This work presents a new theoretical framework and prediction tool for multipactor in multi-carrier systems. This is of capital importance for satellite communication applications, which demand for higher number of channels operating at high power levels. Such a tool may help to reduce, or completely avoid, the risk of having an RF breakdown in operation, with the subsequent loss of signal quality or even completely damage of the device. Currently not much is known about multipactor for multi-carrier signals. This Thesis throws light on some basic multipactor mechanisms such as the electronic discharge build-up or its connection with signal distortion. A new non-stationary multi-carrier theory, based on current statistical multipactor studies, is presented. Unlike existing ones, this theory is able, for the first time, to model both electron creation and absorption processes. It constitutes the first multipactor theory for multi-carrier signals which is able to fully characterize the electron dynamics, such as the time evolution of the electronic density, as well as creation and absorption rates. A prediction method, the quasi-stationary method, is proposed for the automatic searching of the combination of carrier phases which yields the lowest breakdown level. It is based on the non-stationary theory for singlecarrier signals together with a genetic global optimizer. The quasi-stationary prediction method returns the worst-case phase combination plus a breakdown level for arbitrary multi-carrier signals with any number of carriers. The quasi-statinary method has been assessed with experimental tests on ad-hoc Ku-band rectangular waveguide samples with different multi-carrier signals. Additionally, the results have been contrasted with the popular 20-gap-crossing rule. The quasi-stationary method yields much better prediction accuracy than the 20-gap-crossing rule. Prediction errors for both techniques have been found to be 1 dB and 4 dB, respectively. The non-stationary theory is formulated for one-dimensional parallelplate case, but in principle can be adapted to other geometries and signals, which opens a future research line for extending it to more complex applications. / Anza Hormigo, S. (2014). Multipactor in Multicarrier Systems. Theory and Prediction [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/38761 / TESIS

Desde a década de 80, quando surgiram os primeiros casos de aids, tem havido mudanças no perfil epidemiológico da doença. Em especial, houve importante declínio de mortalidade após a introdução da terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade. O presente estudo visa descrever a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade por aids na cidade de São Paulo e analisar a associação desses indicadores com medidas de condição socioeconômica dos distritos da cidade. Foram obtidos dados oficiais de população e mortalidade para o cálculo dos coeficientes anuais de mortalidade, ajustados por sexo e idade, para cada distrito da cidade. As análises de dados espaciais e de séries temporais foram realizadas no Stata 12, 2011. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que o declínio da mortalidade por aids nos 96 distritos do município de São Paulo, não tiveram relação com o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH). A variação do declínio foi independente do IDH. / Since the 1980s, when the first HIV cases appear, there have been changes in this disease epidemiology. Particularly, there was a considerable decline in mortality after the insertion of antiretroviral therapy in high activity. This study aims to describe the magnitude and trends in mortality caused by HIV in Sao Paulo, also to analyze these indicators associated within socioeconomic status in Sao Paulos districts. Official population data and mortality rates for annual mortality rates calculation, adjusted by age and gender, for each city district were obtained. The analysis of spatial data and time series were performed in Stata 12, 2011. The results of the study revealed that the decline in mortality from AIDS in 96 districts of São Paulo, were not related to the human development index (HDI). The variation of the decline was independent of HDI..

[ES] La presente tesis se enmarca en el ámbito del uso y almacenamiento de energías renovables. El objetivo es desarrollar los materiales y la tecnología necesaria para transformar los excedentes eléctricos derivados de fuentes renovables intermitentes (solar, eólica, etc.) en combustibles, principalmente en hidrógeno. Este tipo de procesos permitiría un uso más racional y descentralizado de fuentes renovables a través de su almacenamiento energético en forma de combustibles totalmente limpios y más fáciles de almacenar, transportar y de reconvertir en electricidad cuando sea requerido. Asimismo, este proceso permitiría utilizar grandes cantidades de CO2 contribuyendo a la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. El sistema a desarrollar se basa en electrolizadores de alta temperatura (>600 °C) y alta presión de vapor (75% de H2O) compuestos principalmente por cerámicas protónicas (PCEC) con alta capacidad catalítica, concretamente el material electrolito BaCe0.2Zr0.7Y0.1O3-ð (BCZY27). Se han propuesto diferentes materiales como electrodos para PCECs, que comprenden conductores mixtos iónicos-electrónicos como La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-ð (LSCF), así como materiales mayoritariamente electrónicos, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-ð (LSM) y La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-ð (LSCM). Se estudió la naturaleza de las etapas limitantes de la velocidad de reacción del ánodo LSM/BCZY27 con el efecto de la pO2 y la pH2O. Además, se optimizó la velocidad de operación en el modo de electrólisis a alta presión de vapor al (1) ajustar su actividad catalítica a través de la infiltración del electrodo con nanopartículas catalíticas; y (2) la activación electroquímica de las especies en la superficie aplicando una corriente neta a través del electrodo. Los diferentes óxidos infiltrados produjeron el cambio de las propiedades electroquímicas del electrodo, siendo el catalizador Pr6O11-CeO2 el que consiguió disminuir resistencia de polarización (Rp) del electrodo LSM/BCZY27 60/40 % v/v sin infiltrar dando un mejor resultado. Para una mayor comprensión acerca de los principios de electrólisis y co-electrólisis para la operación en montajes PCEC, la celda asimétrica formada por el ánodo LSM/BCZY27 60/40 infiltrado con Pr6O11-CeO2 y un cátodo de Pt se caracterizó por medio de voltamperometría (curvas i-V) y medidas de espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica (EIS) en los modos de pila de combustible y electrolizador. Además, se realizaron experimentos de electrólisis y co-electrólisis a 700 °C con un 3 y un 7.5% de H2O donde se determinó la eficiencia farádica y se demostró el efecto positivo de la adición de CO2 en la resistencia de la celda. Finalmente, se mejoró el comportamiento electroquímico de los materiales LSCM/BCZY27 y LSM/BCZY27, activando el electrodo poroso con diferentes nanopartículas catalíticas, en atmósferas oxidantes y, especialmente, en reductoras (50% H2 y 9% CH4-10% H2) con un 3% de H2O. Los mejores resultados electroquímicos para todas las condiciones de operación se obtuvieron para los electrodos infiltrados con Pt/CeO2, siendo notablemente mejor para el compuesto LSM/BCZY27 pese a su inestabilidad redox. El electrodo LSCM/BCZY27 ofreció mejor estabilidad redox pero se comprobó que al realizar ciclos aire-hidrógeno a 700 °C, el composite LSM/BCZY27 recupera su valor inicial de Rp al reoxidarse, demostrando que su degradación en condiciones reductoras no es irreversible. Por lo tanto, los resultados demostraron que la adición de nanopartículas de Pt/CeO2 en los electrodos que funcionan tanto como pila de combustible como electrolizador, son una ruta prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento de las celdas electroquímicas reversibles basadas en cerámicas protónicas (RePCEC). Además, podrían ser empleados en reacciones donde una reacción oxidativa es necesaria. / [CA] La present tesi s'emmarca en l'àmbit de l'ús i emmagatzematge d'energies renovables. L'objectiu és desenvolupar els materials i la tecnologia necessària per a transformar els excedents elèctrics derivats de fonts renovables intermitents (solar, eòlica, etc.) en combustibles, principalment en hidrogen. Aquest tipus de processos permetria un ús més racional i descentralitzat de fonts renovables a través del seu emmagatzematge energètic en forma de combustibles totalment nets i més fàcils d'emmagatzemar, transportar i de reconvertir en electricitat quan siga demandat. Així mateix, aquest procés permetria donar ús a grans quantitats de CO2 contribuint a la reducció de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle. El sistema a desenvolupar es basa en electrolitzadors d'alta temperatura (>600 °C) i alta pressió de vapor (75% d'H2O) compostos principalment per ceràmiques protòniques (PCEC) amb alta capacitat catalítica, concretament el material electròlit BaCe0.2Zr0.7Y0.1O3-ð (BCZY27). S'han proposat diferents materials com a elèctrodes per a PCECs, que comprenen conductors mixtos iònics-electrònics com La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-ð (LSCF), així com materials majoritàriament electrònics, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-ð (LSM) i La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-ð (LSCM). Es va estudiar la naturalesa de les etapes limitants de la velocitat de reacció de l'ànode LSM/BCZY27 amb l'efecte de la pO2 i la pH2O. A més, es va optimitzar la velocitat d'operació en la manera d'electròlisi a alta pressió de vapor al (1) ajustar la seua activitat catalítica a través de la infiltració de l'elèctrode amb nanopartícules catalítiques; i (2) l'activació electroquímica de les espècies en la superfície aplicant un corrent net a través de l'elèctrode. Els diferents òxids infiltrats van produir el canvi de les propietats electroquímiques de l'elèctrode, sent el catalitzador Pr6O11-CeO2 el que va aconseguir disminuir la resistència de polarització (Rp) de l'elèctrode LSM/BCZY27 60/40% v/v sense infiltrar donant un millor resultat. Per a una major comprensió sobre els principis d'electròlisis i co-electròlisis per a l'operació en PCEC, la cel·la asimètrica formada per l'ànode LSM/BCZY27 60/40 infiltrat amb Pr6O11-CeO2 i un càtode de Pt es va caracteritzar per mitjà de voltamperometria (corbes i-V) i mesures d'espectroscòpia d'impedància electroquímica (EIS) en les maneres de pila de combustible i electrolitzador. A més, es van realitzar experiments d'electròlisis i co-electròlisis a 700 °C amb un 3 i un 7.5% d'H2O on es va determinar l'eficiència faràdica i es va demostrar l'efecte positiu de l'addició de CO2 en la resistència de la cel·la. Finalment, es va millorar el comportament electroquímic dels materials LSCM/BCZY27 i LSM/BCZY27, activant l'elèctrode porós amb diferents nanopartícules catalítiques, en atmosferes oxidants i, especialment, en reductores (50% H2 i 9% CH4-10% H2) amb un 3% d'H2O. Els millors resultats electroquímics per a totes les condicions d'operació es van obtenir per als elèctrodes infiltrats amb Pt/CeO2, sent notablement millor per al compost LSM/BCZY27 malgrat la seua inestabilitat redox. L'elèctrode LSCM/BCZY27 va oferir millor estabilitat redox però es va comprovar que en realitzar cicles aire-hidrogen a 700 °C, el composite LSM/BCZY27 recupera el seu valor inicial de Rp al reoxidarse, demostrant que la seua degradació en condicions reductores no és irreversible. Per tant, els resultats van demostrar que l'addició de nanopartícules de Pt/CeO2 en els elèctrodes que funcionen tant com pila de combustible com electrolitzador, són una ruta prometedora per a millorar el rendiment de les cel·les reversibles basades en ceràmiques protòniques (RePCEC). Alhora, el elèctrodes podrien ser emprats en reaccions on una reacció oxidativa és necessària. / [EN] The present thesis is part of the field renewable energy use and storage. The objective is to develop new materials and the technology necessary to transform electrical surpluses derived from intermittent renewable sources (solar, wind, etc.) into fuels, mainly hydrogen. This type of process would allow a more rational and decentralized use of renewable sources through its energy storage in the form of totally clean fuels and easier to store, transport and convert into electricity when they are demanded. Likewise, this process would allow the use of large amounts of CO2, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). The system to be developed is based on high temperature electrolyzers (>600 °C) and high steam pressure (75% H2O) composed mainly of proton ceramics (PCEC) with high catalytic capacity, specifically BaCe0.2Zr0.7Y0.1O3-ð (BCZY27) electrolyte material. Different materials have been proposed as electrodes for PCECs, including mixed ionic-electronic conductors such as La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-ð (LSCF), as well as mostly electronic materials, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-ð (LSM) and La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-ð (LSCM). The nature of the rate determining steps in the LSM/BCZY27 anode with the effect of pO2 and pH2O was investigated. In addition, the reaction rate was optimized in high steam pressure electrolysis mode by (1) adjusting its catalytic activity through the electrode infiltration with catalytic nanoparticles; and (2) electrochemical activation of surface species by applying a net current through the electrode. The different infiltrated oxides produced a change in the electrode electrochemical properties, with Pr6O11-CeO2 catalyst being able to decrease the LSM/BCZY27 60/40 % v/v backbone polarization resistance (Rp), showing the best electrochemical performance. For a better understanding of the electrolysis and co-electrolysis mode for operation in PCECs, a model electrolysis cell was assembled using LSM/BCZY27 60/40 infiltrated with Pr6O11-CeO2 as an anode and a porous Pt layer as a cathode. The cell was characterized by means of voltamperometry (i-V curves) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements (EIS) in both fuel cell and electrolysis mode. In addition, electrolysis and co-electrolysis experiments were performed at 700 °C with 3 and 7.5% H2O. The faradaic efficiency was determined and the positive effect of the addition of CO2 on cell resistance was demonstrated. Finally, the LSCM/BCZY27 and LSM/BCZY27 electrochemical performance was improved activating the porous electrode with different catalytic nanoparticles, in oxidizing and, especially, in reducing conditions (50% H2 and 9% CH4-10% H2) with 3% H2O. The best electrochemical performance was obtained for both electrodes infiltrated with Pt/CeO2 in all operating conditions, being better for the LSM/BCZY27 electrode despite its redox instability. The LSCM/BCZY27 electrode offered better redox stability but the LSM/BCZY27 composite recovers its initial Rp value when air-hydrogen cycles are performing at 700 °C, demonstrating that its degradation under reducing conditions is not irreversible. Therefore, the results showed that the addition of Pt/CeO2 catalytic nanoparticles in the electrodes that works in both fuel cell and electrolysis mode, are a promising route to improve the performance of reversible proton ceramic electrolyzer cells (RePCEC). In addition, both electrode infiltrated materials could be used in reactions where an oxidative reaction is necessary. / Bausá Martínez, N. (2020). Electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en cerámicas protónicas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/147114 / TESIS

Introducción: La hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) es una de las emergencias más frecuentes en medicina. Parte de su abordaje incluye la realización de una segunda endoscopia de control programada llamada “second look” (SL) con el propósito de reducir la incidencia de resangrado. No obstante, existe controversia en cuando su indicación y utilidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del SL en la prevención del resangrado intrahospitalario en pacientes adultos con HDA no variceal. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo sobre 1 144 pacientes con diagnóstico de HDA admitidos en la Unidad de Hemorragia Digestiva de un centro de referencia de la Seguridad Social en Lima, Perú; durante los años 2012 y 2014. La variable de respuesta fue el resangrado y la variable de exposición fue la programación a SL. Además se midió la hemoglobina al ingreso, comorbilidades, trasfusión de paquetes globulares y variables endoscópicas. Se calculó la incidencia acumulada (IA), riesgo relativo (RR), efectividad y mediante un modelo lineal generalizado de familia Poisson link log con errores estándar robustos se estimaron razones de tasas de incidencia (RTI). Resultados: La IA global de resangrado fue de 24,48% (n=280). Se encontró diferencia significativa entre las incidencias acumuladas (IA) entre el grupo de SL y el grupo de control (11,7 % vs 29,0 %, respectivamente, p<0,01). El RR fue 0,40 (IC95%:0,29-0,56) y la efectividad fue de 59,81% (IC95%: 44,17-71,08). En los modelos de regresión también se encontró una disminución de las tasas de incidencia tanto en el modelo crudo (RTI: 0,34 IC95%: 0,24-0,49), como en el modelo ajustado con diferencia estadística significativa entre los sometidos y no sometidos a SL (RTI: 0,12 IC95%: 0,08-0,18), por las variables asociadas con el resangrado (RTI: 0,21 IC95%: 0,15-0,30) y por las variables que cumplían los criterios clásicos de confusión (RTI: 0,12 IC95%: 0,08-0,18). Conclusiones: El SL es efectivo en la prevención de resangrado intrahospitalario en pacientes adultos con HDA en un hospital de referencia nacional. / Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one of the most common medical emergencies. Part of its approach includes performing a second endoscopy, known as second look (SL). However, its indications and usefulness are controversial. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of SL in preventing nosocomial rebleeding in adult patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1144 patients diagnosed with UGIB admitted at a Digestive Bleeding Unit of a reference center for Social Security in Lima, Peru was performed; during the years 2012 and 2014. The response variable was rebleeding and the exposure variable was programmed SL. Besides hemoglobin on admission, comorbidities, blood transfusion and endoscopic variables were measured. The cumulative incidence, relative risk (RR) and effectiveness were calculated, and using a generalized linear model of the Poisson family link log with robust standard errors, incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated. Results: The cumulative incidence rebleeding overall was 24.48% (n = 280). Significant difference between the cumulative incidences (IA) between the SL group and the control group (11.7% vs 29.0%, respectively, p <0.01) was found. The RR was 0.40 (95% CI 0.29 - 0.56) .The calculated effectiveness was 59.81% (95% CI: 44.17 - 71.08). The regression models also found a decrease in incidence in both crude model (IRR: 0.34 95% CI 0.24 to 0.49) and in the adjusted models. The first model was adjusted for variables with statistically significant differences between exposed and unexposed (IRR: 0.12 95% CI 1.8 to 0.18), the second was adjusted for variables that were significantly associated with rebleeding (IRR 0.21 95% CI 0.15-0.30). The third model was adjusted for variables that met classical criteria of confusion (IRR: 0.12 95% CI 0.08 to 0.18). / Tesis

Orientador: Lenice do Rosário Souza / Banca: André Pentean Trindade / Banca: Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa / Banca: Érika Ferrari Rafael da Silva / Banca: Mariangela Ribeiro Resende / Resumo: O uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) tem aumentado a sobrevida com melhora da qualidade de vida das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA), o que também tem resultado em maior expectativa de vida. A infecção crônica pelo HIV e seu tratamento prolongado têm sido associados a diversas complicações ou eventos tardios, tais como, doenças metabólicas, cardiovasculares e renais, anormalidades na densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e osteoporose. Assim, o uso crônico da TARV tem demonstrado alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D, maior declínio da DMO e aumento do risco de fraturas de quadril, coluna vertebral e punhos, que têm sido relacionados principalmente ao uso de efavirenz, tenofovir e/ou inibidores de protease. Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e os fatores de risco das alterações ósseas e de fraturas, pela ferramenta FRAX, verificando a interferência da TARV sobre o nível sérico da vitamina D e na DMO em portadores do HIV. Casuística e métodos: foram estudadas 160 PVHA, com idades acima de 20 anos, de ambos os sexos, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão para o estudo. Tratouse de estudo observacional realizado no Serviço de Ambulatórios Especializados de Infectologia "Domingos Alves Meira", Botucatu/SP. Foram incluídos pacientes adultos, com idade de 20 anos ou mais, em uso ou não de TARV e excluídos gestantes e mulheres menopausadas, além de indivíduos com diagnóstico de hipogonadismo. Prontuários médicos além de questionário específico foram utilizados para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased survival and improved quality of life for people living with HIV/Aids (PLWH), this therapy has also resulted in longer life expectancy. Chronic HIV infection and its prolonged treatment have been associated with various complications or late events, such as metabolic, cardiovascular and renal diseases, abnormalities in bone mineral density (BMD), and osteoporosis. Thus, chronic usage of ART, has caused high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, greater decline in BMD, and increased risk of hip, spine and fist fractures, that has been mainly related to use of efavirenz, tenofovir and/or protease inhibitors. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of bone alterations and fractures using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX), to verify the interference of ART on the serum level of vitamin D and in BMD among HIV patients. Casuistry and methods: 160 PLWH were studied, of both sexes, with ages over 20 years, who meet inclusion criteria for the study. This observational study was performed at the Domingos Alves Meira Department of Specialized Ambulatory Infectology (SAEI-DAM) - Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The study included adult patients, aged 20 years or older, in regular use of ART or not; pregnant, menopausal women and individuals who had been diagnosed with hypogonadism were excluded. Medical records and a specific questionnaire were used to obtain demographic data, information on life habits, family and individual histories of bone fractures and antiretroviral uses. Serum dosages were measured, with chemiluminescence for vitamin D and parathyroid hormone and dry chemistry for calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were made using flow cytometry, HIV viral load determinations were taken using real-time PCR and sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA Kit Elabscience) was used for a ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Daniele Cristina Cataneo / Resumo: Introdução: Há evidências que o exercício físico é benéfico em pacientes com câncer pois fornece independência funcional ao indivíduo. Entretanto pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) nesses indivíduos, fazendo-se necessário uma revisão sistemática para reunir estudos que utilizaram esta modalidade de exercício, possibilitando o conhecimento de seus reais efeitos no paciente com câncer. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade, viabilidade e segurança do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade nos pacientes com câncer. Método: Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática (RS) de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), quase randomizados ou controlados que avaliaram o HIIT em pacientes com câncer. Foram avaliados os desfechos: Efetividade (condicionamento físico e qualidade de vida), Viabilidade (fadiga, composição corporal e aderência ao tratamento) e Segurança (efeitos adversos e sobrevida). Todas as buscas foram conduzidas sem restrição de idiomas ou datas nas seguintes bases de dados: Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Embase e Scopus. Resultados: A pesquisa identificou 333 estudos, dos quais 20 artigos foram incluídos. A duração média da intervenção foi de 9,5 ± 4,7 semanas, com 2,9 ± 0,2 sessões por semana. A meta- análise do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) para o condicionamento físico mostrou superioridade do HIIT em comparação aos Cuidados Usuais (UC) (MD 3,29, IC95% 1,94, 4,64; p<0,00001), mas não quando comparado ao exercício modera... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: There is evidence that physical exercise is beneficial in cancer patients as it provides functional independence to the individual. However, little is known about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these individuals, making a systematic review necessary to gather studies that used this exercise modality, enabling the knowledge of its real effects on cancer patients. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility and safety of high-intensity interval training in cancer patients. Method: A systematic review of randomized, quasi-randomized or controlled clinical trials that evaluated HIIT in cancer patients was conducted. The outcomes evaluated were: Effectiveness (physical conditioning and quality of life), Viability (fatigue, body composition and adherence to treatment) and Safety (adverse effects and survival). All searches were conducted without restriction of languages or dates in the following databases: Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus. Results: The research identified 333 studies, of which 20 articles were included. The average duration of the intervention was 9.5 ± 4.7 weeks, with 2.9 ± 0.2 sessions per week. The meta-analysis of oxygen consumption (VO2) for physical conditioning determined superiority of HIIT compared to Usual Care (UC) (MD 3.29, 95% CI 1.94, 4.64; p <0.00001), but not when compared to moderate continuous intensity exercise (MIC) (MD 1.83, 95% CI -0.40, 4.06; p = 0.11). Likewise, d... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Grado de magíster en farmacología / La obesidad se considera actualmente una de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, tanto por su alta prevalencia en la población como por su asociación con múltiples comorbilidades que afectan negativamente la salud de los individuos que las padecen. La etiopatogenia de la obesidad es compleja y multifactorial, pero la malnutrición por exceso de consumo de lípidos y carbohidratos explica la mayor parte de la prevalencia en la población. Se encuentra fuertemente asociada al síndrome metabólico, el cual abarca un conjunto de factores de riesgo que predisponen el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, tales como la obesidad visceral, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y anormalidades en el metabolismo de la glucosa. En un trabajo reciente realizado en nuestro laboratorio se probó que el aceite de rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) que se caracteriza por ser una fuente rica de ácido α-linolénico (ALN), precursor que se bioconvierte en ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), y altos niveles de alfa y gamma tocoferoles, polifenoles y fitoesteroles, previene el desarrollo de la obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina, la inflamación hepática y sistémica y la esteatosis hepática en un modelo murino alimentado con dieta alta en grasas (DAG). Sin embargo, los hallazgos encontrados no revelan el papel que juega cada uno de los componentes de la rosa mosqueta (RM), y estudiar los componentes mayoritarios, como los tocoferoles, es primordial para dilucidar el rol en la protección contra los parámetros del síndrome metabólico. En este trabajo se estudió como los alfa y gama tocoferoles disminuyen el desarrollo de alteraciones del hígado y del tejido adiposo visceral: hipertrofia de los adipocitos, esteatosis hepática, y además la disminución de parámetros de inflamación y estrés oxidativo en ratones machos C57BL/6J inducidos por una dieta alta en grasa. El diseño experimental consistió en ratones divididos en cinco grupos (n=9), alimentados con dieta control (DC) o con DAG, suplementados o no con tocoferoles (TF), durante 12 semanas. Además, un grupo alimentado con DAG y suplementando con aceite de RM sin tocoferoles, DAG+RM(-). La alimentación con DAG aumentó significativamente el peso corporal, el peso del tejido adiposo y el tamaño de los adipocitos e indujo esteatosis hepática, junto con elevar los niveles de expresión de citoquinas pro-inflamatorias (TNF-α, IL-1β), efectos que disminuyeron significativamente en los animales DAG+T. Entre estos grupos no se observaron cambios en la expresión del factor de transcripción Nrf2. Se concluye que la suplementación alimentaria de una mezcla de alfa y gamma tocoferoles (1:5) disminuyó significativamente la hipertrofia del tejido adiposo visceral, la esteatosis hepática, y marcadores de la inflamación en ratones alimentados con una dieta alta en grasa. / Obesity is currently considered one of the most important chronic diseases worldwide, both due to its high prevalence in the population and its association with multiple comorbidities that negatively affect the health of individuals who suffer from them. The etiopathogenesis of obesity is complex and multifactorial, but malnutrition due to excess consumption of lipids and carbohydrates accounts for most of the prevalence in the population. It is strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome, which encompasses a set of risk factors that predispose the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and abnormalities in glucose metabolism. In a recent work carried out in our laboratory it was proved that rosehip oil (Rosa rubiginosa) is characterized as a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALN), a precursor that bioconverts into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA), and high levels of alpha and gamma tocopherols, polyphenols and phytosterols, prevents the development of obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic and systemic inflammation and hepatic steatosis in a murine model fed a high-fat diet (DAG ). However, the findings do not reveal the role played by each of the components of the rose hip (MRI), and study the major components, such as tocopherols, is essential to elucidate the role in protecting against the metabolic syndrome parameters. In this work we studied how alpha and gamma tocopherols decrease the development of liver and visceral adipose tissue alterations: adipocyte hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis, and also the decrease of inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in male C57BL / 6J induced mice for a diet high in fat. The experimental design consisted of mice divided into five groups (n = 9), fed control diet (DC) or with DAG, supplemented or not with tocopherols (TF), for 12 weeks. In addition, a group fed with DAG and supplemented with RM oil without tocopherols, DAG + RM (-). Feeding with DAG significantly increased body weight, adipose tissue weight and adipocyte size and induced hepatic steatosis, along with raising the levels of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), effects that decreased significantly in the DAG + T animals. Among these groups no changes were observed in the expression of the transcription factor Nrf2. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of a mixture of alpha and gamma tocopherols (1: 5) significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis, and markers of inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Orientador: Érika Veruska Paiva Ortolan / Resumo: Introdução: A aspiração pulmonar de conteúdo gástrico configura importante causa de morbidade associada à anestesia. O volume gástrico residual é suficiente para aumentar esse risco. Deste modo, as atuais diretrizes recomendam um jejum pré-anestésico de 2 horas em crianças para líquidos claros, bem como os guidelines da Sociedade Europeia de Anestesiologia e o protocolo ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) recomendam ingestão de bebidas ricas em carboidratos no período pré-operatório. Entretanto, a análise quantitativa e comparativa do volume residual gástrico das diferentes soluções ricas em carboidratos disponíveis comercialmente é inexistente, especialmente em pacientes pediátricos. Objetivo: Comparar o volume residual gástrico, em crianças que consumiram três soluções ricas em carboidratos, após jejum abreviado de 2 horas, assim como, a visibilização da mucosa e características do lago mucoso. Métodos: Ensaio clínico prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego nos grupos intervenção, envolvendo pacientes pediátricos, de 3 a 15 anos. Os pacientes foram randomizados em grupo de soluções ricas em carboidratos (suco de maçã, maltodextrina e Fresubin®) e no grupo controle (jejum), sendo oferecidos 10 ml/kg das soluções (máximo de 200ml). Após 2 horas foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta de rotina sendo aspirado todo o conteúdo da câmara gástrica. Após 24 meses do início do estudo, foi previsto uma análise parcial dos resultados. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: The pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is an important cause of morbidity associated with anesthesia. The residual gastric volume is sufficient to increase this risk. Thus, the current guidelines recommend a 2-hour preanesthetic fast in children for clear liquids, as well as the guidelines of the European Society of Anesthesiology and the ERAS protocol (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) recommend intake of drinks rich in carbohydrates in the pre-operative period. However, quantitative and comparative analysis of gastric residual volume of different commercially available solutions rich in carbohydrates is non-existent, especially in pediatric patients. Objective: To compare the gastric residual volume in children who consumed three solutions rich in carbohydrates, after an abbreviated fast of 2 hours, as well as the visualization of the mucosa and characteristics of the mucous lake. Methods: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in intervention groups, involving pediatric patients, aged 3 to 15 years. The patients were randomized into a group of solutions rich in carbohydrates (apple juice, maltodextrin and Fresubin®) and in the control group (fasting), being offered 10 ml/kg of the solutions (maximum 200ml). After 2 hours, they underwent routine upper digestive endoscopy and the entire contents of the gastric chamber were aspirated. Twenty-four months after the start of the study, a partial analysis of the results was foreseen. The level of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Los Pulsos Eléctricos de Alta Intensidad (PEAI) es una tecnología no térmica de conservación de alimentos que se está siendo evaluada como alternativa a las tecnologías convencionales de conservación basadas en el calor. Esta tecnología se caracteriza por permitir obtener un producto seguro microbiológicamente, con un mayor respeto de los componentes nutricionales que el tratamiento térmico convencional. Los trabajos que componen la presente tesis doctoral tratan de evaluar la idoneidad de la tecnología de los Pulsos Eléctricos de Alta Intensidad (PEAI) en el tratamiento de un alimento ácido de la complejidad de una bebida mezcla de zumo de naranja y leche estabilizada mediante la adición de pectina. Para ello se han llevado a cabo estudios cinéticos de inactivación por PEAI de microrganismos, tanto patógenos como alteradores, presentes en este tipo de alimento (E. coli y S. cerevisiae) y de destrucción de enzimas causantes de la pérdida de calidad (Pectín Metilesterasa, PME), obteniéndose modelos matemáticos experimentales que relacionan la intensidad de campo eléctrico, el tiempo de tratamiento y la temperatura con la inactivación obtenida. De igual modo se evaluó el efecto de los PEAI en el contenido de compuestos nutritivos (Vitaminas hidrosolubles y péptidos inhibidores de la ECA). Por último se llevaron a cabo estudios preliminares de validación de la tecnología desde el punto de vista de la seguridad alimentaria a través de estudios de daño subletal, de posibilidad de generación de transformantes y de variación del perfil proteico en Escherichia coli y Lactobacillus casei. / Rivas Soler, A. (2012). Aplicación de Pulsos Eléctricos de Alta Intensidad en una bebida mezcla de zumo de naranja y leche: Efectos sobre Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, componentes nutricionales y calidad [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16691 / Palancia

No description available.