In today’s globalized business world enterprises face increasing competition and accompanying internal and external threats that challenge their enterprise strategies. Multiple examples of enterprises show that long-lasting strategies need to be progressively overworked in order to secure competitiveness. One key for long-term competitiveness seems to lie in the ability to find a reasonable ratio of strategic stability and change. Neglecting the tension of strategic stability and change can have fatal consequences. Strategic management research increasingly focuses on this challenge. Lately research on ambidexterity and dynamic capability attempts to explain the underlying issues of proactively balancing strategic tensions in dynamic markets. Yet, there remain a couple of questions that – unanswered – limit the explanatory power of recent research models. Because of conceptual ambiguities around the concepts of ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities, until now it remains unclear how a balance between strategic stability and change is reached and managed, and how the underlying strategic decision and strategic management processes at the organizational level look like. To address these open issues, this work develops an alternative framework of strategic ambidexterity. It is defined as a deliberate mechanism to detect, monitor, steer, coordinate and balance stability and change of the enterprise strategy. It argues that enterprises do not deal with strategic stability and change accidently. Quite on the contrary, the enterprises’ key actors are aware of this challenge and have a mechanism in place that allows them to deliberately and continuously employ the right ratio of strategic stability and change. This deliberate mechanism is assumed to create performance differences. High-performing enterprises have a particular setting of the mechanism that distinguishes them from low-performing peers and that secures their long-term competitiveness. In order to empirically test the mechanism a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using a sample of 74 mechanical engineering enterprises is performed. As will be shown there are in fact differences between high and low-performing enterprises. The strategic behavior of high-performing enterprises can be classified as Guided Long-Term Inclusive Planning (GLTIP). This work adds new knowledge to the research on ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities and also contributes to the methodological discussion on the analysis of sustainable competitive advantage in today’s globalized and dynamic markets.

In today’s globalized business world enterprises face increasing competition and accompanying internal and external threats that challenge their enterprise strategies. Multiple examples of enterprises show that long-lasting strategies need to be progressively overworked in order to secure competitiveness. One key for long-term competitiveness seems to lie in the ability to find a reasonable ratio of strategic stability and change. Neglecting the tension of strategic stability and change can have fatal consequences. Strategic management research increasingly focuses on this challenge. Lately research on ambidexterity and dynamic capability attempts to explain the underlying issues of proactively balancing strategic tensions in dynamic markets. Yet, there remain a couple of questions that – unanswered – limit the explanatory power of recent research models. Because of conceptual ambiguities around the concepts of ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities, until now it remains unclear how a balance between strategic stability and change is reached and managed, and how the underlying strategic decision and strategic management processes at the organizational level look like. To address these open issues, this work develops an alternative framework of strategic ambidexterity. It is defined as a deliberate mechanism to detect, monitor, steer, coordinate and balance stability and change of the enterprise strategy. It argues that enterprises do not deal with strategic stability and change accidently. Quite on the contrary, the enterprises’ key actors are aware of this challenge and have a mechanism in place that allows them to deliberately and continuously employ the right ratio of strategic stability and change. This deliberate mechanism is assumed to create performance differences. High-performing enterprises have a particular setting of the mechanism that distinguishes them from low-performing peers and that secures their long-term competitiveness. In order to empirically test the mechanism a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using a sample of 74 mechanical engineering enterprises is performed. As will be shown there are in fact differences between high and low-performing enterprises. The strategic behavior of high-performing enterprises can be classified as Guided Long-Term Inclusive Planning (GLTIP). This work adds new knowledge to the research on ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities and also contributes to the methodological discussion on the analysis of sustainable competitive advantage in today’s globalized and dynamic markets.:1. Introduction 2. High-performing enterprises, strategic management and dynamic environments – multiple paths of explaining sustainable competitive advantage 3. Toward a multidimensional framework of balancing strategic stability and change: a steering mechanism 4. A comparative configurational analysis of the mechanism of strategic ambidexterity with regard to different performance settings 5. Discussion of results: introducing Guided Long-Term Inclusive Planning (GLTIP) 6. Management implications: GLTIP in action 7. Conclusions, limitations and directions for future research

Digitaliseringen har inneburit en tilltagande komplexitet i organisationer, vilket föranlett skapandet av begreppet teknisk skuld. Likväl som organisationer försätter sig i ekonomiska skulder försätter sig organisationer i tekniska skulder. Tidigare forskning inom teknisk skuld visar på ett kunskapsgap gällande organisationsteoretiska aspekters eventuella påverkan på teknisk skuld. Baserat på detta så syftar studien till att undersöka antagandet gällande kontrasterande perspektiv på teknisk skuld mellan kommersiellt styrda och tekniskt styrda organisatoriska enheter. För att sedan utforska huruvida balansen av organisatoriska aspekter mellan enheter kan understödja en viss typ perspektiv och därmed inverka på organisationens faktiska ageranden, avvägningar och vägval i relation till teknisk skuld. Undersökningen grundas i en kvalitativ fallstudie där åtta intervjuer i fyra mjukvaruutvecklande organisationer genomförts. Studien visar på att perspektiven mellan enheter i denna undersökning skiljer sig åt en aning men att detta inte påverkar teknisk skuld i någon större utsträckning. Detta tack vare ömsesidig förståelse, god kommunikation, samsyn genom överordnade mål samt balans mellan makt och kultur. Kommersiella krafter tycks besitta något mer makt men undersökta bolag har samtidigt vägt upp detta genom en tydligt teknikfokuserad kultur. Vilket kan få organisationer att, om något, balansera en aning mer åt ett fokus på framtida hållbarhet och därmed gå miste om nutida affärsmöjligheter genom att undgå ett mer flexibelt och tillåtande förhållningssätt till teknisk skuld. / Digitization has meant an increasing complexity in organizations, which has led to the creation of the concept of technical debt. Just as organizations incur financial debts the organizations incur technical debts. Previous research in technical debt sheds light on a knowledge gap regarding organizational aspects, which influence technical debt. Based on this, the study aims to examine the assumption regarding contrasting views on technical debt between commercially controlled and technically controlled organizational units. To then explore whether the balance of organizational aspects between units can support a certain type of perspective and thereby influence the organization's actual actions, trade-offs and decision-making in relation to technical debt. The study was created through a qualitative case study where eight interviews were conducted in four software developing organizations. The study shows that the perspectives between units in this survey differ slightly, but that this does not affect technical debt to any great extent. This thanks to mutual understanding, good communication, consensus through overriding goals and a balance between power and culture. Commercial forces seem to possess somewhat more power, but surveyed companies have at the same time offset this through a clear product- and technology-focused culture. Which may cause organizations to, if anything, balance a little bit more on future sustainability and thus miss out on current business opportunities by avoiding a more flexible and permissive approach to technical debt.

This cumulative dissertation covers the concepts of scenario-based strategic planning and strategic management in family firms over five articles. The first article gives an overview of the cumulative dissertation explaining the research gap, approach and contribution of the dissertation. The paper highlights the two research areas covered by the dissertation with two articles focusing on scenario-based strategic planning and two on strategic management in family firms. The second article is the first of two focusing on scenario-based strategic planning. It introduces and describes a set of six tools facilitating the implementation of scenario-based strategic planning in corporate practice. The third paper adapts these tools to the financial management and controlling context in private companies highlighting the tools’ flexibility in managing uncertain and volatile environments. The fourth article is the first of two focusing on strategic management in family firms. It analyzes organizational ambidexterity as a factor explaining family firm performance. The article shows that a high level of organizational ambidexterity in family firms leads to a higher family firm performance. The final paper concludes the dissertation examining the tendency of family firms to focus on capability exploration or resource exploitation over different generations managing the family firm.:I. SCENARIO-BASED STRATEGIC PLANNING AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN FAMILY FIRMS … 1 1. Research question and goal of the dissertation … 2 2. Summary of papers … 8 2.1. Contribution … 12 2.2. Implications and further research … 16 II. SIX TOOLS FOR SCENARIO-BASED STRATEGIC PLANNING AND THEIR APPLICATION … 25 1. Introducing tools one and two: The framing checklist and 360° stakeholder feedback … 27 1.1. The framing checklist … 27 1.2. Description of the framing checklist … 29 1.3. 360° stakeholder feedback … 36 1.3.1. Existing perceptions, blind spots and weak signals … 37 1.3.2. Description of 360° stakeholder feedback … 38 1.4. Evaluation of the framing checklist and 360° stakeholder feedback … 44 2. Applying frameworks one and two: The framing checklist and 360° stakeholder feedback in the European airline industry … 46 2.1. Introduction … 46 2.2. The framing checklist … 46 2.3. 360° stakeholder feedback … 48 3. Introducing tools three and four: The impact/uncertainty grid and the scenario matrix … 53 3.1. The impact/uncertainty grid … 53 3.2. Description of the impact/uncertainty grid … 55 3.3. The scenario matrix … 57 3.4. Description of the scenario matrix … 62 3.5. Evaluating the impact/uncertainty grid and the scenario matrix … 67 4. Applying frameworks three and four: The impact/uncertainty grid and the scenario matrix in the European airline industry … 69 4.1. Introduction … 69 4.2. The impact/uncertainty grid … 69 4.3. The scenario matrix … 71 5. Introducing tools five and six: The strategy manual and the monitoring cockpit … 87 5.1. Introduction … 87 5.2. The strategy manual … 87 5.3. Description of the strategy manual … 91 5.4. The scenario cockpit … 95 5.5. Description of the scenario cockpit … 96 5.6. Evaluating the strategy manual and the scenario cockpit ..................... 99 6. Applying frameworks five and six: The strategy manual and the scenario cockpit in the European airline industry … 102 6.1. The strategy manual … 102 6.2. The scenario cockpit … 105 III. SZENARIOBASIERTE STRATEGISCHE PLANUNG IN VOLATILEN UMFELDERN … 111 1. Einführung: Unternehmen agieren in einer zunehmend volatilen Umwelt … 112 2. Volatilität als Herausforderung für die strategische Planung … 112 3. Szenariobasierte strategische Planung als Lösungsansatz für Planung unter Volatilität …114 3.1. Grundlagen der szenariobasierten strategischen Planung … 114 3.2. Prozess der szenariobasierten strategischen Planung … 115 4. Zusammenfassung ... 122 IV. ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIDEXTERITY AND FAMILY FIRM PERFORMANCE … 125 1. Introduction … 126 2. Theory and Hypotheses … 127 3. Methodology … 131 3.1. Research Design and Sample Generation … 131 3.2. Measures … 133 4. Analysis and Results … 135 5. Discussion and Conclusion … 139 V. THE IMPACT OF SUCCESOR GENERATION DISCOUNT IN FAMILY FIRMS: EXAMINING NONLINEAR EFFECTS ON EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION … 150 1. Introduction … 151 2. The RBV and the importance of exploration and exploitation … 154 3. The importance of exploration and exploitation in family firms … 156 4. The impact of generational involvement on exploration and exploitation in family firms … 159 5. Methodology … 164 5.1. Constructs … 165 5.2. Results … 167 6. Discussion … 172 6.1. Implications for theory and practice … 175 6.2. Study limitations and future research … 176 6.3. Conclusion … 177

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo general analizar la influencia de los Sistemas de Medición del Desempeño (SMD) en actividades de exploración y explotación del conocimiento en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Iberoamérica. El objeto de estudio son los SMD desde una perspectiva de gestión. La sociedad se enfrenta a cambios sin precedentes en la economía y en la gestión de las organizaciones, las cuales se basan en el conocimiento como el motor de cambio más poderoso. Constantemente se amplía y crea conocimiento que es aplicado en la producción de bienes y servicios a un ritmo cada vez más acelerado. De esta manera, el conocimiento en continua evolución cada vez más acelerada se convierte en un recurso estratégico para el desarrollo, lo que trae consigo que se exija mucho más de las universidades dada su capacidad de creación y absorción de conocimiento. Hoy en día las universidades amplían su misión tradicional basada en la docencia e investigación, convirtiéndose en centros de no sólo de creación, sino también de transferencia, transformación y distribución del conocimiento. Sin embargo, sin una adecuada gestión, el conocimiento puede quedar circunscrito solo a la exploración (la búsqueda de nuevas ideas), en lugar de llagar a tener un resultado en la explotación (transferencia de tecnologías). Para adecuarse a las demandas actuales y mejorar sus resultados en áreas tan importantes como la docencia, investigación y trasferencia de tecnología, las universidades necesitan herramientas adecuadas de gestión, entre las que se encuentran los SMD. Esta tesis analiza los SMD en las universidades para la gestión de la explotación y exploración del conocimiento a través de tres estudios. El primer estudio se titula "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" e incluye una revisión sistemática de la literatura que analiza la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento en las universidades que apoyan la innovación y el emprendimiento en su entorno. El segundo estudio, Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities tiene como objetivo principal analizar la influencia del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) sobre el desempeño de las universidades latinoamericanas en materia de investigación e innovación. El tercer estudio presentado se titula University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America. Este estudio explora las relaciones causales que condicionan la creación de conocimiento en Latinoamérica. Para finalizar se presentan las conclusiones generales de la investigación. En primer lugar, esta investigación presenta un enfoque novedoso de la evaluación del desempeño universitario al dar una visión multifacética que incluye el desempeño investigador, la transferencia tecnológica y el desempeño académico como resultados de la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento. En segundo lugar, el análisis pone de manifiesto que la colaboración U-I puede jugar un papel central en economías en vías de desarrollo, las cuales no tienen la capacidad de liderar el desarrollo tecnológico, pero al menos pueden absorber el conocimiento existente y aplicarlo en su contexto industrial y emprendedor para obtener progreso económico. En tercer lugar, el estudio describe los elementos del SMD que pueden conducir a un desempeño ambidiestro de las universidades. Los resultados sugieren que las universidades deben implementar estrategias, estructuras, sistema de indicadores y sistemas de recompensas que tenga como objetivo potenciar las actividades de exploración y explotación de manera coordinada. Este estudio enfatiza la importancia del sistema de indicadores como condición necesaria para la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento. Por lo tanto, para la ambidestreza universitaria, un sistema de indicadores que refleje medidas de exploración y explotación es de vital importancia. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu general analitzar la influència dels Sistemes de Mesurament de l'Acompliment (SMA) en activitats d'exploració i explotació del coneixement a Institucions d'Educació Superior (IES) d'Iberoamèrica. L'objecte d'estudi són els SMA des d'una perspectiva de gestió. La societat s'enfronta a canvis sense precedents a l'economia i a la gestió de les organitzacions, les quals es basen en el coneixement com el motor de canvi més poderós. Constantment s'amplia i crea coneixement que és aplicat a la producció de béns i serveis a un ritme cada vegada més accelerat. D'aquesta manera, el coneixement en contínua evolució cada cop més accelerada es converteix en un recurs estratègic per al desenvolupament, cosa que comporta que s'exigisca molt més de les universitats atesa la seva capacitat de creació i absorció de coneixement. Hui en dia les universitats amplien la seua missió tradicional basada en la docència i la investigació, convertint-se en centres de no només creació, sinó també de transferència, transformació i distribució del coneixement. La universitat té un paper determinant en el desenvolupament de recerques que donen suport activament als interessos de la indústria i la societat a través de la transferència tecnològica. No obstant això, sense una gestió adequada, el coneixement pot quedar circumscrit només a l'exploració (la recerca de noves idees), en lloc de arribar a tenir un resultat a l'explotació (transferència de tecnologies). Per adequar-se a les demandes actuals i millorar els seus resultats en àrees tan importants com la docència, investigació i transferència de tecnologia, les universitats necessiten eines adequades de gestió, entre les quals hi ha els SMA. Aquesta tesi analitza els SMA a les universitats per a la gestió de l'explotació i l'exploració del coneixement a través de tres estudis. El primer estudi es titula "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" i inclou una revisió sistemàtica de la literatura que analitza l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement a les universitats que donen suport a la innovació i l'emprenedoria al seu entorn. El segon estudi, "Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities", té com a objectiu principal analitzar la influència del Quadre de Comandament Integral (CMI) sobre l'exercici de les universitats llatinoamericanes en matèria de recerca i innovació. El tercer estudi presentat es titula "University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America". Aquest estudi explora les relacions causals que condicionen la creació de coneixement a Llatinoamèrica. Per finalitzar es presenten les conclusions generals de la investigació. En primer lloc, aquesta investigació presenta un enfocament nou de l'avaluació de l'exercici universitari en donar una visió multifacètica que inclou l'exercici investigador, la transferència tecnològica i l'exercici acadèmic com a resultats de l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement. En segon lloc, l'anàlisi posa de manifest que la col·laboració U-I pot jugar un paper central en economies en vies de desenvolupament, les quals no tenen la capacitat de liderar el desenvolupament tecnològic, però almenys poden absorbir el coneixement existent i aplicar-lo en el context industrial i emprenedor per a obtenir progrés econòmic. En tercer lloc, l'estudi descriu els elements de l'SMA que poden conduir a un exercici ambidiestre de les universitats. Els resultats suggereixen que les universitats han d'implementar estratègies, estructures, sistema d'indicadors i sistemes de recompenses que tinga com a objectiu potenciar les activitats d'exploració i explotació de manera coordinada. Aquest estudi emfatitza la importància del sistema d'indicadors com a condició necessària per a l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement. / [EN] The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the influence of Performance Measurement Systems (PMS) in activities of knowledge exploration and exploitation in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in IberoAmerica. The object of study is the PMS from a management perspective. Society is facing unprecedented changes in the economy and in the management of organizations, which are based on knowledge as the most powerful engine of change. Knowledge is constantly created and expanded and is applied in the production of goods and services at an ever-accelerating rate. In this way, knowledge in continuous increasingly accelerated evolution becomes a strategic resource for development, which means that the role of universities in society gains relevancegiven their capacity to create and absorb knowledge. Today, universities are expanding their traditional mission based on teaching and research, becoming centers not only for creation, but also for the transfer, transformation and distribution of knowledge. However, without proper management, knowledge can be confined to exploration (the search for new ideas), instead of having a result in exploitation (technology transfer). To adapt to current demands and improve their results in areas as important as teaching, research and technology transfer, universities need adequate management tools, among which are the PMS. This thesis analyzes the PMS in the universities for the management of the knowledge exploitation and exploration through three studies. The first study is entitled "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" and includes a systematic review of the literature that analyzes exploration and exploitation in universities that support innovation and entrepreneurship in their environment. The second study, "Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities", has as its main objective the analysis of the influence of the Balanced Scorecard on the performance of Latin American universities in terms of research and innovation. The third study presented is entitled "University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America". This study explores the causal relationships that condition the creation of knowledge in Latin America. Finally, the general conclusions of the research are presented. First of all, this research presents a novel approach to the evaluation of university performance by giving a multifaceted vision that includes research performance, technology transfer and academic performance as results of the exploration and exploitation of knowledge. Second, he analysis shows that U-I collaboration can play a central role in developing economies, which do not have the capacity to lead technological development, but can at least absorb existing knowledge and apply it in their industrial and entrepreneurial context to obtain economic progress. Third, the study describes the elements of PMS that can lead to an ambidextrous performance of universities. The results suggest that universities should implement strategies, structures, indicator systems and reward systems that aim to promote exploration and exploitation activities in a coordinated manner. This study emphasizes the importance of the indicators system as a necessary condition for the effective exploration and exploitation of knowledge. Therefore, for university ambidexterity, a system of indicators that reflects exploration and exploitation measures is of vital importance. / This work was supported by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), Brazil [304618/2019-5]. / García Hurtado, D. (2022). Estudio comparativo de los Sistemas de Control en el contexto estratégico de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en Iberoamérica [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185901 / TESIS / Compendio