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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Neurobiology of opioid addiction

Rudén, Ludvig January 2018 (has links)
Since the use of opioids started to emerge for analgesic reasons in the 19th century with the synthetization of morphine, opioids have been studied rigorously to better understand its effects on the brain. This thesis shows that both the analgesic effects and the reinforcing effects of opioids are mediated by the same receptor, the mu opioid receptor (MOR). MOR activity has been correlated to both primary and secondary reinforcers and should be considered to cause positive reinforcement together with increases in dopamine transmission for all drugs of abuse, and not only in relation to opioids. Opioid tolerance, dependence and even addiction are to some extent thought to relate to opioids’ acute effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) superactivation. Based upon these findings, the allostasis theory of addiction is considered to be the most suitable in defining opioid addiction. The theory claims that the mesolimbic dopamine system becomes sensitized, increasing the attractiveness of opioids. This while counteradaptation increases the pleasurable tolerance of opioids, encouraging the user to increase its intake for the same initial reward. Furthermore the theory claims that cAMP superactivation is causing an unfolding effect of neurobiological and neurochemical expressions which leads to the disorder of addiction. cAMP superactivation is mediating the negatively reinforcing aspects of opioid addiction together with changes to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain stress system, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the extended amygdala.
2

Kulturskolans ramar : Kulturskolelärares upplevelser av stress i arbetslivet

Britts, Oliver Benjamin January 2024 (has links)
Music teachers are often exposed to high levels of stress which can oftentimes lead to feelings of dejection, anxiety, and depression. Teachers who work in Swedish Community Schools of Music and Arts have reported an increase in the levels of stress the last 5 years. There’s a dearth of scientific research in this area despite these reports. Hence, the aim of this study is to illuminate the stress-related experiences of music teachers who work within the Swedish Community Schools of Music and Arts and their description of the challenges associated with their profession. In this study organizational structural frame factors are explored to find how the frameworks can cause stressors to form, which in turn leads to stress. The results show how a variety of stressors were caused by different frame factors like insufficient time for preparation, working hours, organizational volatility regarding resources and policies, and municipal unidirectional communication. Some of the stressors were found to prompt adaptive responses, preventing the emergence of new stressors, while others were identified as contributing to a recursive cycle of stressor creation when the teachers expressed an inability to control the stressors. / Hög stressintensitet är något som musiklärare får uppleva dagligen och det kan i många fall vara det som orsakar nedstämdhet, ångest, och depression. Kulturskolelärare är en grupp som rapporterat en ökning av stressintensitet över de senaste 5 åren. Trots detta finns det väldigt lite forskning som berör just ämnet stress i kulturskolan. Därför ämnar detta arbete belysa musiklärares beskrivna upplevelser av stress kopplat till kulturskolearbete. I denna studie undersöks de ramfaktorer som beskrivs skapa stressorer inom kulturskolelärarnas vardag. Resultatet visar på att vissa ramfaktoriella ram-, regel-, och målsystem skapar stressorer som i sin tur leder till bildandet av stress. Stressorerna som beskrivs uppstå kan bero på brist på förberedelse- eller planeringstid, arbetstider, organisatorisk volatilitet kring förutsättningar och riktlinjer, samt envägskommunikation från ledning. Dessa stressorer bidrar ibland till anpassningar som förebygger skapandet av nya stressorer men i vissa fall beskrivs stressorerna bidra till rekursiva stressorskapande processer i de fallen då kulturskolelärarna inte har någon möjlighet att påverka stressorerna i sig.
3

Allostas, interoception och emotionell granularitet i psykologisk behandling av emotionell problematik : –en litteraturstudie / Allostasis, Interoception and Emotional Granularity in Psychological Treatment of Emotional Problems : - A Litterature Study

Cederfjärd, Christina, Schroderus, Ramona January 2022 (has links)
För forskning om emotioner och emotionsbehandling är det en spännande tid. Nyare hjärnforskning har öppnat nya möjligheter för förståelsen av hjärnan och emotioner. En ny teori inom psykologisk konstruktionism, som utgår från hjärnforskningen, tvärvetenskapliga studier och bristerna i den dominerande affektteorin, basic emotion, är Theory of constructed emotion (TCE). Ännu finns ingen behandlingsmodell kopplad till TCE men utifrån dess fokus att beskriva hur hjärnan fungerar och emotioner skapas är det ändå intressant att undersöka om dess verksamma mekanismer. Detta är en översiktlig litteraturstudie med syfte att undersöka begreppen; allostas, interoception och emotionell granularitet i sammanhanget psykisk ohälsa och psykologisk behandling av emotionell problematik. Resultatet visar att allostas, kroppsbudgeten, är grunden i vår fysiska och psykiska mående, interoception och hjärnans prediktioner är viktiga för vår förmåga att förstå våra emotioner och emotionell granularitet hjälper oss att konstruera finkorniga emotionskoncept vilket hjälper oss att välja rätt handling vid rätt tillfälle till rätt emotion. Att träna upp interoception och emotionell granularitet hjälper oss att vidmakthålla psykisk hälsa och är bra psykoedukativa inslag i psykologisk behandling. Mer forskning behövs, främst kring hur man kan tillämpa begreppen i psykologisk behandling samt generellt för att bättre kunna integrera ny emotionsforskning med dominerande teorier för en gemensam förståelse för emotioner och psykoterapi. / For research on emotions and emotion processing, it's an exciting time. More recent brain research has opened new possibilities for the understanding of the brain and emotions. A new theory in psychological constructionism, based on brain research, interdisciplinary studies and the shortcomings of the dominant affect theory, basic emotion, is the Theory of constructed emotion (TCE). There is no treatment model linked to TCE yet but based on its focus on describing how the brain works and emotions are created, it is still interesting to investigate whether its active mechanisms. This is a general literature study with the aim of examining the concepts; allostasis, interoception and emotional granularity in the context of mental illness and psychological treatment of emotional problems. The results show that allostasis, the body budget, is the foundation of our physical and mental well-being, interoception and brain predictions are important for our ability to understand our emotions and emotional granularity helps us construct fine-grained emotion concepts that help us choose the right action at the right time to the right emotion. Training interoception and emotional granularity helps us maintain mental health and is a good psychoeducative element in psychological treatment. More research is needed, primarily on how to apply the concepts in psychological treatment and in general to better integrate new emotion research with dominant theories for a common understanding of emotions and psychotherapy.

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