplus value to the customer. PolarQuest on the other hand succeed to create sustainable development by interaction with local players. The exchange of knowledge and information between the parties create surplus value for the customer. This conclusion confirms our hypothesis.</p>

Bakgrund: World Health Organization, WHO, har i sina studier visat att det globalt finns 279 miljoner människor med synnedsättning, av dessa beror 98 miljoner på okorrigerade refraktionsfel och representationen är störst i utvecklingsländer hos personer över 50 år. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på vilken förbättring i avståndsvisus hjälpsökande i Bolivia får med begagnade glasögon från Vision for all, VFA, och samtidigt titta på hur fördelningen av refraktionsfel ser ut i jämförelse med andra delar av världen. Metod &amp; Material: Projektet utfördes i samarbete med VFA under en resa till Bolivia i april 2010. Tre städer i Bolivia besöktes och försökspersonerna fick själva söka upp undersökningsplatsen. En enklare synundersökning, där bästa sfäriska styrka togs fram binokulärt, utfördes av tre optikerstudenter och en legitimerad optiker. Snellen E-hake användes tillsammans med provbåge, provglas och flipprar. Resultatet journalfördes och analyserades och jämfördes sedan med studier från andra delar av världen. Resultat: I studien ingår 1083 försökspersoner mellan 6 och 92 år, varav 622 var emmetropa, 300 hyperopa, ≥ +0,25D, och 161 myopa, ≥-0,25D. Medelvärdet på fri/habituell visus hos hela populationen var 0,81±0,24, där 16,4% av försökspersonerna hade fri/habituell binokulär visus på 0,5 eller högre. När bästa korrektion tagits fram hade 89,3% binokulär visus på 0,8 eller högre. Medelvärdet på korrigerad visus för hela populationen var 0,91±0,14, vilket är en signifikant förbättring (p&lt;0,001). Då man jämförde resultatet med studier från andra delar av världen såg man att hyperopi förekomsten i Bolivia var högre än i alla andra studier. Myopi förekomsten påminde mest om den i USA i de äldre åldergrupperna och Afrika i de yngre åldergrupperna. Slutsats: Studien visar att VFA med hjälp av en enkel synundersökning och begagnande glasögon gör en förbättring i visus hos människorna i Bolivia. Förbättringen innebär inte bara ett bättre seende utan även en bättre livskvalitet och ökad möjlighet till utbildning och arbete.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur stora forierna och tropierna är hos de människor som söker hjälp för sin syn hos Vision for all i Bolivia. Metod: En enkel subjektiv refraktion utfördes binokulärt. Efter utprovad korrektion gjordes ett covertest på avstånd för att se om patienten hade någon fori eller tropi. Om någon fori eller tropi upptäcktes mättes denna upp med ett prismacovertest. Resultat: Av 1118 undersökta personer var det 58 som hade en fori som mättes upp. 9 personer hade någon form av tropi och 8 av tropierna mättes upp. 52 av forierna var exofori och 6 var esofori. Storlekarna på exoforierna som uppmättes var mellan 2Δ och 14Δ, där 2Δ var vanligast förekommande. Storlekarna på esoforierna som uppmättes var mellan 2Δ och 35Δ. 1042 personer hade ortofori. Slutsats: Studien visar att medelvärdet bland forierna var 2.33Δ exofori. Studien visar även att förekomsten av både forier och tropier är mindre i jämförelse med resultat från tidigare studier.

A circumferential slot In-line Virtual Impactor (IVI) has been designed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation tools and experimentally characterized using monodispersed liquid aerosols to validate simulation results. The base design, IVI-100, has an application as a pre-separator for sampling inlets, where the device scalps large particles from the aerosol size distribution. The IVI-100 samples air in at 111 L/min and deliver the fine aerosol fraction in a 100 L/min flow and provide a cutpoint particle size of 10 µm, with a pressure drop of 45 Pa. An inverted dual cone configuration encased inside a tube provides the IVI-100 with a characteristic circumferential slot of width 0.254 mm (0.100 inches) and a slot length of 239 mm (9.42 inches) at the critical zone. The upper cone causes the flow to accelerate to an average throat velocity of 3.15 m/s, while the lower cone directs the major flow toward the exit port and minimizes recirculation zones that could cause flow instabilities in the major flow region. The cutpoint Stokes number is 0.73; however, the cutpoint can be adjusted by changing the geometrical spacing between the acceleration nozzle exit plane and a flow divider. Good agreement is obtained between numerically predicted and experimentally observed performance. An aerosol size selective inlet for bioaerosol and other air sampling applications using an upgraded prototype of IVI-100, mounted inside a BSI-100 inlet shell was tested in an aerosol wind tunnel over a speed range of 2 – 24 km/hr. The BSI-IVI-100 inlet has a cutpoint of 11 µm aerodynamic diameter and delivers the fine fraction at 100 L/m. The geometric standard deviation of the fractionation curve is 1.51 and the performance is not affected by wind speeds. An IVI-350, which is an adaptation of the IVI to be used as a powder fractionator, was designed based on computational simulations, and provides a cutpoint of 3 µm AD, while operating in a total flow rate of 350 L/min. Four Identical IVI -350 units will be operated in parallel to fractionate aerosolized powders in a 1400 L/min flow. An optimized inlet, with a contoured tear-drop shaped insert provides uniform flow to four identical IVI units and prevents powder accumulation in the system entrance.