Derek Walcott est né en 1930 à Sainte Lucie, petite île perdue dans l’archipel des Caraïbes. Son œuvre poétique et théâtrale est à la conjonction de deux influences majeures : l’une est héritée du colonialisme britannique, la seconde lui vient de son ascendance africaine.J’ai essayé, dans mon travail, de toujours garder en mémoire cette ambivalence, voire cet écartèlement, que Walcott revendique puisqu’il se définit comme le divided child. L’œuvre de Walcott est multiple. Néanmoins, c’est son rapport au Temps, à l’Histoire et à la création picturale qui m’ont paru essentiels. Dans le premier chapitre de mon étude, j’ai réservé une large part au long poème de Walcott, Another Life, où Walcott se livre à une véritable reconstruction autobiographique. C’est le déchirement du poète qui constitue le nœud central de Another Life : balancement entre hier et aujourd’hui, le dedans et le dehors, l’art et la vie, sur cette terre meurtrie par l’esclavage. Dans la seconde partie, j’ai tenté d’analyser la perception walcottienne de l’Histoire, à travers deux poèmes essentiels, The Schooner Flight et Omeros. Sur le mode de l’épopée, Walcott y raconte la vie des habitants de Sainte Lucie, leurs odyssées intérieures, et leur quête d’Histoire. Il en résulte une vision protéiforme de l’Histoire, proche de celle de Walter Benjamin et en totale opposition avec celle des historiens classiques. La dernière partie est consacrée à l’analyse des liens entre la poésie de Walcott et l’art pictural. L’influence est évidente dans Another Life, Midsummer et Tiepolos’s Hound. J’ai choisi d’étudier Tiepolo’s Hound, non seulement parce que cet hommage à Pissaro, Veronèse et Tiepolo ressemble à une grande fresque, mais aussi pour mettre en exergue la filiation que s’invente Walcott avec le peintre impressionniste. / Derek Walcott was born in 1930 in Saint Lucia, a small island lost in the Caribbean archipelago. His poetry has been deeply influenced by two main strains : one is marked by British colonialism, the other is rooted in his African ascendancy.I have tried to keep in mind this duality, which Walcott is still claiming for since he defines himself as a “divided child”. Walcott’s works are complex and multi-faced. However, I choose to study more particularly his relations to time, history and artistic creation. I have reserved a large part of the first chapter to the analyse of Another Life, which can be compared to the experiment of an autobiographical reconstruction, on Walcott’s behalf. The narrator’s splitting is at he core of the poem. Another Life’s hero is constantly balanced between present and past, home life and outdoor life, art and reality. In the second part of this thesis, I have tried to scrutinize Walcott’s perception of History, through two main poems, The Schooner Flight and Omeros. Walcott adopts the epic pattern to describe every day life in Saint Lucia, giving a new birth to homeric myths. Because of the closeness between past and present, we are given another vision of History, quite similar to Walter Benjamin’s theories, and far from classical issues.The last part is focused on the ties which link Walcott’s poetry to the art of painting. These connections are obvious in such poems as Another Life, Midsummer or Tiepolo’s Hound. I choose to examine Tiepolo’s Hound for two main reasons: on the one hand, the poem could be compared to a large frescoe; on the other hand, it enlightens Walcott’s personnality, because of the fictional parallel introduced beween the poet and the painter.

<p>Crowdsourcing allows users to offload tedious work to an on-demand workforce. However, the time saved by the requesters is often offset by the time they must spend preparing instructions and refining them to address the ambiguities that typically arise. If crowdsourcing is to become viable, and result in net gains for requesters, requesters must be able to obtain high-quality results with a low investment of time in writing instructions. That might mean finding ways to accommodate hastily written instructions. Instruction quality could be improved by resolving ambiguities either with help of crowd workers, or by using NLP-based tools. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In this dissertation, I present 1) a taxonomy of ambiguities that can occur in task instructions, 2) a workflow that enables requesters to resolve ambiguities before posting them to workers, 3) a set of methods to improve the quality of instructions while workers are</p> <p>working on the task, and finally, 4) a system that leverages current NLP technologies to detect ambiguities automatically before they are posted to the workers.</p>

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<p>UML and use case modeling have the last few years received much attention. Use cases are used to describe the functional requirements of a system and a use case diagram shows the relationships among use cases and actors within a system. The semantics of use case diagrams are, however, often unclear. The aim of this dissertation is to point out ambiguities and limited expressiveness present in the current use case notation of UML and to indicate in which directions remedies to these deficiencies may be sought.</p><p>Problems reported by researchers were identified and presented to a set of use case practitioners. Then a proposal of possible improvements of the use case notation, which should reduce the ambiguities and increase the expressiveness in the notation, was developed. To place some measurements on the value the proposal can have in practice, it was also presented to a set of practitioners.</p><p>The proposal provides a suggestion of how to model various tricky situations in a use case diagram. Furthermore, the dissertation gives insight on how the use case technique is used in practice. Practitioners argue that the use case specifications are more important than the use case diagrams. They also argue that the purpose of use case diagrams is to describe a system's main functionalities and not details, and that as few use case relationships as possible should be used in use case diagrams.</p>

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Compreender o caráter ambíguo da temática de Oswaldo Goeldi é o grande desafio proposto pelo artista a todos que, de forma geral, estão inseridos em uma compreensão mediana e superficial dentro do cotidiano. Numa atmosfera fantástica, Goeldi procura tornar as paisagens, seus seres e objetos mais ambíguos ainda. E devido à perplexidade que seus trabalhos causam aos espectadores torna-se impossível fechar um único conceito ou opinião sobre o caráter dos desenhos e gravuras deste artista situado entre os extremos da luz e das sombras. Comparando as obras de Goeldi com o gênero literário fantástico, que é caracterizado por um mundo individual regido pelas incertezas de cada um, segundo Tzvetan Todorov em sua obra Introdução à Literatura Fantástica, pode-se vislumbrar nas obras de Goeldi duas condições: ou o ser estranho é uma ilusão, um ser imaginário, ou então existe realmente, exatamente como os outros seres vivos, mas com a ressalva de que raramente o encontramos. Vida ou morte? Real ou irreal? Dessa forma, podemos dizer que Goeldi foi um expressionista que viveu uma realidade fronteiriça entre o interior e exterior, a qual não era menos fantástica do que real. Uma questão que permanece atemporal até os dias de hoje conforme veremos nas obras de Nuno Ramos, José Rufino e William Kentridge / To grasp the ambiguous nature pertaining Oswaldo Goeldis theme is a challenge the artist poses to those who are somewhat involved in an ordinary and superficial approach of everyday life. In creating a fantastic atmosphere, Goeldi manages to make its scenery, beings and objects even more unclear. Moreover, because viewers are struck with the perplexity of his artwork, it is impossible to adopt a definite concept on the character of this artists drawings and prints which lies between the borders of lights and shadows? In comparison with fantastic literary genre, which features a world ruled by individual uncertainties, according to Tzvetan Todorov in his Introduction to Literature Fantastic, one may glimpse two conditions into Goeldis art: either his depicting element is an illusion or imagination or it actually exists just like other living beings despite being hardly ever found. Life or death? Real or unreal? Therefore, Goeldi may be regarded as an expressionist painter living an inward and outward boarding reality. So far such an issue has remained timeless as it may be seen in the works by Nuno Ramos, José Rufino and Willian Kentridge

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We use a very general calculational method, concerning the divergences manipulations and calculations, in order to treat the perturbative solution of quantum electrodynamics (QED), at the one loop level, as well as to study the perturbative origin of the axial triangle anomaly related with the electromagnetic decay of the neutral pion. Within the context of the referred method, all one-loop divergent amplitudes are evaluated by taking the most general choices for the routing of internal lines momentum and without assuming an explicit form of regularization in intermediary steps. The expressions for the evaluated Green functions are written in terms of a small set of basic divergent objects and standard one-loop finite structure functions. The relations among Green functions are all verified without any assumption for the involved arbitrariness. A set of conditions, for the consistency in perturbative calculations, is identified by requiring that the evaluated amplitudes become free from ambiguities and symmetry preserving. The renormalization, at the one loop level, is discussed. Adopting then the consistent point of view emerged from the QED analysis we consider the treatment of the axial-vector-vector (AVV) triangle amplitude. As a consequence of our investigations, we can conclude that the traditional way to look at triangle anomalies, based on intrinsic arbitrariness, could be questionable in its role of justifying the perturbative origin of the associated symmetry violations. We show then, by performing exact, analytical and off the mass shell calculations for the involved amplitudes that the anomaly emerges in a natural way and with the correct value for the violations, in the adopted approach, in spite of its nonambiguous character. The advantage of the used strategy, relative to traditional ones, resides in the fact that only one prescription is needed to treat all amplitudes in all theories and models. In addition, the results thus obtained can always be mapped into those corresponding to traditional regularization techniques including the Dimensional Regularization and the surface's terms evaluation approach, providing the specific interpretations of each treatment are adopted for the undefined quantities involved. This means that the consistent QED results of DR as well as the usual surface's term evaluation for the AVV anomaly can be recovered from those obtained within the context of the adopted method but this implies to assume di¤erent values for identical mathematical object. Only the alternative strategy adopted in the present work, to manipulate and calculate the divergences of perturbative solutions of QFT's can give a consistent treatment of both problems in a simultaneous way. Perspectives for additional investigations are pointed out. / Nós usamos um método muito geral de cálculo, concernente a manipulação e cálculo de divergências a fim de tratar a solução perturbativa da Eletrodinâmica quântica (EDQ), a nível um "loop", bem como estudar a origem perturbativa da anomalia triangular axial relacionada ao decaimento do Píon neutro. No contexto do método mencionado, todas as amplitudes divergentes a um "loop" são calculadas assumindo as escolhas mais gerais para os rótulos dos momentos das linhas internas e sem assumir uma forma de regularização explícita em etapas intermediárias. As expressões para as funções de Green são escritas em termos de um pequeno conjunto de objetos divergentes básicos e de conjunto de funções de estruturas finitas padrão de um "loop". As relações entre funções de Green são todas verificadas sem qualquer hipótese para as arbitrariedades envolvidas. Um conjunto de condições, para a consistência nos cálculos perturbativos, é identificado pela exigência que as amplitudes calculadas tornam-se livres de ambigüidades e que a simetria deve ser preservada. A renormalização ao nível um "loop" é discutida. Adotando então um ponto de vista consistente obtido a partir da análise da EDQ, nós consideramos o tratamento da amplitude triangular axial-vector-vetor (AVV). Como uma conseqüência de nossas investigações, concluímos que o modo tradicional de olhar para as anomalias triangulares, baseada nas arbitrariedades intrínsecas, poderia ser questionável em seu papel de justificar a origem perturbativa das violações de simetria associadas. Nós mostramos então, efetuando cálculos exatos, analíticos e fora da camada de massa para as amplitudes envolvidas que a anomalia emerge de uma maneira natural e com o valor correto para as violações, na aproximação adotada, apesar do caráter não ambíguo. A vantagem da estratégia usada, relativa àquelas tradicionais, reside no fato que somente uma prescrição é necessária para tratar todas as amplitudes em todas as teorias e modelos. Adicionalmente, os resultados da estratégia adotada podem sempre ser mapeados naqueles correspondentes a técnicas de regularização tradicionais, incluindo a Regularização Dimensional (RD) e a aproximação de cálculo de termos de superfície, provendo as interpretações específicas de cada tratamento são adotados valores diferentes para as quantidades indefinidas envolvidas. Isto significa que os resultados consistentes para a EDQ produzidos pela RD, assim como os resultados produzidos pelo cálculo de termos de superfície para a anomalia AVV, podem ser recuperados a partir daqueles obtidos dentro do contexto do método adotado mas isto implica assumir valores diferentes para objetos matemáticos idênticos. Somente a estratégia alternativa adotada no presente trabalho, para manipular e calcular as divergências de soluções perturbativas de TQC's podem dar um tratamento consistente de ambos os problemas em modo simultâneo. Perspectivas para investigações adicionais são apontadas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Compreender o caráter ambíguo da temática de Oswaldo Goeldi é o grande desafio proposto pelo artista a todos que, de forma geral, estão inseridos em uma compreensão mediana e superficial dentro do cotidiano. Numa atmosfera fantástica, Goeldi procura tornar as paisagens, seus seres e objetos mais ambíguos ainda. E devido à perplexidade que seus trabalhos causam aos espectadores torna-se impossível fechar um único conceito ou opinião sobre o caráter dos desenhos e gravuras deste artista situado entre os extremos da luz e das sombras. Comparando as obras de Goeldi com o gênero literário fantástico, que é caracterizado por um mundo individual regido pelas incertezas de cada um, segundo Tzvetan Todorov em sua obra Introdução à Literatura Fantástica, pode-se vislumbrar nas obras de Goeldi duas condições: ou o ser estranho é uma ilusão, um ser imaginário, ou então existe realmente, exatamente como os outros seres vivos, mas com a ressalva de que raramente o encontramos. Vida ou morte? Real ou irreal? Dessa forma, podemos dizer que Goeldi foi um expressionista que viveu uma realidade fronteiriça entre o interior e exterior, a qual não era menos fantástica do que real. Uma questão que permanece atemporal até os dias de hoje conforme veremos nas obras de Nuno Ramos, José Rufino e William Kentridge / To grasp the ambiguous nature pertaining Oswaldo Goeldis theme is a challenge the artist poses to those who are somewhat involved in an ordinary and superficial approach of everyday life. In creating a fantastic atmosphere, Goeldi manages to make its scenery, beings and objects even more unclear. Moreover, because viewers are struck with the perplexity of his artwork, it is impossible to adopt a definite concept on the character of this artists drawings and prints which lies between the borders of lights and shadows? In comparison with fantastic literary genre, which features a world ruled by individual uncertainties, according to Tzvetan Todorov in his Introduction to Literature Fantastic, one may glimpse two conditions into Goeldis art: either his depicting element is an illusion or imagination or it actually exists just like other living beings despite being hardly ever found. Life or death? Real or unreal? Therefore, Goeldi may be regarded as an expressionist painter living an inward and outward boarding reality. So far such an issue has remained timeless as it may be seen in the works by Nuno Ramos, José Rufino and Willian Kentridge

UML and use case modeling have the last few years received much attention. Use cases are used to describe the functional requirements of a system and a use case diagram shows the relationships among use cases and actors within a system. The semantics of use case diagrams are, however, often unclear. The aim of this dissertation is to point out ambiguities and limited expressiveness present in the current use case notation of UML and to indicate in which directions remedies to these deficiencies may be sought. Problems reported by researchers were identified and presented to a set of use case practitioners. Then a proposal of possible improvements of the use case notation, which should reduce the ambiguities and increase the expressiveness in the notation, was developed. To place some measurements on the value the proposal can have in practice, it was also presented to a set of practitioners. The proposal provides a suggestion of how to model various tricky situations in a use case diagram. Furthermore, the dissertation gives insight on how the use case technique is used in practice. Practitioners argue that the use case specifications are more important than the use case diagrams. They also argue that the purpose of use case diagrams is to describe a system's main functionalities and not details, and that as few use case relationships as possible should be used in use case diagrams.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’améliorer la détection de cibles lentes et de faible réflectivité dans le cas de radars de sol Doppler pulsés à fréquence de récurrence intermédiaire. Ces radars, hautement ambigus en distance et en vitesse, émettent de façon consécutive des trains d’impulsions de périodes de récurrence différentes, afin de lever les ambiguïtés.L’émission successive de trains d’impulsions de courtes durées conduit à une faible capacité de séparation sur l’axe Doppler. Par conséquent, les objets lents de faible réflectivité, comme les drones, sont difficiles à distinguer du fouillis de sol. A l’issue du traitement Doppler conventionnel qui vise à éliminer les échos de fouillis, les performances de détection de ces cibles sont fortement atténuées. Pour palier à ce problème, nous avons développé une nouvelle chaîne de traitement 2D distance/Doppler pour les radars à fréquence de récurrence intermédiaire. Celle-ci s’appuie, en premier lieu, sur un algorithme itératif permettant d’exploiter la diversité temporelle entre les trains d’impulsions émis, afin de lever les ambiguïtés en distance et en vitesse et de détecter les cibles rapides exo-fouillis. La détection des cibles lentes endo-fouillis est ensuite réalisée à l’aide d’un détecteur adaptatif. Une nouvelle approche, permettant d’associer les signaux issus de rafales de caractéristiques différentes pour l’estimation de la matrice de covariance, est utilisée en vue d’optimiser les performances de détection. Les différents tests effectués sur données simulées et réelles pour évaluer les traitements développés et la nouvelle chaîne de traitement, ont montré l’intérêt de ces derniers. / The aim of this thesis is to enhance the detection of slow-moving targets with low reflectivity in case of ground-based pulse Doppler radars operating in intermediate pulse repetition frequency. These radars are highly ambiguous in range and Doppler. To resolve ambiguities, they transmit successively short pulse trains with different pulse repetition intervals. The transmission of short pulse trains results in a poor Doppler resolution. As consequence, slow-moving targets with low reflectivity, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, are buried into clutter returns. One of the main drawbacks of the classical Doppler processing of intermediate pulse repetition frequency pulse Doppler radars is the low detection performance of small and slowly-moving targets after ground clutter rejection. In order to address this problem, a two-dimensional range / Dopper processing chain including new techniques is proposed in this thesis. First, an iterative algorithm allows to exploit transmitted pulse trains temporal diversity to resolve range and Doppler ambiguities and detect fast, exo-clutter, targets. The detection of slow, endo-clutter, targets is then performed by an adaptive detection scheme. It uses a new covariance matrix estimation approach allowing the association of pulse trains with different characteristics in order to enhance detection performance. The different tests performed on simulated and real data to evaluate the proposed techniques and the new processing chain have shown their effectiveness.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This TCF presents a proposal of literary literacy for classes of Educação de Jovens e Adultos of Elementary School from the debate on sexual identities and the ambiguity as this theme is approached by Clarice Lispector in the book A via crucis do corpo (1974). This proposal advocates the selection of literary texts for EJAEF with the purpose of promoting actions with the objective of guaranteeing the deserved importance to literary literacy in the process of formation of these readers. Our proposal was built through a field research, in a public school in the state of Sergipe, in the year 2016, which explored the reading of sexual ambiguity in the stories of Clarice Lispector. At the first moment, we mapped the horizon of expectation of these readers; Secondly, we included the debate on the flexibilities of sexual identities from the study of the behavior of the characters; During the third part, we proposed the reflection of how the sexual identities are built in the social context of these readers. Methodologically, we applied the theoretical concepts regarding the formation of the reader: "literary identity", of A. Rouxel, "literary literacy" articulated by H. Cosson and C. Gomes, "literary reading" in EJA, defended by M. Cruz. With regard to the debate on the construction of sexual identity, we took as reference the studies of M. Foucault, G. Louro and S. Hall, since they defend the temporariness of identity with various possibilities of social reconfigurations. As a result of this research, we present the report of the reading experience that aimed to broaden the reader's expectation horizon regarding the flexibility of sexual identities.This was possible because the reader, from his cultural horizon, assumes the role of collaborator in the process of producing meanings for the literary work. Therefore, this work seeks to broaden the debate on pleasing methods to plan our classes of literary readings in the classes of the EJAEF. / Este TCF apresenta uma proposta de letramento literário para turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos do Ensino Fundamental a partir do debate em torno das identidades sexuais e da ambiguidade como esse tema é abordado por Clarice Lispector no livro A via crucis do corpo (1974). Esta proposta defende a seleção de textos literários para EJAEF com a finalidade de promover ações com o objetivo de garantir ao letramento literário a devida importância no processo de formação desses leitores. Nossa proposta foi construída por meio de uma pesquisa de campo, em uma escola pública do estado de Sergipe, no ano de 2016, que explorou a leitura da ambiguidade sexual nos contos de Clarice Lispector. No primeiro momento, mapeamos o horizonte de expectativa desses leitores; no segundo, incluímos o debate sobre as flexibilidades das identidades sexuais a partir do estudo do comportamento das personagens; no terceiro, propomos a reflexão de como as identidades sexuais são construídas no contexto social desses leitores. Metodologicamente, aplicamos os conceitos teóricos ligados à formação do leitor: “identidade literária”, de A. Rouxel, “letramento literário”, articulado por H. Cosson e por C. Gomes, “leitura literária” na EJA, defendida por M. Cruz. Quanto ao debate da construção da identidade sexual, tomamos como referência os estudos de M. Foucault, G. Louro e S. Hall, que defendem a transitoriedade da identidade com diversas possibilidades de reconfigurações sociais. Como resultado desta pesquisa, apresentamos o relato da experiência de leitura que teve o objetivo de ampliar o horizonte de expectativa do leitor no que se refere à flexibilidade das identidades sexuais. Isso foi possível porque o leitor, a partir de seu horizonte cultural, assume a função de colaborador no processo de produção de sentidos para a obra literária. Desta forma, este trabalho busca ampliar o debate sobre métodos prazerosos para planejarmos nossas aulas de leituras literárias nas turmas da EJAEF.