Práce se zabývá problematikou spojenou s rozšířením konceptu kapitálové přiměřenosti o prvek operačního rizika. Rámcově popisuje novou basilejskou dohodu Basel II a způsob, jakým je do ní operační riziko zasazeno. Detailněji pak popisuje nejpokročilejší přístup pro výpočet kapitálového požadavku k operačnímu riziku, tzv. AMA přístup. Na závěr je podrobně charakterizována jedna ze složek nejpokročilejšího přístupu, analýza scénářů, pomocí které je také vypočítán kapitálový požadavek a identifikovány některé kvalitativní dopady na modelovou banku.

Nové regulatórne pravidlá BASEL II, ktorých hlavným cieľom je zvýšiť bezpečnosť a stabilitu finančných systémov, posilniť konkurenciu medzi bankami a umožniť väčšiu rizikovú citlivosť definujú nový typ rizika, ktoré je potrebné pokryť dodatočným kapitálom - riziko operačné. BASEL II vymedzuje 3 prístupy (základný, štandardizovaný a pokročilý), ktoré je možné použiť k výpočtu regulatórneho kapitálu, potrebného na pokrytie strát vzniknutých v dôsledku realizácie operačného rizika. V prvej časti diplomovej práce je popísaný nový koncept bankovej regulácie, v časti druhej je vymedzený pojem operačné riziko a základné prístupy k jeho kvantifikácii. Tretia kapitola obsahuje návrh zjednodušeného teoretického modelu, ktorý umožní kapitálovú požiadavku na pokrytie operačného rizika kvantifikovať.

Ground consultants and pipe manufacturers follow various recommendations, two of which are AMA (General Material and Work Description) and EBR (Powerlines branches guidelines). The project focuses on the AMA references to the installation of pipes and cables. The requirements given by pipe and cable manufacturers, as well as why ground consultants in some cases deviate from AMA´s referrals. The project's main goal is to investigate why ground consultants choose to deviate from AMA Construction with regards to protecting cables and pipes. Usually crushed rock is used with a size around 0/16 mm, although AMA Construction recommendations approves backfilling materials with a particle size up to 31.5 mm.  During the course of the project, several ground consultants and manufacturers have been contacted to gain a deeper insight into what controls the choice of backfilling. The second objective has been to evaluate the fractions ground consultants choose to deviate from. By doing so a comparison and an analysis given by the technical data can be done,  to estimate the materials suitability as backfilling. The project has also investigated the possibility to use other materials as backfilling, in this case recycled asphalt. After interviewing the ground consultants and municipalities, our assessment is that they choose to deviate from AMA and use crushed rock fractions around 0/16 mm. The choice of backfilling is governed by availability and manageability of the material. No recycled materials are used by the interviewed parties. Based on the laboratory results, it’s shown that the fractions 0/31.5 mm in theory are better suited for backfill compared to the lower fractions in terms of chipping characteristics.  The fractions currently used lie around 0/16 mm and show a higher proportion of fine materials and significantly higher chipping. The results from recycled asphalt shows that this would be an exemplary replacement for backfilling material, if it weren’t for the fact that it should be reused for the production of new asphalt. Using this for any other purpose would have a negative impact on the environment, also the extra work needed to crush the asphalt to the right proportions, and its availability makes this a less attractive material compared to crushed rock. Key words: AMA, backfilling, ground consultant, crushed rock, particle size, fractions, chipping.

Malaria is a global pandemic that affects millions of people each year. It is a parasitic infection caused by the Plasmodium family, with Plasmodium falciparum being the most virulent strain. Malaria is transmitted to humans by the female Anopheles mosquito. The parasite undergoes two different cycles of its life cycle within the human host: the liver and intraerythrocytic life cycle. The latter consists of an asexual and sexual cycle. The intraerythrocytic cycle is perhaps the most important stage of the parasite's life cycle as it promotes the spread of the disease within and between hosts. The focus of this investigation was aimed at the invasion process of the merozoites into the erythrocytes. The Plasmodium merozoite utilises a cascade of proteins during the erythrocyte invasion process, which is a swift action that takes place in approximately 30 seconds. A number of surface proteins are expressed during merozoite development and are distributed along the merozoite surfaces to assist with attachment and invasion, the most crucial being MSP-1, AMA-1 and RON-2. MSP-1 and AMA-1 are vital targets for the development of malaria vaccines. AMA-1 is the central target protein of this investigation as it plays an essential role in the invasion process. AMA-1 commits the merozoite to invade the erythrocyte, as it assists the RON proteins in the formation of an irreversible tight-junction with the membrane of the erythrocyte. Antibodies, specific to AMA-1, bind to the protein, which prevents the formation of the tight junction and inhibits the invasion of the merozoite into the erythrocyte, therefore preventing the spread of the disease. However, before invasion, AMA-1 undergoes a number of proteolytic processes. It is synthesized as an 83 kDa (AMA-183) precursor protein in the apical organelle of the merozoite. This is then cleaved at the N-terminus to give rise to a 66 kDa (AMA-166) fragment, which is secreted onto the surface of the merozoite. The AMA-166 fragment is then cleaved into either a 48 kDa (AMA-148) or 44 kDa (AMA-144) fragment. One of these three fragments is then used by the merozoite for erythrocyte invasion. The aim of this investigation was to isolate and characterise each of the fragments of the Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 (PfAMA-1) protein using the 3D7 lab strain of P. falciparum and to visualise the merozoite-erythrocyte invasion process, to possibly identify which of the AMA-1 fragments are involved in the invasion process. In order to achieve this large clusters of merozoites from sorbitol-synchronised cultures were isolated. Schizonts were isolated from culture by magnetic separation and incubated with E64 to prevent the release of merozoites. Merozoites that were required for the isolation of PfAMA-1 were harvested from the schizonts by saponin lysis, then homogenised, separated by SDS-PAGE and digested for LC-MS/MS analysis. Merozoites that were required for the visualisation procedures were not incubated with E64, to allow natural egression from the erythrocyte. The transmission electron microscopy results produced clear images of the merozoiteerythrocyte invasion process and the positioning of PfAMA-1 on the merozoite, before and after schizont rupture, was visualised from results obtained from confocal microscopy. Then PfAMA-1 was identified in isolated merozoite samples by LC-MS/MS analysis. However, due to its low abundance, isolation of high enough concentrations of PfAMA-1 to characterise its different fragments was not achieved. Further investigation into the development of the culturing and isolating methods could help in future projects aimed at isolating higher concentrations of merozoite proteins from synchronised cultures with a lower merozoite egression window period, in order to accomplish detailed analysis on invading proteins for the future development of treatments against malaria. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Pharmacology / MSc / Unrestricted

O conceito de humanização é muito amplo e abrange um conjunto de conhecimentos, práticas, atitudes e relações. Envolve a efetiva participação de profissionais, gestores, usuários e movimentos sociais para que as experiências compartilhadas possam proporcionar melhorias na qualidade do atendimento na área da saúde. O objetivo foi analisar, à luz da bioética e políticas de humanização, a percepção de médicos e enfermeiros sobre humanização nos serviços de saúde. Optamos pela pesquisa qualitativa, de corte transversal, realizada mediante entrevistas com questões abertas, iniciada após prévia aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. O critério de representatividade da amostra para o encerramento da coleta de dados foi o da saturação do discurso. A interpretação do material coletado seguiu os preceitos da análise de conteúdo. Os sujeitos foram médicos e enfermeiros de unidades com Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e Assistência Médica Ambulatorial (AMA) da região da Capela do Socorro, município de São Paulo. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, os entrevistados apreendem a humanização em aspectos comuns como integralidade, direito dos usuários, dificuldades nas relações, valorização profissional e ambiência. Demonstram, porém, que essa percepção sofre influência quando considerado o serviço onde prestam atendimento, surgindo então novas categorias particulares a cada serviço. Alteridade, trabalho em equipe, acesso ininterrupto, avaliação de risco e respeito à autonomia na AMA e prevenção e promoção à saúde, cuidado, vínculo e respeito à privacidade na ESF. Concluímos que a percepção sobre humanização dos profissionais tem distintos sentidos e significados variados. Situações comuns e particulares a cada tipo de serviço são vividas no cotidiano, influenciando a percepção sobre humanização. Essas ocorrências podem afetar a preservação dos direitos de usuários e profissionais, tornando-se fundamental a efetiva participação de todos para a consolidação de políticas públicas que busquem melhorias na área da saúde e amplo respeito aos direitos / The concept of humanization is very wide and comprehends a group of knowledge, practices, attitudes and relationships. It involves the effective participation of professionals, managers, users and social movements so that the shared experiences are able to offer improvements to the quality of reception on the healthcare area. The objective was to analyze, in light of bioethics and policies of humanization, the perception of doctors and nurses on humanization in healthcare services. We decided to apply a qualitative research, cross-sectional, carried out through interviews with open questions, started after prior approval of the Research Ethics Committee. The representativeness criterion of the sample for the closure of data collection was the saturation of the discourse. The interpretation of collected material was based on the precepts of content analysis. The subjects were doctors and nurses of units with Family Health Strategy (ESF) and Outpatient Medical Care Units (AMA) in the region of Capela do Socorro, municipality of São Paulo. According to the results found, the respondents perceive the humanization in common aspects such as integrality, right from the users, difficulties in relationships, professional value and ambience. They demonstrate, however, that this perception is influenced when the service is considered according to the place they are done, emerging, then, new particular categories to each service. Alterity, team work, uninterrupted access, risk analysis and respect to the AMA autonomy and prevention and health promotion, care, bond, and respect for privacy in the ESF. We conclude that the perception of the humanization of professionals have different senses and varying meanings. Common and particular situations to each type of service are experienced in daily life, influencing the perception of the humanization. These occurrences can affect the preservation of the rights of users and professionals, becoming essential to the effective participation of all for the consolidation of public policies that seek improvements in the area of health and broad respect for the rights.

O conceito de humanização é muito amplo e abrange um conjunto de conhecimentos, práticas, atitudes e relações. Envolve a efetiva participação de profissionais, gestores, usuários e movimentos sociais para que as experiências compartilhadas possam proporcionar melhorias na qualidade do atendimento na área da saúde. O objetivo foi analisar, à luz da bioética e políticas de humanização, a percepção de médicos e enfermeiros sobre humanização nos serviços de saúde. Optamos pela pesquisa qualitativa, de corte transversal, realizada mediante entrevistas com questões abertas, iniciada após prévia aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. O critério de representatividade da amostra para o encerramento da coleta de dados foi o da saturação do discurso. A interpretação do material coletado seguiu os preceitos da análise de conteúdo. Os sujeitos foram médicos e enfermeiros de unidades com Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e Assistência Médica Ambulatorial (AMA) da região da Capela do Socorro, município de São Paulo. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, os entrevistados apreendem a humanização em aspectos comuns como integralidade, direito dos usuários, dificuldades nas relações, valorização profissional e ambiência. Demonstram, porém, que essa percepção sofre influência quando considerado o serviço onde prestam atendimento, surgindo então novas categorias particulares a cada serviço. Alteridade, trabalho em equipe, acesso ininterrupto, avaliação de risco e respeito à autonomia na AMA e prevenção e promoção à saúde, cuidado, vínculo e respeito à privacidade na ESF. Concluímos que a percepção sobre humanização dos profissionais tem distintos sentidos e significados variados. Situações comuns e particulares a cada tipo de serviço são vividas no cotidiano, influenciando a percepção sobre humanização. Essas ocorrências podem afetar a preservação dos direitos de usuários e profissionais, tornando-se fundamental a efetiva participação de todos para a consolidação de políticas públicas que busquem melhorias na área da saúde e amplo respeito aos direitos / The concept of humanization is very wide and comprehends a group of knowledge, practices, attitudes and relationships. It involves the effective participation of professionals, managers, users and social movements so that the shared experiences are able to offer improvements to the quality of reception on the healthcare area. The objective was to analyze, in light of bioethics and policies of humanization, the perception of doctors and nurses on humanization in healthcare services. We decided to apply a qualitative research, cross-sectional, carried out through interviews with open questions, started after prior approval of the Research Ethics Committee. The representativeness criterion of the sample for the closure of data collection was the saturation of the discourse. The interpretation of collected material was based on the precepts of content analysis. The subjects were doctors and nurses of units with Family Health Strategy (ESF) and Outpatient Medical Care Units (AMA) in the region of Capela do Socorro, municipality of São Paulo. According to the results found, the respondents perceive the humanization in common aspects such as integrality, right from the users, difficulties in relationships, professional value and ambience. They demonstrate, however, that this perception is influenced when the service is considered according to the place they are done, emerging, then, new particular categories to each service. Alterity, team work, uninterrupted access, risk analysis and respect to the AMA autonomy and prevention and health promotion, care, bond, and respect for privacy in the ESF. We conclude that the perception of the humanization of professionals have different senses and varying meanings. Common and particular situations to each type of service are experienced in daily life, influencing the perception of the humanization. These occurrences can affect the preservation of the rights of users and professionals, becoming essential to the effective participation of all for the consolidation of public policies that seek improvements in the area of health and broad respect for the rights.

Dagens Svenska elnät har ett stort behov av renovering och upprustning vilket ger ett stort investeringsbehov under de närmast kommande åren. Det gör att det är viktigt att finna nya entreprenörer utöver de som idag redan finns. Hitta en väg för att bli mer attraktiv och intressant för dessa entreprenörer. Denna rapport belyser två metoder som uppdragsgivare har att förhålla sig till vid projektering. Det ena är Elektrisk Byggnads Rationalisering (EBR) det andra är Allmän Material- och Arbetsbeskrivning (AMA). Systemet med EBR är ett tryggt system som grundar sig på mångårig statistik över installationer, renoveringar och underhåll. Där har man fördelar med standardiserade komponenter som är kostnadsekonomiska och skapar en kvalitetssäkring av utförda arbeten. AMA är ett referensverk för uppbyggandet av projekt från grunden. AMA är friare i sin struktur när man skall projektera för en anläggning. Man behöver inte förhålla sig till mer strikta arbetssätt. Denna rapport ser till skillnader i EBR/AMA och ser till vad som är bra förändringar för att attrahera nya intressenter på marknaden.  Vad som framöver går att förändra och samtidigt påverka vid projektering och upphandlingsunderlag. / Today's Swedish power grid has a major need for renovation and upgrading, which gives a big investment requirement over the next few years. This makes it important to find new entrepreneurs in addition to those already available today. Find a way to become more attractive and interesting for these entrepreneurs. This report highlights two methods that outsourcer have to relate to. First method is Electrical Building Rationalization (EBR) and the other method is general material and work description (AMA). The system of EBR is a secure system based on long-term statistics from installations, renovations and maintenance. There the advantages of standardized components are that they are cost-effective and create a quality of work performed. AMA is a reference tool for building projects from scratch. It's freer in its structure when planning a facility. One does not need relate to more strict approach. This report looks at the differences in EBR / AMA and looks at what are good changes to attract new actors in the market. What can be changed in the future and at the same time affecting projecting design and procurement documentation.

In this master thesis, during 2009, 2010 and 2011, has been done measurement of total content of mercury in ambient air and soil air in urban and rural locations agglomeration of České Budějovice. The goal was to develop suitable method in order to provide sampling of air to evaluate rate of contamination from chosen locations. The aquaristic compressor was used for admission of air, thus collected air could pass through external amalgamator, which secured pre-concentration of mercury from air. Consecutively, captured mercury has been determined in laboratory by atomic absorption spectrometer AMA-254. In urban background locations has been found total average concentration of mercury in rate 4,01 +/- 3,5 ng.m-3 and urban locations influenced by traffic in rate 29,5 +/- 50,07 ng.m-3. The concentration of mercury in soil air taken from filter bed of constructed wetland (CW) was 16 +/- 9,44 ng.m-3 with average mercury flux 14,5 +/- 8,3 ng.m-2.h-1. In rural compared location has been concentration of mercury in rate 15,4 +/- 7,83 ng.m-3 and mercury flux in soil air was 16 +/- 9,3 ng.m-2.h-1 at this location. Significant differences in contamination of mercury among partial locations have not been ascertained to the exception. The statutory limit for amount of mercury in atmosphere is 50 ng.m-3, whose value has not been mostly reached in any of measured locations. Thus, it has been proved that air contamination is low at selected locations.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-27T12:46:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 46.pdf: 1443827 bytes, checksum: 18ec5099f2aaa8797c74c088d67f61d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-27T12:46:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 46.pdf: 1443827 bytes, checksum: 18ec5099f2aaa8797c74c088d67f61d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa buscou compreender as relações de gênero que estiveram presentes na construção de anúncios publicitários impressos, do sabão em pó Omo, da marca Unilever, datados da década de 1950 e 2000, assim como as suas mudanças culturais. Nosso corpus foram três anúncios de cada década que continham crianças, jovens e adultas. Para realização dessa pesquisa, estudamos temas relacionados a mulher, por compreender que é a ela que o produto se destina, pensando principalmente na construção da palavra gênero e todas as atribuições que ela gerou na nossa sociedade, fazendo com que fosse a mulher a responsável por realizar os serviços do lar. Através de uma perspectiva transmetodológica, realizamos a análise com base na teoria e na empiria. Nos anúncios, nos embasamos nas teorias de Pierce e Barthes para entendermos a construção das peças publicitárias, como foram feitas, em seus contextos, suas épocas e como a mulher era vista/compreendida, assim como sua família, sendo assim, como as relações de gênero eram estabelecidas, com intuito de compreender as lógicas que não estão somente no âmbito da comunicação, mas de um complexo entorno que envolve as relações de gênero e a submissão feminina ao homem e ao lar. Na empiria, realizamos a pesquisa com 12 mulheres, metade da cidade de São Luiz Gonzaga – RS e outra metade da cidade de São Leopoldo – RS, para compreendermos como se realizaram as apropriações simbólicas destas sobre os anúncios, compreendendo as novas configurações familiares a partir das relações de gênero, e como isso está relacionado a mudança nos anúncios. Por fim, relacionamos a teoria e a empiria para constatarmos o que de fato mudou na família e nas relações de gênero, que fez com que os anúncios passassem da ideia de dedicação e limpeza, para a ideia de sujeira e liberdade. / Esta investigación buscó comprender las relaciones de género que estaban presentes en la construcción de los anuncios impresos , jabón en polvo Omo , Unilever , que data de 1950 y marca de 2000 , así como sus cambios culturales . Nuestro corpus eran tres anuncios cada década que contienen a niños, jóvenes y adultos. Para esta encuesta , se estudian cuestiones relacionadas con la mujer , para darse cuenta de que se trata de que el producto ha sido diseñado pensando principalmente en la construcción de la palabra género y todas las asignaciones que genera en nuestra sociedad, causando a la mujer que se encargue de realizar los servicios domésticos . A través de una perspectiva transmetodológica , llevamos a cabo un análisis basado en la teoría y empirismo. En los anuncios, embasamos en las teorías de Pierce y Barthes para comprender la construcción de los anuncios , ya que se hicieron en sus contextos , sus tiempos y cómo se ve a la mujer / entendido , así como a su familia, así que ¿cómo las relaciones se establecieron género , a fin de comprender las lógicas que no son sólo en la comunicación, pero en un entorno complejo que involucra las relaciones de género y la sumisión de las mujeres a los hombres y su casa. En el empirismo, el hecho investigación con 12 mujeres, la mitad de la ciudad de São Luiz Gonzaga - RS y media de la ciudad de São Leopoldo - RS , para entender cómo se hacían los créditos simbólicos en estos anuncios, que incluye nuevas configuraciones familiares de las relaciones de género , y cómo esto se relaciona con cambios en los anuncios. Finalmente , relacionamos la teoría y empirismo sólo para descubrir lo que realmente ha cambiado en la familia y las relaciones de género , lo que hizo que los anuncios pasan la idea de la limpieza y la dedicación a la idea de libertad y la suciedad.

This dissertation investigates the implications of using the Advanced Measurement Approaches (AMA) as a method to assess operational risk capital charges for banks and insurance companies within Basel II paradigms and with regard to U.S. regulations. Operational risk has become recognized as a major risk class because of huge operational losses experienced by many financial firms over the last past decade. Unlike market risk, credit risk, and insurance risk, for which firms and scholars have designed efficient methodologies, there are few tools to help analyze and quantify operational risk. The new Basel Revised Framework for International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards (Basel II) gives substantial flexibility to internationally active banks to set up their own risk assessment models in the context of the Advanced Measurement Approaches. The AMA developed in this thesis uses actuarial loss models complemented by the extreme value theory to determine the empirical probability distribution function of the overall capital charge in terms of various classes of copulas. Publicly available operational risk loss data set is used for the empirical exercise.