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<p dir="ltr">The Dorothy and Ray Garman Preserve is a 35.4 hectare tract of hydro-mesophytic forest that includes ephemeral pools and scrub-shrub wetlands with <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i> as the dominant species component, a previously farmed agricultural field (now planted with native trees), and areas within that field which have reverted into wetlands. Garman is located within the Cedar Creek Conservation Area of Allen County, a region of important biodiversity in northeast Indiana. To document the structure and composition of the plant communities at this property, I utilized random and systematic plot samping, as well as a meandering floristic survey. The focus of my efforts was to explore the forested portion of the property and its immediate margins. I counted 150 species, representing 53 genera and 50 families. Using the Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) method, eleven species had coefficient of conservatism values of 8-10, ten of which were herbaceous and one arboreal species (<i>Populus heterophylla</i>). This indicates that Garman is a relatively high-quality site with some quality remnant components. The site has an FQA value of 46.4, and the mean coefficient of conservatism was 3.8. Furthermore, 95.3 percent of the total species documented were native, a relatively high mark for a fragment within a larger suburban area. Species potentially indicative of bog habitats such as <i>Sphagnum fimbriatum </i>(a non-vascular species of interest), <i>Ilex verticillata</i>, and <i>Viola nephrophylla</i>, as well as historical occurrences of other peatland communities in the area, indicate that Garman may have historically been a true bog that has since senesced into buttonbush wetland type due to anthropogenic impact. Overall, the vascular plant flora of Garman demonstrates that this site is of unique importance to the broader Cedar Creek Conservation Area, since it contains several plant species not present at other sites within this region, as well as intact natural plant communities.</p>

This thesis considers how Mori Ōgai’s “Maihime” (1890) and Su Manshu’s “Suizanji” (1916) conform and differ from Edgar Allen Poe’s theory of the short story. It then considers Ōgai’s and Su’s reading of the short stories and East Asian short fiction as well as Ōgai’s definition of the short story to consider why these works of short fiction differ from Poe’s definition, concluding that they are hybrid works, which seek to combine the short story and East Asian short fiction.

Since Native American Literature has been established, Native American authors have discussed the influence of the western world on Native traditions and Native identity within their work. Christianity is one of those elements of western cultural influences that shaped remarkably the change of Native traditions under the influence of colonialism. In this dissertation it will be discussed how the influence of Christianity is being written into the novels by Native American writers and which functions are attributed to Christianity in respect to the enforcement of colonial interests and in respect to changes within Native traditions. For this dissertation four authors (D'Arcy McNickle, Paula Gunn Allen, N. Scott Momaday, Louise Erdrich) were chosen whose pieces of work mark a difference in approach. Their novels testify to the contradictory fusion of colonial and missionary goals on the one side and to the possible enrichment of Native customs on the other side. The novels can, therefore, be characterized as an assemble that reaches from total rejection of anything that is assumed to be Christian to an affirmative way of incorporating selective aspects of Christianity to the final denial that there is an evaluation of this historical issue possible. In respect to the method applied, all pieces of literary work are discussed in their usage of Christian literary elements and intertextual references to the Bible and other Christian literary sources. An afterword refers to novels and short stories by further 17 Native American authors who are concerned with the Christian influence on Native traditions in their work as well. The results of the research in the dissertation will then be extended by discussing those pieces of fictional work. / Seit der Etablierung des indianischen Romans im Kanon der amerikanischen Gegenwartsliteratur suchen indianische Schriftsteller nach Wegen, die doppelte Prägung der modernen indianischen Identität durch traditionelle Werte einerseits und westlichen Einfluss andererseits fiktional aufzuarbeiten. Ein Element der westlichen Welt, das die Veränderungen der indianischen Kulturen unter der Einwirkung der Kolonisation maßgeblich mitbestimmt hat, ist die christliche Religion. In der Dissertation wird untersucht, wie das Wirken des Christentums auf das indigene Selbstbild in der US-amerikanischen indianischen Romanliteratur thematisiert wird und welche Funktionen ihm für die Durchsetzung kolonialer Interessen und für den Wandel der indianischen Traditionen im Verlauf der letzten 500 Jahre zuerkannt werden. Für die Fragestellung wurden vier Autorinnen und Autoren ausgewählt (D'Arcy McNickle, Paula Gunn Allen, N. Scott Momaday, Louise Erdrich), deren Romanwerke die Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen der Verquickung kolonialer Interessen mit religiösen Motiven einerseits und der Bereicherung der indianischen Kulturen durch christliche Traditionen andererseits widerspiegeln. Die Romane bilden einen Spannungsbogen von strikter Ablehnung alles Christlichen, über die affirmative Aufnahme christlicher Elemente bis hin zur Pluralisierung der Bewertungsmöglichkeiten bei gleichzeitiger Aufgabe der Bewertungsgewissheit hinsichtlich des christlichen Einflusses. Methodisch wird hierbei folgendermaßen vorgegangen. Die Romane werden auf intertextuelle Verweise zu christlichen literarischen Quellen und insbesondere der Bibel untersucht, um daran die Gestaltung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes zu erörtern. Ein ausführlicher Ausblick verweist auf Romane und Erzählungen weiterer 17 indianischer Autorinnen und Autoren der Gegenwart, um hieran die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zu präzisieren und zu ergänzen.

Since Native American Literature has been established, Native American authors have discussed the influence of the western world on Native traditions and Native identity within their work. Christianity is one of those elements of western cultural influences that shaped remarkably the change of Native traditions under the influence of colonialism. In this dissertation it will be discussed how the influence of Christianity is being written into the novels by Native American writers and which functions are attributed to Christianity in respect to the enforcement of colonial interests and in respect to changes within Native traditions. For this dissertation four authors (D'Arcy McNickle, Paula Gunn Allen, N. Scott Momaday, Louise Erdrich) were chosen whose pieces of work mark a difference in approach. Their novels testify to the contradictory fusion of colonial and missionary goals on the one side and to the possible enrichment of Native customs on the other side. The novels can, therefore, be characterized as an assemble that reaches from total rejection of anything that is assumed to be Christian to an affirmative way of incorporating selective aspects of Christianity to the final denial that there is an evaluation of this historical issue possible. In respect to the method applied, all pieces of literary work are discussed in their usage of Christian literary elements and intertextual references to the Bible and other Christian literary sources. An afterword refers to novels and short stories by further 17 Native American authors who are concerned with the Christian influence on Native traditions in their work as well. The results of the research in the dissertation will then be extended by discussing those pieces of fictional work. / Seit der Etablierung des indianischen Romans im Kanon der amerikanischen Gegenwartsliteratur suchen indianische Schriftsteller nach Wegen, die doppelte Prägung der modernen indianischen Identität durch traditionelle Werte einerseits und westlichen Einfluss andererseits fiktional aufzuarbeiten. Ein Element der westlichen Welt, das die Veränderungen der indianischen Kulturen unter der Einwirkung der Kolonisation maßgeblich mitbestimmt hat, ist die christliche Religion. In der Dissertation wird untersucht, wie das Wirken des Christentums auf das indigene Selbstbild in der US-amerikanischen indianischen Romanliteratur thematisiert wird und welche Funktionen ihm für die Durchsetzung kolonialer Interessen und für den Wandel der indianischen Traditionen im Verlauf der letzten 500 Jahre zuerkannt werden. Für die Fragestellung wurden vier Autorinnen und Autoren ausgewählt (D'Arcy McNickle, Paula Gunn Allen, N. Scott Momaday, Louise Erdrich), deren Romanwerke die Gegensätzlichkeit zwischen der Verquickung kolonialer Interessen mit religiösen Motiven einerseits und der Bereicherung der indianischen Kulturen durch christliche Traditionen andererseits widerspiegeln. Die Romane bilden einen Spannungsbogen von strikter Ablehnung alles Christlichen, über die affirmative Aufnahme christlicher Elemente bis hin zur Pluralisierung der Bewertungsmöglichkeiten bei gleichzeitiger Aufgabe der Bewertungsgewissheit hinsichtlich des christlichen Einflusses. Methodisch wird hierbei folgendermaßen vorgegangen. Die Romane werden auf intertextuelle Verweise zu christlichen literarischen Quellen und insbesondere der Bibel untersucht, um daran die Gestaltung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes zu erörtern. Ein ausführlicher Ausblick verweist auf Romane und Erzählungen weiterer 17 indianischer Autorinnen und Autoren der Gegenwart, um hieran die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zu präzisieren und zu ergänzen.

Chapter one: A perennial (if controversial) concern in both theology and philosophy of religion is whether religious belief is ‘reasonable’. Austin Farrer (1904-1968) is widely thought to affirm a positive answer to this concern. Chapter One surveys three interpretations of Farrer on ‘the believer’s reasons’ and thus sets the stage for our investigation into the development of his religious epistemology. Chapter two: The disputed question of whether Farrer became ‘a sort of fideist’ is complicated by the many definitions of fideism. Chapter two thus sorts through these issues so that when ‘fideism’ appears in subsequent chapters a precise range of meanings can be given to it, and the ‘sort of fideist’ Farrer may have become can be determined more accurately. Chapter three: Although Farrer’s constant goal was to develop ‘a viable and sophisticated natural theology,’ an early moment of philosophical illumination involved recognising the limits of reason. Chapter three begins with a sketch of Farrer’s life, looks at his undergraduate correspondence where some ‘fideistic’ themes are first articulated, and then focuses on his classic text of ‘rational theology,’ *Finite and Infinite* (1943). Chapter four: In subsequent years, Farrer became increasingly open to placing a greater emphasis on faith. And yet, he continued to press the question: ‘Can reasonable minds still think theologically?’ Chapter four argues that, stimulated by Diogenes Allen’s doctoral dissertation and citing it explicitly, Farrer’s *Faith and Speculation* (1967) attempts to blend Allen’s more fideistic position with a continuing concern for legitimate philosophical critique. Chapter five: The fifth chapter evaluates the significance of Farrer’s final position in the context of contemporary religious epistemology and the current wide-spread interest in spirituality. In conclusion, Farrer finally seems to locate theistic evidence not primarily in nature or reason, but in holy lives and our own attempts to live by faith: ‘It is solved by sacrifice’.

L'Inde a constitué un lieu de voyage pour beaucoup d`écrivains occidentaux, en particulier, pendant les années 60-70, pour cinq intelllectuels éuropéens et americains, qui ont voyagé et écrit différents textes. Pasolini, Moravia, Paz, Ginsberg et Duras ont parlé de l'Inde en utilisant différents languages pour décrire leur réncontre avec l'Autre au délà des catégories binaires occidentales. / India in the 60 and 70 has been the destination of the journey of five European and American writers who have stayed and wrote about it. Pasolini, Moravia, Ginsberg, Paz and Duras wrote of India using different languages from the travel documents, to the notes, to the essay, to the diaries up to the cinematic language. They described their encounter with the Other trying to go over the exotic stereotypes of western discourse into a space opaque and fragmented. / L’India ha costituito negli anni sessanta e settanta la destinazione dela viaggio di cinque scrittori europei e american che vi hanno soggiornato e ne hanno scritto. Pasolini, Moravia, Ginsberg, Paz e Duras hanno scritto dell’India e sull’India usando linguaggi diversi che vanno dal racconto di viaggio agli appunti al diario al saggio fino ad arrivare al linguaggio cinematografico. Attraverso questi multiformi linguaggi essi descrivono il loro incontro con l’Altro andando al di là dello stereotipo e delle categorie binarie del pensiero occidentale, captando l’Altro attraverso un discorso che diventa opaco e frammentario.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux transformations littéraires et poétiques mises en œuvre par le mouvement de la Beat Generation au milieu du vingtième siècle en Amérique du Nord. En me penchant sur le recueil de poésie « Howl and Other Poems » du poète Allen Ginsberg, le texte emblématique de cette révolution littéraire, je montre comment le mouvement des Beats représente une transformation dans la tradition littéraire et poétique américaine, occidentale, en ce qui concerne à la fois la forme, les sujets abordés et la pratique d’écriture. Dans un premier temps, j’étudie l’histoire de ces changements en examinant la réception de « Howl », qui a bouleversé les attentes du milieu littéraire de l’époque à cause de son approche inclusive qui accueille tout dans la représentation. Mon deuxième chapitre se penche sur la vision du poète, la vision poétique. Je montre comment la perspective du poète face au monde change chez Ginsberg et les Beats. Au lieu de concevoir la transcendance, l’universel, comme quelque chose d’éloigné du particulier, comme le véhicule la tradition poétique occidentale, les Beats voient l’universel partout, dans tout. Enfin, je m’intéresse à la place du langage dans l’expression de cette nouvelle vision. J’observe comment Ginsberg et les Beats, en s’inspirant de la poésie de Walt Whitman, développent un langage spontané ne relevant plus de la maîtrise de soi. / This study investigates the literary and poetic transformations set in motion by the Beat Generation literary movement in mid-twentieth-century North America. In focusing on "Howl and Other Poems" by the poet Allen Ginsberg, the iconic text of this literary revolution, I show how the Beats represent a transformation in the American and Western literary and poetic tradition, with regard to form, theme and writing practice. In the first place, I study the history of these changes by examining the reception of "Howl," which upset the expectations of the literary establishment of the time because of its approach that includes everything, without distinction, in the representation. My second chapter focuses on the poet’s point of view, the poetic vision. I show how the poet’s perspective vis-à-vis the world changes with Ginsberg and the Beats. Instead of conceiving transcendence, the universal, as something far-removed from the particular, as presupposed by the Western poetic tradition, the Beats see transcendence everywhere, in everything. Ultimately, I turn to the place of language in expressing this new vision. I observe how Ginsberg and the Beats, inspired by the poetry of Walt Whitman, develop a spontaneous language no longer emanating from self-mastery.

The diploma thesis Jan Zábrana, translator and poet - translating poetry while inspired by it? examines the relationship between the original works of Jan Zábrana and his translations, taking into account the similar thematic and formal inclinations of all the authors and the sociocultural context, preventing Jan Zábrana from publishing his own poetry. Based on the analysis of three variants of Zábrana's poem collections Utkvělé černé ikony, Stránky z deníku and Samosoud and his translations of poems by Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso and Kenneth Patchen, the thesis aims at finding the tendencies and models present both in Zábrana's original poems and his translations.

Chan, Tsz Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-102). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Jack Kerouac and the Concept of Emptiness --- p.20 / Chapter 2. --- Gary Snyder and Autonomous Nature --- p.43 / Chapter 3. --- Ginsberg and the Sunyata Consciousness --- p.70 / Conclusion --- p.95 / Bibliography --- p.100