Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdautoLT.pdf: 2061017 bytes, checksum: 12a139ba25174e3b22d08cf31c934500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work proposes a new methodology to verify those analog circuits, providing an automated tools to help the verifiers to have a more truthful result. This work presents the development of new methodology for analog circuits verification. The main goal is to provide a more automated verification process to certify analog circuits functional behavior. The proposed methodology is based on the golden model technique. A verification environment based on this methodology was built and results of a study case based on the validation of an operational amplifier design are offered as a confirmation of its effectiveness. The results had shown that the verification process was more truthful because of the automation provided by the tool developed / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta de verifica??o para circuitos anal?gicos. O principal objetivo desta ? aumentar a automa??o dos processos de verifica??o. Al?m disso, proporcionar a constru??o de um ambiente de verifica??o capaz de gerar relat?rios ao longo deste processo. Esta metodologia ? baseada na t?cnica do Modelo de Ouro, no entanto, ela tamb?m prop?e uma segunda t?cnica para verificar o modelo de refer?ncia, para se obter resultados mais confi?veis. A metodologia foi utilizada, como estudo de caso, na verifica??o de um amplificador operacional

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La pathogenèse de la sacculite anale demeure incomprise. Cette condition semble cependant être plus fréquente chez les chiens atopiques. La sacculite anale se traite principalement avec un antibiotique. Avec la montée de l’antibiorésistance, il est important de mieux comprendre sa pathogenèse afin de prévenir la maladie et trouver des traitements alternatifs aux antibiotiques. Cette étude visait donc à comparer le microbiote bactérien et les cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les sacs anaux de chiens sains à ceux de chiens atopiques, afin de déterminer si des changements pourraient être à l’origine des sacculites anales chez les chiens atopiques. L’hypothèse de ce projet était que le microbiote bactérien et les cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les sacs anaux des chiens sains diffèrent de ceux des chiens atopiques traités ou non traités. Les principaux objectifs de cette étude étaient donc de caractériser le microbiote bactérien (MB) des sacs anaux des chiens atopiques recevant ou non un traitement (oclacitinib, cetirizine ou immunothérapie allergénique) et de déterminer si la concentration de certaines cytokines pro-inflammatoires libérées dans les sacs anaux variait entre les chiens sains et les chiens atopiques non traités (CANT) et les chiens atopiques traités (CAT). Des écouvillons floqués ont été utilisés pour échantillonner le rectum et les sécrétions provenant des sacs anaux de 15 chiens sains, six CAT et 14 CANT pour l’analyse du microbiote bactérien. L’extraction de l’acide désoxyribonucléique a été effectuée avec le kit commercial DNeasy PowerSoil. Le séquençage de la région V4 du gène de l’acide ribonucléique ribosomique 16S a ensuite été réalisé avec la plateforme Illumina MiSeq. Pour l’analyse des cytokines, le contenu des sacs anaux de 15 chiens sains, 12 CANT et cinq CAT a été prélevé dans un microtube. Chaque microtube a été mélangé au vortex. Le surnageant a ensuite été prélevé. Les microtubes contenant le surnageant ont ensuite été congelés à -80°C jusqu’à leur analyse. La concentration de l’interféron gamma, des interleukines (IL)-2, 6, 8, 10 et 12/23p40, de la protéine chimiotactique 1 des monocytes, du facteur de croissance des nerfs bêta, du facteur de cellules souches, du facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha (TNF-α) et du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire A a été mesurée avec le test multiplex de Luminex. L’appartenance à la communauté était différente entre les sacs anaux des chiens sains et des CANT, des chiens sains et des CAT et des CANT et des CAT (P = 0,002, P = 0,013 et P = 0,012, respectivement). La structure de la communauté était différente entre les chiens sains et les CANT (P = 0,003) et entre les CANT et les CAT (P = 0,017), mais pas entre les chiens sains et les CAT (P = 0,332). Toutes les cytokines pro-inflammatoires évaluées ont été détectées dans les sacs anaux de chiens sains, de CANT et de CAT. Il n’y avait aucune différence significative entre les groupes, excepté pour l’IL-8 et le TNF-α, où l’IL-8 était plus élevée dans les sacs anaux des CANT en comparaison avec ceux des CAT (P = 0,02), et le TNF-α était en concentration plus faible dans les sacs anaux des chiens sains comparativement aux sacs anaux des CAT (P = 0,04). Il y a une dysbiose dans les sacs anaux de chiens atopiques, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi les chiens atopiques semblent prédisposés à développer des sacculites anales bactériennes. Les traitements (oclacitinib, cetirizine et immunothérapie allergénique) semblent également modifier la composition du microbiote bactérien dans les sacs anaux des chiens atopiques pour qu’elle se rapproche de celle des chiens sains. L'IL-8 pourrait également jouer un rôle dans le développement de la sacculite anale. D’autres études évaluant un plus large nombre de cytokines permettraient possiblement de mettre en évidence des cytokines ayant un rôle important lors de sacculite anale chez les chiens atopiques. / The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis is not well understood. However, this condition appears to be more common in atopic dogs. Anal sacculitis is primarily treated with antibiotic therapies. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to better understand the pathogenesis of anal sacculitis in order to prevent the disease and find alternative treatments to antibiotics. The present study aimed to compare the bacterial microbiota and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of healthy dogs with those of atopic dogs, in order to determine if there are changes that could explain anal sacculitis in atopic dogs. The hypothesis of this project was that the bacterial microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of healthy dogs differ from those of treated and untreated atopic dogs. The main objectives of this study were therefore to characterize the bacterial microbiota of the anal sacs of atopic dogs receiving or not a treatment (oclacitinib, cetirizine or allergen-specific immunotherapy) and to determine if the concentration of certain proinflammatory cytokines released in the anal sacs differed between healthy, untreated atopic dogs (UAD) and treated atopic dogs (TAD). Flocked swabs were used to sample the rectum and secretions from the anal sacs of 15 healthy dogs, six TAD and 14 UAD for bacterial microbiota analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid extraction was performed with the commercial DNeasy PowerSoil kit. Sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was then performed with the Illumina MiSeq platform. For cytokine analysis, the contents of the anal sacs of 15 healthy dogs, 12 UAD, and five TAD were collected in a microtube. Each microtube was vortexed before the supernatant was collected. The microtubes containing the supernatant were then frozen at -80°C until analysis. The concentration of interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, 6, 8, 10, and 12/23p40, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, nerve growth factor beta, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were measured with the Luminex multiplex assay. Community membership was different between the anal sacs of healthy dogs and UAD, healthy dogs and TAD, and UAD and TAD (P = 0.002, P = 0.013, and P = 0.012, respectively). Community structure was different between healthy dogs and UAD (P = 0.003) and between UAD and TAD (P = 0.017), but not between healthy dogs and TAD (P = 0.332). All proinflammatory cytokines assessed were detected in the anal sacs of healthy dogs, UAD, and TAD. There were no significant differences between groups except for IL-8 and TNF-α. IL-8 was higher in UAD anal sacs compared to TAD anal sacs (P = 0.02) and TNF-α was in lower concentration in healthy dog anal sacs compared to TAD anal sacs (P = 0.04). There is a dysbiosis between the anal sacs of UAD and TAD which might explain why atopic dogs seem predisposed to bacterial anal sacculitis. Treatments received by atopic dogs (oclacitinib, cetirizine and allergen-specific immunotherapy) shift the microbiota of the anal sacs towards that of healthy dogs. IL-8 may also play a role in the development of anal sacculitis. Further studies on a larger number of cytokines may identify cytokines that are important in the pathogenesis of anal sacculitis in atopic dogs.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a concordância entre o esfregaço anal e a biópsia guiada por anuscopia de alta resolução no diagnóstico da displasia anal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. MÉTODO: Conduzimos uma análise transversal de pacientes infectados pelo HIV submetidos a rastreamento de displasia anal rotineiro. A concordância entre mensurações foi estimada por índice de kappa ponderado através de sistema de avaliação citológica e histológica de três categorias (normal, displasia de baixo grau, e displasia de alto grau). Estimativas de sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos foram calculados através de sistema de avaliação citológica e histológica de duas categorias (ausência de displasia e displasia de qualquer grau). Estimativas foram calculadas também para a detecção de displasia de alto grau. RESULTADOS: No decorrer de um ano, 222 pacientes foram submetidos a 330 esfregaços anais seguidos de biópsias guiadas por anuscopia de alta resolução. Trezentos e onze (311) esfregaços com biópsias concomitantes foram satisfatórios. Considerando-se a histologia como padrão, a freqüência de displasia anal foi de 46%. O índice kappa ponderado para concordância entre o esfregaço anal e a biópsia foi de 0,20. Para detecção de displasia anal de qualquer grau, o esfregaço anal demonstrou sensibilidade de 61%, especificidade de 60%, valor preditivo positivo de 56% e valor preditivo negativo de 64%. Para displasia de alto grau, o esfregaço anal demonstrou sensibilidade de 16% e especificidade de 97%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, em que comparamos os achados da citologia dos esfregaços com os achados histológicos das biópsias dirigidas pela anuscopia de alta resolução em pacientes infectados pelo HIV permitiram concluir que houve baixa concordância entre eles / Purpose: To analyze the agreement between anal Pap smear and high resolution anoscopy guided biopsy to diagnose anal dysplasia in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Cross sectional analysis of HIV-infected patients receiving anal dysplasia screening as part of routine care. Agreement between measures was estimated by weighted kappa-statistics, using 3-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (normal, low grade dysplasia, and high grade dysplasia). Estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using a 2-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (without dysplasia, and with dysplasia of any grade). Estimates were also calculated for the detection of high grade dysplasia. Results: Two hundred and twenty-two patients underwent 330 anal Pap smears followed by high resolution anoscopy guided biopsies in one year period. There were 311 satisfactory Pap smears with concurrent biopsy. Considering histology the standard, the frequency of anal dysplasia was 46 percent (95 percent confidence interval: 40-51 percent). Kappa-agreement between anal Pap smear and biopsy was 0.20 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.10 0.29). Anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 61 percent, specificity of 60 percent, positive predictive value of 56 percent, and negative predictive value of 64 percent for detection of anal dysplasia of any grade. For high grade dysplasia, anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 16 percent, and specificity of 97 percent. Conclusion: The present study showed a low concordance between anal Pap smears and high resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a concordância entre o esfregaço anal e a biópsia guiada por anuscopia de alta resolução no diagnóstico da displasia anal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. MÉTODO: Conduzimos uma análise transversal de pacientes infectados pelo HIV submetidos a rastreamento de displasia anal rotineiro. A concordância entre mensurações foi estimada por índice de kappa ponderado através de sistema de avaliação citológica e histológica de três categorias (normal, displasia de baixo grau, e displasia de alto grau). Estimativas de sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos foram calculados através de sistema de avaliação citológica e histológica de duas categorias (ausência de displasia e displasia de qualquer grau). Estimativas foram calculadas também para a detecção de displasia de alto grau. RESULTADOS: No decorrer de um ano, 222 pacientes foram submetidos a 330 esfregaços anais seguidos de biópsias guiadas por anuscopia de alta resolução. Trezentos e onze (311) esfregaços com biópsias concomitantes foram satisfatórios. Considerando-se a histologia como padrão, a freqüência de displasia anal foi de 46%. O índice kappa ponderado para concordância entre o esfregaço anal e a biópsia foi de 0,20. Para detecção de displasia anal de qualquer grau, o esfregaço anal demonstrou sensibilidade de 61%, especificidade de 60%, valor preditivo positivo de 56% e valor preditivo negativo de 64%. Para displasia de alto grau, o esfregaço anal demonstrou sensibilidade de 16% e especificidade de 97%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, em que comparamos os achados da citologia dos esfregaços com os achados histológicos das biópsias dirigidas pela anuscopia de alta resolução em pacientes infectados pelo HIV permitiram concluir que houve baixa concordância entre eles / Purpose: To analyze the agreement between anal Pap smear and high resolution anoscopy guided biopsy to diagnose anal dysplasia in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Cross sectional analysis of HIV-infected patients receiving anal dysplasia screening as part of routine care. Agreement between measures was estimated by weighted kappa-statistics, using 3-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (normal, low grade dysplasia, and high grade dysplasia). Estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using a 2-tiered cytologic and histologic grading system (without dysplasia, and with dysplasia of any grade). Estimates were also calculated for the detection of high grade dysplasia. Results: Two hundred and twenty-two patients underwent 330 anal Pap smears followed by high resolution anoscopy guided biopsies in one year period. There were 311 satisfactory Pap smears with concurrent biopsy. Considering histology the standard, the frequency of anal dysplasia was 46 percent (95 percent confidence interval: 40-51 percent). Kappa-agreement between anal Pap smear and biopsy was 0.20 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.10 0.29). Anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 61 percent, specificity of 60 percent, positive predictive value of 56 percent, and negative predictive value of 64 percent for detection of anal dysplasia of any grade. For high grade dysplasia, anal Pap smear showed sensitivity of 16 percent, and specificity of 97 percent. Conclusion: The present study showed a low concordance between anal Pap smears and high resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy