[pt] As companhias regionais de distribuição não são autossuficientes em energia elétrica para atender seus clientes, e requerem importar a potência necessária do sistema interligado. No Brasil, elas realizam anualmente o processo de contratação do montante de uso do sistema de transmissão (MUST) para o horizonte dos próximos quatro anos. Essa operação é um exemplo real de tarefa que envolve decisões sob incerteza com elevado impacto na produtividade das empresas distribuidoras e do setor elétrico em geral. O trabalho se torna ainda mais complexo diante da crescente variabilidade associada à geração de energia renovável e à mudança do perfil do consumidor. O MUST é uma variável aleatória, e ser capaz de compreender sua variabilidade é crucial para melhor tomada de decisão. O fluxo de potência probabilístico é uma técnica que mapeia as incertezas das injeções nodais e configuração de rede nos equipamentos de transmissão e, consequentemente, nas potências importadas em cada ponto de conexão com o sistema interligado. Nesta tese, o objetivo principal é desenvolver metodologias baseadas no fluxo de potência probabilístico via simulação Monte Carlo, em conjunto com a técnica da entropia cruzada, para estimar os riscos envolvidos na contratação ótima do MUST. As metodologias permitem a implementação de software comercial para lidar com o algoritmo de fluxo de potência, o que é relevante para sistemas reais de grande porte. Apresenta-se, portanto, uma ferramenta computacional prática que serve aos engenheiros das distribuidoras de energia elétrica. Resultados com sistemas acadêmicos e reais mostram que as propostas cumprem os objetivos traçados, com benefícios na redução dos custos totais no processo de otimização de contratos e dos tempos computacionais envolvidos nas estimativas de risco. / [en] Local power distribution companies are not self-sufficient in electricity to serve their customers, and require importing additional energy supply from the interconnected bulk power systems. In Brazil, they annually carry out the contracting process for the amount of transmission system usage (ATSU) for the next four years. This process is a real example of a task that involves decisions under uncertainty with a high impact on the productivity of the distributions companies and on the electricity sector in general. The task becomes even more complex in face of the increasing variability associated with the generation of renewable energy and the changing profile of the consumer. The ATSU is a random variable, and being able to understand its variability is crucial for better decision making. Probabilistic power flow is a technique that maps the uncertainties of nodal injections and network configuration in the transmission equipment and, consequently, in the imported power at each connection point with the bulk power system. In this thesis, the main objective is to develop methodologies based on probabilistic power flow via Monte Carlo simulation, together with cross entropy techniques, to assess the risks involved in the optimal contracting of the ATSU. The proposed approaches allow the inclusion of commercial software to deal with the power flow algorithm, which is relevant for large practical systems. Thus, a realistic computational tool that serves the engineers of electric distribution companies is presented. Results with academic and real systems show that the proposals fulfill the objectives set, with the benefits of reducing the total costs in the optimization process of contracts and computational times involved in the risk assessments.

This diploma thesis „Financing options for housing in the Czech Republic“ is focused on the issues connected with financing one´s own housing. The goal of this work is mainly to introduce the issues and possibilities of financing housing of the citizens of the Czech Republic, analyze products that could be used while financing housing and compare the costs of financing housing, while using different bank products. In the theoretical part of the work, we obtain knowledge intentions and developments of housing policy in the Czech Republic; we clearly introduce with the products that are helpful while financing housing and their combinations. Insurance products are also mentioned in the thesis. Those products can protect citizens against unwanted influences during the period when they pay off their loans. We can also find here the recent development of loan products and bank market in the Czech Republic, its current offers and overview of its products, from which citizens can choose the most suitable one for their needs. Practical part of the thesis deals with the comparison and research in the least costly way of financing housing in three different time horizons with the help of one product or a combination of products.

This master’s thesis focuses on hydrodynamic plain bearing drivetrain in-line sixcylinder diesel tractor engine. In the first part is used as reported in contemporary bearing materials and design solutions bearing basins. Furthermore, given the general Reynolds equation of hydrodynamic lubrication. The main part of the thesis is devoted to creating a virtual model of the crank mechanism in MBS system ADAMS/Engine. Rigid crankshaft in this model is replaced by the flexible crankshaft, which is prepared in the FEM software ANSYS and then exported. The final section presents the results of simulations and their evaluation.

This diploma thesis deals with the question of an adequate satisfaction as a claim resulting from violator's unfair competition conduct. The thesis is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part is to define general presumptions for the commencement of claim of the adequate satisfaction such as unlawfulness consisting in prohibited unfair competition conduct, injured party's non-pecuniary harm, causal link between violator's unlawful conduct and injured party's non-pecuniary harm and violator's fault. The second part defines persons entitled to claim the adequate satisfaction and persons obliged to meet such a claim. The third part deals with ways in which the adequate satisfaction can be provided and criterions substantial for assessment of the amount of the adequate satisfaction in money. Particular attention is paid to the question of function and purpose of the adequate satisfaction in the unfair competition law framework in particular the question of whether the unfair competition could be designated as a preventive and punitive instrument beside its main purpose of satisfaction of non- material harm suffered by the injured party and whether the function of prevention a sanction could be taken into account in deciding about the amount of the adequate satisfaction in money. The thesis...

Atea är ett företag som ger sina anställda friheten att arbeta på valfri plats och detta kan leda till att ett kontor inte kanske används tillfullo. Denna studie kommer därför lägga fokus på att ta fram en lösning som kommer räkna antalet personer som är på Ateas kontor i realtid och även spara data för tidigare dagar för att ge statistik över en längre tid. Syftet med denna typ av lösning är att se hur ett kontor används, samt om detta är en lösning som kommer vara användbar och för vem. En prototyplösning har tagits fram för att testa denna typ av lösning på ett kontor. Lösningen kommer bestå av olika delar som innehåller IoT, API, Next.js och hostas på Azure. I resultatet så kan man konstaterat en rad brister och svagheter existerar i denna lösning. Mätningar visar olika data ifrån vad man personligen uppskattar gentemot vad lösningen visar. Detta beror på flera faktorer, varav den största är att lösningen endast hade tillgång till en kamera och kontoret har två in- och utgångar. Vid sammanställning av användartester så kan man se en trend av att många anser att denna typ av lösning kan vara bra i en personlig synvinkel men också ur en professionell synvinkel, och det finns ett uttryckt intresse för denna typ av lösning. / Atea is a company that gives its employees the opportunity to work from where ever they want and this can lead to the office not being used to its full potential. This study will therefore explore the option to develop a solution that can count the amount of people coming and going to an Atea office in real-time, and also save the data for previous days in order to give statistic over a longer period of time. The purpose with this type of solution is to evaluate how well an office is being used, and also to determine if the solution is useful and for who. A prototype has been created in order to test the solution at an office. The solution consists of different parts made up of IoT, API, Next.js and is hosted on Azure. The results show a lot of weaknesses and flaws in this solution. The measurements show different numbers from the ones that was estimated by personal headcount versus what the solution produced. This has to do with a couple of factors but the main one being that the solution only had access to one smart camera and the office has two entrances. When compiling the user tests, we can see a trend that most people like the solution and this type of solution would be good in a personal perspective but also in a professional one. There is also an expressed interest in a solution like this.

La presente investigación fue elaborada con el objetivo de analizar la NIC 40 y determinar el impacto financiero y tributario de las propiedades de inversión en las empresas del sector inmobiliario del distrito Santiago de surco, año 2018, nuestro instrumento principal es la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad NIC 40 “Propiedades de Inversión”, con la emisión de ésta norma surgió la necesidad de revisar el tratamiento contable que sirva para presentar razonablemente las cifras de los Estados Financieros y la toma de decisiones por parte de los usuarios. Dentro del capítulo I Marco teórico, se realiza un estudio respecto a las Normas Internacionales contables, definición, evolución, objetivo, medición inicial y posterior a revelar de la NIC 40 “Propiedad de Inversión”; se indaga sobre los tipos de modelos al costo o valor razonable y transferencias, se analiza también el sector inmobiliario y el impacto financiero y tributario. En el capítulo II, se plantea el problema principal y secundario, así como los objetivos generales y específicos, hipótesis principales y secundarias. Capitulo III Metodología de la investigación se definirá la población y muestra a evaluar durante nuestra investigación. En el capítulo IV Desarrollo de la investigación donde aplicamos las entrevistas de profundidad a los especialistas del tema y el desarrollo del caso de una empresa del sector inmobiliario que cuenta con una propiedad de inversión. En el Capítulo V Análisis de resultados, se desarrolla las entrevistas, el caso práctico y la validación de las hipótesis generales y especificas con relación a los resultados obtenidos. Para obtener un mejor entendimiento de la norma, se realizó un ejemplo en donde se detalla la transferencia del inmueble, que deja de ser Propiedad planta y equipo (NIC 16) pasando a ser Propiedad de inversión (NIC 40), en la cual se detalla el análisis correspondiente. / Abstrac: The present investigation was prepared with the objective of analyzing IAS 40 and determining the financial and tax impact of investment properties in the companies of the real estate sector of the Santiago de Surco district, year 2018, our main instrument is the International Accounting Standard IAS 40 “Investment Property”, with the issuance of this standard, the need arose to review the accounting treatment that reasonably presents the figures of the Financial Statements and the decision making by the users. Within chapter I Theoretical framework, a study is carried out regarding International Accounting Standards, definition, evolution, objective, initial and subsequent disclosure of IAS 40 "Investment Property"; the types of models are investigated at cost or fair value and transfers, the real estate sector and the financial and tax impact are also analyzed. In chapter II, the main and secondary problem is posed, as well as the general and specific objectives, main and secondary hypotheses. Chapter III Research methodology will define the population and sample to evaluate during our investigation. In chapter IV Development of the investigation where we apply the in-depth interviews to the specialists of the subject and the development of the case of a company of the real estate sector that has an investment property. In Chapter V Analysis of results, the interviews, the case study and the validation of the general and specific hypotheses regarding the results obtained are developed. To obtain a better understanding of the norm, an example was made where the transfer of the property is detailed, which ceases to be Plant and Equipment Property (IAS 16) becoming an Investment Property (IAS 40), which details The corresponding analysis. / Tesis

Orientador: Alessandra Tomaselli Fidelis / Resumo: O Cerrado é formado por fisionomias campestres e savânicas, evoluiu na presença do fogo e depende dele para manter suas fisionomias e biodiversidade. O regime de fogo influencia diretamente na montagem da comunidade vegetal, na regeneração e nas habilidades competitivas das plantas. A frequência é um dos fatores do regime de fogo e alterações nela podem ser prejudiciais até mesmo para plantas e comunidades adaptadas ao fogo. Portanto, este estudo busca compreender os efeitos de diferentes frequências de fogo em comunidades de campo sujo de Cerrado. Para isso, foram realizados levantamentos da vegetação e coleta de biomassa em áreas com diferentes históricos de fogo (excluído do fogo, queimadas anualmente e bienalmente), o que forneceu os dados de composição e produtividade da comunidade. Os levantamentos, incluindo a cobertura (%) por espécie, foram realizados em 10 subparcelas de 1x1m por tratamento (10 subparcelas/tratamento,3 tratamentos, 4 parcelas/tratamento). Avaliamos também através da taxa de propagação (m.s-1), eficiência de queima (%) e intensidade (kW.m-1) entre outros parâmetros do fogo, os efeitos de diferentes frequências no comportamento do fogo. Nossos resultados mostraram que a riqueza de espécies das comunidades vegetais foi maior nas áreas com frequência anual de fogo do que nas excluídas, 6 meses após o fogo e maior para as bienais do que as excluídas 12 meses após o fogo. O índice de diversidade foi maior no tratamento anual de queima antes e 12 meses apó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Cerrado is formed by grasslands and savannah physiognomies, evolved in the presence of fire and depends on it to maintain its physiognomies and biodiversity. The fire regime influences the plant community assembly, the regeneration and the competitive abilities of the plants. Frequency is one of the factors of the fire regime and changes in it can be detrimental even to fire-adapted plants and communities. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the effects of different fire frequencies in campo sujo of Cerrado communities. For this, vegetation surveys and biomass collection were carried out in areas with different fire histories (excluded from fire, burned annually and biennially), which provided community composition and productivity data. Surveys, including coverage (%) by species, were performed on 10 1x1m subplots per treatment (10 subplots / treatment, 3 treatments, 4 plots / treatment). We also evaluated through propagation rate (m.s-1), firing efficiency (%) and intensity (kW.m-1) among other fire parameters, the effects of different frequencies on fire behavior. Our results showed that species richness of plant communities was higher in areas with annual fire frequency than in excluded areas 6 months after fire and higher for biennials than those excluded 12 months after fire. The diversity index was higher in the annual burn treatment before and 12 months after the burns. Regarding the number of species per functional group, only the forbs presented increase a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] A complementaridade entre os perfis de geração renovável tem sido amplamente explorada na literatura. No entanto, as estruturas regulatórias eeconômicas para usinas híbridas de energia apresentam desafios e oportunidades interessantes para investidores, reguladores e planejadores. Focando nomercado de energia brasileiro, este artigo propõe um cálculo unificado e isonômico de Garantia Física (GF) para geradores renováveis não controláveis, quenos permite 1) generalizar o conceito de GF para unidades híbridas e 2) capturar as sinergias regulatórias e econômicas entre as fontes. Com base na GFnão discriminatória proposta para usinas híbridas de energia, a co-otimizaçãodas estratégias de contratação de energia no mercado de futuro e da rede, o Montante de Uso do Sistema de Transmissão (MUST), é estudada, e seus incentivos econômicos são demonstrados. A participação ótima de fontes renováveisque compõem a geração da usina híbrida também é considerada no modelo eanalisada em nossos estudos de caso. Com base em dados reais do mercadode energia brasileiro, quantificamos os benefícios das estruturas e modelos demercado propostos para uma unidade híbrida típica de eólico-solar. / [en] The complementarity between renewable generation profiles has been widely explored in literature. Notwithstanding, the regulatory and economic frameworks for hybrid power plants add interesting challenges and opportunities for investors, regulators, and planners. Focusing on the Brazilian power market, this paper proposes a unified and isonomic firm energy certificate (FEC) calculation for non-controllable renewable generators, which allows us to 1) generalize the FEC concept for hybrid units and 2) capture the regulatory and economic synergies between sources. Based on the non-discriminatory FEC proposed for hybrid power plants, the co-optimization of both forward-market and network-access contracting strategies is studied, and its economic incentives are demonstrated. The optimal share of renewable sources composing the hybrid power plant is also considered in the model and analyzed in our case studies. Based on real data from the Brazilian power market, we quantify the benefits of the proposed market structures and model for a typical wind–solar hybrid unit.

The world is facing a major climate threat where carbon dioxide emissions are in focus. At the same time, society requires new buildings and developed infrastructure. Concrete is one of the most common building materials and 30 billion tonnes are produced annually, which corresponds to about 6 percent of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. The majority of carbon dioxide emissions occur during cement production. Sweden's long-term climate goal is that by 2045 there will be no net emissions to the atmosphere. To achieve this, a major change is required in the concrete and cement industry. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by reducing the amount of cement in concrete and replacing the reduced amount with a supplement. Materials with pozzolanic properties have been shown to work well as binders in concrete. Pozzolan materials contain a high content of silica which reacts well with calcium hydroxide in cement. Oat and rice husk ash that is burned under the right conditions has shown good pozzolanic properties. The purpose of this thesis is to optimize a concrete recipe that will result in reduced carbon dioxide emissions by reducing the amount of cement. The reduced amount of cement is replaced with rice husk ash. The report is based on laboratory work where concrete recipes are mixed, measured for density, tested for set and spread measurements and cast into cubes for later tensile strength testing. The results from the laboratories showed that rice husk ash as a binder in concrete provides high early compressive strength, high density through particle compaction and becomes self-compacting without stone separation. One conclusion that can be drawn is that rice husk ash as a supplement to cement can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions by 54 percent. / Världen står inför ett stort klimathot där koldioxidutsläppen står i fokus. Samtidigt är samhället i behov av nya bostäder och utvecklad infrastruktur. Betong är ett av de vanligaste byggnadsmaterialen och det produceras årligen 30 miljarder ton, vilket motsvarar cirka 6 procent av världens koldioxidutsläpp. Majoriteten av koldioxidutsläppen sker vid cementtillverkningen. Sveriges långsiktiga klimatmål är att år 2045 inte ha några nettoutsläpp till atmosfären. För att uppnå detta krävs en stor förändring i betong- och cementindustrin. Koldioxidutsläppen kan minskas genom att reducera mängden cement i betongen och ersätta den reducerade mängden med ett supplement. Material med puzzolana egenskaper har visat sig fungera bra som bindemedel i betong. Puzzolana material innehåller en hög halt av kiseldioxid som reagerar bra med kalciumhydroxid i cement. Havre- och risskalaska som bränns under rätt process har uppvisat bra puzzolana egenskaper. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att optimera ett betongrecept som ska resultera i minskade koldioxidutsläpp genom att reducera mängden cement. Den reducerade mängden cement ersätts med risskalaska. Rapporten bygger på laborationer där betongrecept blandas, mäts för densitet, testas för sätt- och utbredningsmått samt gjuts i kuber för senare tyckhållfasthetsprover. Resultatet från laborationerna visade att risskalaska som bindemedel i betong ger hög tidig tryckhållfasthet, hög densitet genom partikelpackning samt blir självkompakterande utan att stenseparation sker. En slutsats som kan dras är att risskalaska som supplement till cement kan reducera mängden koldioxidutsläpp med 54 procent.

Reading plays a significant role in society and currently there is worldwide pressure for higher literacy results. The focus of this thesis is reading motivation and how it relates to a learner's amount of reading, reading comprehension and academic achievement since these problematic constructs are attracting the interest of researchers internationally. Researchers have investigated the relationships among these constructs with a variety of results. These relationships, however, have not yet been investigated in a South African context with Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers, and the only information available on the reading motivation of Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers is information on their reading preferences in regard to literary texts. Hence the following three research aims were determined for this study: the compilation of a reading motivation profile of Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers, the analysis of the relationships among Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers' reading motivation and their amount of reading, reading comprehension and academic achievement in an Afrikaans Home Language environment, as well as the development of a reading motivation framework, particularly for use in the school and classroom environment, for these adolescent readers. The study was carried out in the post-positivistic research paradigm by means of a non-experimental quantitative research approach. Three methods of data collection were used, namely a structured questionnaire (based on the eleven reading motivation dimensions of Wigfield and Guthrie's (1997) Motivation for Reading Questionnaire, which for this purpose had been adapted for the South African context), two reading comprehension tests and obtaining the data regarding the academic achievement of the respondents. The 823 respondents that had participated in this study were the grade 9 learners (Afrikaans Home Language) of seven schools from the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district (North West Province, South Africa), selected by means of purposive sampling so that different quintiles and geographic areas were represented. Information obtained from a comprehensive literature study on relevant motivation theories, on reading motivation in practice and on the relationship among their reading motivation, amount of reading, reading comprehension and academic achievement, as well as from the results of an empirical investigation of the reading motivation of specific grade 9 learners, was used to compile a reading motivation profile of Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers. The motivation theories on which motivation in this study was based, were the social-cognitive theory, the self-efficacy theory, the ecological system theory of human development and the expectancy-value theory, because these theories emphasise the individual's behaviour within particular social contexts and because constructs such as self-efficacy, task value and mastery, which emanate from these theories, play a cardinal role in determining suitable reading motivation strategies for specific readers. It was essential to compile a reading motivation profile of Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers before a reading motivation framework for these adolescent readers could be compiled. The reading motivation framework recommends specific reading motivation strategies various social role-players in the school and classroom environments can implement so as to improve Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers' reading motivation levels. The various social role-players that would influence the Afrikaans-speaking adolescent reader's reading motivation and the reading motivation strategies each of them could use, was systematised (namely the Department of Education, the school principal and management team, teachers and parents). The essence of the contribution made by this study is that a reading motivation profile of a group of Afrikaans-speaking adolescent readers (grade 9 learners) could be compiled, that clear mutual relationships among the respondents' reading motivation and their amount of reading, reading comprehension and academic achievement came to the fore from this study and that a reading motivation framework could be developed by means of which to improve the reading motivation levels of these adolescent readers. / PhD (Curriculum Development, Innovation and Evaluation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014