Humans are born with innate abilities that vary across individuals. Those innate abilities are at their origin unaffected by their name. Yet, as a child grows up it can be put in different situations based solely on name it holds. Those situations alter individuals' behavior in allocation of scarce resources (Carlson and Conrad, 2008) and consequently its earnings (Jurajda and Munich, 2007). At origin of these empirically observed differences might be use of alphabetical ordered lists at elementary and lower secondary schools. The empirical test I conducted fails to reject the null hypothesis that there is relation between surname initials and student achievement. Those at the bottom of alphabetical ordered list of students tend to do better than the rest of the class. Possible explanation might be use of alphabetical sorting during examinations, which creates uneven incentives among students. To support this explanation a model of student's decision under risk is presented and discussed.

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<p>This paper studies the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein during his years (1920–26) as an elementary school teacher in remote Niederösterreich, Austria. The paper gives a survey of his life, and also a brief account of three of his main works: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations and Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics. Attention is given to his alphabetical word list, Wörterbuch für Volksschulen, published for educational use in elementary schools. The study is focused on Wittgenstein’s educational practise, and establishes a connection between his experience as a teacher and his late philosophy.</p>

This paper studies the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein during his years (1920–26) as an elementary school teacher in remote Niederösterreich, Austria. The paper gives a survey of his life, and also a brief account of three of his main works: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Philosophical Investigations and Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics. Attention is given to his alphabetical word list, Wörterbuch für Volksschulen, published for educational use in elementary schools. The study is focused on Wittgenstein’s educational practise, and establishes a connection between his experience as a teacher and his late philosophy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_ss_me_arafcl.pdf: 981054 bytes, checksum: 4bfd77bc9752de7af3b9c7cdaf9b97f7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A aprendizagem da escrita requer mais do que a simples transposição dos sons da fala em um outro plano. É preciso tornar-se consciente das estruturas fonológicas da linguagem e compreender o princípio alfabético. A condição para que a criança internalize procedimentos de um sitema alfabético implica a capacidade de lidar com fonemas, de chegar à noção de que as plavras são compostas pro sons e que estes correspondem a letras que se empregam para escrever. Para se alcançar esse saber a respeito das relações estreitas e precisas entre letras e sons, a criança percorre um longo processo de construção de seus conhecimentos no mundo da escrita. Para um estudo mais objetivo e prático da consciência fonêmica, analisamos dados coletados de um jovem que manifesta dificuldades significativas em termos de domínio da escrita. Percebemos que sua consciência acerca dos fonemas evoluiu, no entanto, ele ainda não consegue perceber e representar unidades distintivas em final de sílabas complexas cuja estrutura é CVC. / Learning how to write requires more than the simple transpositions of speech sounds into another plan. It is necessary to be aware of phonological structures of the language and to comprehend the alphabetical principle. The condition for child to grasp the mechanisms of an alphabetical system implies in the ability of dealing with phonemes, of noting that words are composed by sounds, which correspond to letters used to write. In order to reach that knowledge about the close and precise relationship between letters and sounds, a clhild goes through a long construction process of his/her knowledge into the world of writing. In order to perform a more practical and objective survey of the phonemics awareness, data collected from a teenager who presents significant difficulties in the field of writing. The development of his conscience about the phonemes was noted, even though he was not able to note or represent distinctive units at the end of complex syllables endowed with the CVC structure.

Orientador: Sílvia Dinucci Fernandes / Banca: Ademar da Silva / Banca: Letícia Marcondes Rezende / Resumo: A aprendizagem da escrita requer mais do que a simples transposição dos sons da fala em um outro plano. É preciso tornar-se consciente das estruturas fonológicas da linguagem e compreender o princípio alfabético. A condição para que a criança internalize procedimentos de um sitema alfabético implica a capacidade de lidar com fonemas, de chegar à noção de que as plavras são compostas pro sons e que estes correspondem a letras que se empregam para escrever. Para se alcançar esse saber a respeito das relações estreitas e precisas entre letras e sons, a criança percorre um longo processo de construção de seus conhecimentos no mundo da escrita. Para um estudo mais objetivo e prático da consciência fonêmica, analisamos dados coletados de um jovem que manifesta dificuldades significativas em termos de domínio da escrita. Percebemos que sua consciência acerca dos fonemas evoluiu, no entanto, ele ainda não consegue perceber e representar unidades distintivas em final de sílabas complexas cuja estrutura é CVC. / Abstract: Learning how to write requires more than the simple transpositions of speech sounds into another plan. It is necessary to be aware of phonological structures of the language and to comprehend the alphabetical principle. The condition for child to grasp the mechanisms of an alphabetical system implies in the ability of dealing with phonemes, of noting that words are composed by sounds, which correspond to letters used to write. In order to reach that knowledge about the close and precise relationship between letters and sounds, a clhild goes through a long construction process of his/her knowledge into the world of writing. In order to perform a more practical and objective survey of the phonemics awareness, data collected from a teenager who presents significant difficulties in the field of writing. The development of his conscience about the phonemes was noted, even though he was not able to note or represent distinctive units at the end of complex syllables endowed with the CVC structure. / Mestre

Today it is common for shares to be listed in alphabetical order in newspapers, indexes, databases, watch lists and statements. Investors often face a search problem because of the thousands of available shares. It causes investors to make use of a ready-made stock list to make a financial decision. In this study, we have investigated whether there is alphabetical bias on the Swedish stock exchange and whether it has any impact on the investment decision. Previous research shows evidence that alphabetical bias occurs in the selection of shares based on alphabetically arranged lists on the US stock exchange. In this study, a quantitative method was used for data collection, later data were processed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. Using the data collected, the different variables could be calculated, Tobin's Q, Market value, Name flow, Stock turnover rate, Stock price, and Age. The result cannot ensure whether alphabetical bias occurs in the Swedish stock market, however, we can with 99% certainty determine that early placed shares receive higher Tobin's Q than late placed. / Idag är det vanligt att aktier noteras i alfabetisk ordning i tidningar, index, databaser, bevakningslistor och uttalanden. Investerare möter ofta ett sök problem på grund av de tusentals tillgängliga aktierna. Det får investerarna att ta hjälp av en färdig ordnad aktielista för att fatta ett finansiellt beslut. I den här studien har vi undersökt ifall det råder alfabetisk bias på Nasdaq Stockholmsbörsen och om det har någon inverkan på investeringsbeslutet. Tidigare forskning visar belägg för att alfabetisk bias förekommer vid val av aktier utifrån alfabetisk ordnade listor på den amerikanska börsen. I denna studie tillämpades en kvantitativ metod för datainsamlingen, senare bearbetades data med hjälp av univariat analys, bivariat analys och multivariat analys. Med hjälp av den insamlade data kunde de olika variablerna räknas fram, Tobins Q, Marknadsvärde, Namnflyt, Aktieomsättningshastighet, Aktiekurs (pris) och Ålder. Resultatet kan inte säkerställa om alfabetisk bias förekommer på den svenska aktiemarknaden, dock kan vi med 99% säkerhet fastslå att tidigt placerade aktier erhåller högre Tobins Q än sent placerade.

Submitted by WALKIRIA GONÇALVES REGANHAN null (profwalkiria@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-20T17:58:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Educação REGANHAN W G - 2016.pdf: 5487616 bytes, checksum: d68fd0839b0a0b9f67f6ffedde24599f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-23T20:20:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reganhan_wg_dr_mar.pdf: 5487616 bytes, checksum: d68fd0839b0a0b9f67f6ffedde24599f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reganhan_wg_dr_mar.pdf: 5487616 bytes, checksum: d68fd0839b0a0b9f67f6ffedde24599f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / O ensino do aluno com paralisia cerebral deve atender ao currículo escolar e, para que a aprendizagem aconteça, sabe-se que se faz necessário um ensino sistematizado, o qual irá garantir a aquisição do Sistema de Escrita Alfabética. Objetiva-se, com este estudo, analisar os efeitos de um programa de alfabetização voltado para a prática pedagógica do professor do Atendimento Educacional Especializado, nos avanços das hipóteses de escrita do aluno com paralisia cerebral. Os participantes desta investigação foram duas alunas com paralisia cerebral matriculadas no 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental e uma professora-pesquisadora. O estudo foi realizado em uma Escola Municipal do interior de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos denominados Estudo 1: Desenvolvimento e análise de um programa de alfabetização para alunos com paralisia cerebral escolarizados e Estudo 2: Efeitos de um programa de alfabetização para aquisição do sistema de escrita alfabética de alunos com paralisia cerebral. O Estudo 1 teve como objetivo elaborar, sistematizar e analisar um programa de alfabetização para alunos com paralisia cerebral. Foram efetuadas filmagens e registros em diário de campo de um programa com atividades de escrita elaboradas pelo professor-pesquisador, a partir do nível de escrita das alunas. Os dados das filmagens e do diário de campo foram transcritos e categorizados. Considerou-se que o professor é responsável por um ensino sistematizado sobre a aquisição do Sistema de Escrita Alfabética, com base em um planejamento adequado às necessidades acadêmicas e características funcionais do aluno com paralisia cerebral. No Estudo 2, buscou-se verificar os efeitos do programa de alfabetização na evolução das hipóteses de escrita das crianças com paralisa cerebral. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se três instrumentos: a) protocolo de registro do desempenho do aluno, durante a realização da sondagem; b) tabela de desempenho do aluno, em relação à compreensão do Sistema de Escrita Alfabética e c) programa de alfabetização. Para análise dos dados obtidos, estes foram exportados para gráficos e fez-se uma análise visual. Neste estudo, verificou-se que os alunos com paralisia cerebral são capazes de avançar nas hipóteses de escrita e adquirir conhecimento sobre o sistema de escrita alfabética, seguindo o que é proposto no currículo escolar, dentro de um contexto com práticas de leitura e escrita. Conclui-se que o ensino sistematizado pode favorecer a aprendizagem da escrita pelo aluno com paralisia cerebral. / The teaching of the student with cerebral palsy must meet the school curriculum, and so that the learning can be achieved, it is necessary a systematized teaching which will ensure the aquisition of the Alphabetical Writing System. This study aims to analyse the effects of a literacy program aimed at the pedagogical practice of the teacher from the Specialized Educational Service, in the advances of the hypothesis of writing of the student with cerebral palsy. The participants of this study were two students with cerebral palsy enrolled in the 3rd grade of Elementary School, and a teacher-researcher. The study was conducted in a municipal school from the state of São Paulo. The research was divided into two studies: Study 1: Development and analysis of a literacy program for educated students with cerebral palsy, and Study 2: Effects of a literacy program for aquisition of the alphabetical writing system of students with cerebral palsy. The study 1 aimed to develop, systematize and analyze a literacy program for students with cerebral palsy. Filming and field journal register of a program with writing activities created by the teacher-researcher from the writing level of the students were made. The data from the filming and the field diary were transcribed and categorized. It was considered that the teacher is responsible for a systematized teaching about the acquisition of the Alphabetical Writing System, from proper planning to academic needs and functional characteristics of the student with cerebral palsy. In study 2, it was sought to evaluate the effects of the literacy program in the evolution of the writing hypothesis of the children with cerebral palsy. Three instruments were used in collecting the data: a) registration protocol of the student performance during the conduct of the poll; b) performance table of the student related to the understanding of the Alphabetical Writing System; c) literacy program. The registered data were exported to graphics, and a visual analysis was carried out in order to analyse them. In this study, it was stablished that the students with cerebral palsy are able to progress in the writing hyphotesis, and acquire knowledge about the Alphabetical Writing System, according to what is proposed in the school curriculum, in a context with reading and writing practices. It was concluded that the systematized teaching can promote the learning of writing by the student with cerebral palsy.

The ability to locate symbols on a visual display forms an integral part of the effective use of AAC systems. Characteristics of display design and perceptual features of symbols have been shown to influence rate and accuracy of symbol location (Thistle&Wilkinson, 2009; Wilkinson, Carlin,&Jagaroo, 2006). The current study endeavoured to compare the use of two colour-coded organisational strategies (alphabetical order and categorisation) for their effectiveness in symbol location and to investigate if some bottom-up features influenced the performance of the participants in these tasks. 114 learners in Grade 1 to 3 in a mainstream school were randomly divided into two groups. Both of the groups were exposed to two visual search tests in alternating order. The tests involved searching for 36 visual targets amongst 81 coloured Picture Communication Symbols on a computer screen in one of two colour-coded organizational methods, namely alphabetical order or categorisation. The data from the research task was collected through computer logging of all mouse selections. Findings showed that locating symbols on a computer screen with a categorisation strategy was significantly faster and more accurate than with an alphabetical strategy for the Grade 1 to 3 participants. The rate and accuracy of target symbol location in both the strategies decreased significantly as grade increased, as did the differences between rate and accuracy of target location when using the two strategies. It was also found that although the tests in this study placed heavy top-down processing demands on the participants, there was still evidence of bottom-up factors influencing their performance. Implications for display design in AAC clinical practice were discussed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication / unrestricted

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-04-27T18:01:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Simone Bueno.pdf: 1195113 bytes, checksum: 3695f41a285e5ce80b622569c8b558f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T18:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Simone Bueno.pdf: 1195113 bytes, checksum: 3695f41a285e5ce80b622569c8b558f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-04 / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar os documentos que dão suporte ao trabalho na Sala de Apoio à Aprendizagem (Programa SUED/SEED/PR), procurando observar qual concepção de alfabetização está presente nesses textos. Os documentos analisados são os seguintes: a) Resolução nº 1690/2011 GS/SEED; b) Instrução nº 05/2017 SUED/SEED; c) Ficha de encaminhamento. Também verificamos se há, e quais são, os direcionamentos apontados para superação de dificuldades de aprendizagem em língua materna e fazemos um levantamento da legislação das SAA (2004 a 2017) observando em que sentido as mudanças nesses documentos significam avanços ou retrocessos. Como referencial teórico para discutir a temática da alfabetização e, principalmente, a noção de sistema de escrita alfabética (SEA) nos baseamos em Cagliari (2008), Ferreiro (2011, 2012), Morais (2012) e Soares (2016). Para discussão sobre letramento, em Kleiman (2007). A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental dentro da perspectiva qualitativa (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 2015). Os dados analisados demonstraram que a ficha de encaminhamento aponta para uma concepção de alfabetização baseada no SEA como forma de compreender a natureza das defasagens na alfabetização dos alunos das SAA. Entre os direcionamentos para superação de dificuldades identificamos referência à ampliação do tempo de permanência na escola (PARANÁ, 2011) e a atribuição de uma sobrecarga de responsabilidades aos profissionais que atuam nas SAA (PARANÁ, 2017). A comparação entre os documentos das SAA, que vigoraram entre os anos de 2004 e 2017, revelou uma descontinuidade das disposições (no que diz respeito aos anos atendidos, número de alunos, escolha das escolas), o que consideramos fragilizar o trabalho que acaba não tendo uma continuidade. / This dissertation aims to analyze the documents that support the work in the Learning Support Room (SUED / SEED / PR Program), trying to observe which conception of literacy is present in these texts. The documents analyzed are as follows: a) Resolution nº 1690/2011 GS/SEED; b) Instruction nº 05/2017 SUED/SEED; c) Referral card. We also check the direction of overcoming learning difficulties in the native language and have surveyed Learning Support Room legislation (2004 to 2017), noting in what sense the changes in these documents mean advances or regression. As a theoretical reference to discuss the theme of literacy and, especially, the notion of alphabetic writing system we based on Cagliari (2008), Ferreiro (2011, 2012), Morais (2012) and Soares (2016). For discussion on literacy, on Kleiman (2007). The research methodology used was the bibliographical and documentary research within the qualitative perspective (LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 2015). The data analyzed showed that the referral form points to alphabetic writing system based conception of literacy as a way to understand the nature of the lags in the literacy of Learning Support Room students. Among the guidelines for overcoming difficulties we identified reference to the length of stay in school (PARANÁ, 2011) and the assignment of overload of responsibilities to the professionals who work in the Learning Support Room (PARANÁ, 2017). The comparison between the Learning Support Room documents, which ran between 2004 and 2017, revealed a discontinuity of the provisions (in terms of the number of years attended, number of students, choice of schools), which we consider to weaken the work, which ends up not having a continuity.