<p>The objective for this master’s thesis was to test and evaluate two methods for determining the content of tannin in a pinebarkextract. The methods used at Södra for this previously have not been specific enough, only the amount of polyphenolics have been measured. One of these methods is a test based on the Stiasny test and it determines the extracts ability to form a gel with formaldehyde. When this test was carried out it showed that the extract did not contain much tannin. The other method used at Södra measures the amount of polyphenolic substances with a spectrophotometer. The result from this method showed that the content were 50 %.</p><p> </p><p>One of the two new methods that were evaluated determines the amount tannin present in the extract because of tannins ability to form a complex with proteins. According to this method, the amount tannin in the extract were 42,5 %, and 19,4 % of this in the form of tannic acid. These results are credible on basis of previous information about the extract.</p><p> </p><p>The other method uses a RP- HPLC where ellagic and gallic acid were used as standards. The amount ellagic acid in the extract was determined to 0,06 %, but the result from gallic acid was inconclusive. Further analysis is necessary to evaluate the obtained results and the methods reliability.</p><p> </p><p>If the metods is to be used on a regular basis, my recommendation would be to start evaluating the protein-binding method because this would be easier and less time-consuming than modifying the HPLC- method. The HPLC- method could on the other hand provide useful information about the extract, not only the amount tannin could be measured, but also which kind of tannin could be investigated.</p>

<p>The two additive brominated flame retardants, tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (TBECH) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are used to prevent fire to start and spread. They are simply mixed with material and are most likely to leach out in the environment, because of non-covalently binding to the material. TBECH can exist as four pairs of enantiomers, α-, β-, γ- and δ-TBECH. The technical HBCD can exist as three pairs of enantiomers, α-, β- and γ-HBCD and two meso forms δ- and ε-HBCD. None of these compounds are produced in Sweden, but they are imported to industries. TBECH has been found in Beluga blubber and can accumulate in zebrafish. HBCD has been found in water environments and can be toxic to and bioaccumulate in water-living animals.</p><p>In this study, a method was developed for separation and detection of α-, β-, γ- and δ-TBECH on HRGC/HRMS. All TBECH-isomers could be separated with the developed method. How much of the TBECH isomers that were recovered after applying existing extraction and clean-up procedures, normally applied for clean-up and extraction of PCBs and PCDD/Fs, was evaluated. Low recovered amounts (6.8-35.5 %) of TBECH-isomers added in known amounts to three different whale samples indicate severe evaporation losses and possibly photolytic degradation. None of the four enantiomers were detected in the three whale samples. For HBCD analysis, both the chromatography and MS/MS parameters were optimised for δ- and ε- HBCD yielding good chromatography and sensitivity. However, due to technical difficulties during the time-period of this project, no whale samples could be analysed for HBCD on UPLC/MS/MS. </p>

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Syftet med den här studien är att tydliggöra och få insikt i hur förskollärare och lärare kan arbeta med den förberedande och tidiga läs- och skrivinlärningen i förskoleklass och skolår 1, samt få insikt i hur samarbetet mellan förskoleklass och skolår 1 kan se ut på de skolor där studien är utförd. Studien är baserad på fem intervjuer med två förskollärare och tre lärare i skolår 1 på fyra skolor i Stockholmsområdet. Resultatet av studien visar att samtliga lärare och förskollärare som ingår i studien arbetar utifrån olika metoder och anpassar dem efter elevers behov, vilket är viktigt då en metod inte bör utesluta en annan. (Frost, 2002,s 10) Lärarnas och förskollärarnas val av metoder kan även förklaras utifrån vilket synsätt som var gällande under respektive lärares och förskollärares utbildningsår. På två skolor beskriver informanterna att samarbetet mellan förskoleklass och skolår 1 är i stort sett obefintligt medan samarbetet i de åldersintegrerade klasserna fungerade på ett tillfredsställande sätt.

The objective for this master’s thesis was to test and evaluate two methods for determining the content of tannin in a pinebarkextract. The methods used at Södra for this previously have not been specific enough, only the amount of polyphenolics have been measured. One of these methods is a test based on the Stiasny test and it determines the extracts ability to form a gel with formaldehyde. When this test was carried out it showed that the extract did not contain much tannin. The other method used at Södra measures the amount of polyphenolic substances with a spectrophotometer. The result from this method showed that the content were 50 %.   One of the two new methods that were evaluated determines the amount tannin present in the extract because of tannins ability to form a complex with proteins. According to this method, the amount tannin in the extract were 42,5 %, and 19,4 % of this in the form of tannic acid. These results are credible on basis of previous information about the extract.   The other method uses a RP- HPLC where ellagic and gallic acid were used as standards. The amount ellagic acid in the extract was determined to 0,06 %, but the result from gallic acid was inconclusive. Further analysis is necessary to evaluate the obtained results and the methods reliability.   If the metods is to be used on a regular basis, my recommendation would be to start evaluating the protein-binding method because this would be easier and less time-consuming than modifying the HPLC- method. The HPLC- method could on the other hand provide useful information about the extract, not only the amount tannin could be measured, but also which kind of tannin could be investigated.

Vid kemisk massatillverkning finns behov av mättekniker som möjliggör ytterligare optimering av processen. Möjligheten att analysera svartlut med hjälp av aktiv akustisk spektrometri utreddes genom att ett online instrument konstruerdes och installerdes på ett pappersbruk. Analyser med multivariata metoder utfördes på resultaten. På grund av yttre omständigheter försenades arbetet, och ett tillräckligt dataunderlag för en definitiv slutsats erhölls ej. En rad vidare arbeten föreslås. / There is a need for additional process monitoring techniques in the production of chemical pulp. The possibility of analyzing black liquor by active acoustic spectrometry was investigated by constructing an on-line instrument and installing it in a chemical pulp mill. The results were then analyzed with multivariate methods. Due to unforeseen delays a sufficient amount of data could not be collected, and therefore a definitive conclusion could not be reached. Further work is suggested.

AbstractComprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is a multidimensional separation technique. A sample is separated by two properties on two different columns, typically by carbon number and polarity. The two columns are connected by a modulator. The modulator is responsible for collection of three to four fractions of each 1st column separation peak, condensation of the fractions, and introducing them as a sharp narrow band onto the 2nd column. It is a continuous process of condensation of succeeding 1st column fractions and transfer to the 2nd column. The individual separations are &#147;sewn&#148; together by the software to produce a two-dimensional chromatogram. The abscissa displays the carbon number separation and the ordinate axis show the separation of polar compounds.Pre-set parameters such as carrier gas, gas velocities, detector temperatures, and column set were kept on recommendation by the installation contractors. Method development and optimisation was performed by exploring injection volume, oven temperature programs, and modulator time parameters. Hydrocarbon standards and petroleum fractions were analysed for determining the optimal parameter values. The result was two methods, one recommended for atmospheric gas oil (AGO) analyses and another for vacuum gas oil (VGO) analyses. Injection volumes of 0.015 to 0.002 &#181;L gave low risk of column overload while still maintaining the abundance of compounds of low concentration. Temperature programmes of constant ramps gave good separation. A compromise between excellent separation and time of analysis resulted in using temperature ramps of 4.5 oC/min with a start and final temperature of 50 oC and 340 oC, respectively, for AGOs, and 3.5 oC/min with a start and final temperature of 150 oC and 340 oC, respectively for VGOs. A modulation time of 8000 ms and a hot jet duration of 500 ms proved to give good correlation between the 1st separation&#146;s peak widths and the time needed for 2nd dimension separation. Straight run and processed petroleum fractions were analysed by the optimised methods. Constructed templates for dividing the sample&#146;s polarity distribution into groups gave a distribution of volume response of all the compounds within the defined groups. The hydrocarbon analyses of the petroleum fractions were straight forward; volume responses were directly proportional to weight percent of the sample. The hydrocarbon standards gave approximately the same response factor. The same did not apply for sulphur analysis. The standards&#146; responses were not very reproducible, and the response factors were not similar for the polarity classes. Identification of sulphur compounds in AGOs and VGOs is possible although quantification is not recommended at the present. The methods showed to give good separation of both AGOs and VGOs. Although further optimisation especially of sulphur analysis, is highly encouraged.

In this study, parameters influencing the adsorption of dispersed oil droplets to suspended particulate matter (SPM) in seawater were investigated. The interaction between oil and SPMs can alter the ultimate fate of oil spilled in marine environments, and it is therefore of interest to be able to predict the effect of these interactions. The chosen parameters of this study were sediment type (carbonate sand, quartz sand and clay) and concentration (5-80 g/L seawater), temperature (5-20 &#176;C) and oil type (two crudes, one condensate and a heavy fuel oil). Special attention was given to the effect of adding chemical dispersant to the oil prior to mixing with water and SPMs.The experimental outline included the mechanical generation of oil droplets using an oil droplet generator. Water with oil droplets were added to a beaker with sediment and a suspension was induced by stirring. After settling and filtration, both the water samples and the sediment samples were subject to extraction, clean-up and analysis by GC-FID. A selection of samples was also analysed by GC-MS.The study shows that oil droplets adsorb as a bulk to SPM. An absence of water-soluble oil components adsorbed to the sediment was observed. Oil type, sediment size and the use of chemical dispersant stand out as most influencing on the adsorption properties of oil droplets to SPM in seawater. The effect of varying temperature was not considerable compared to the other parameters in this study. Partitioning of oil components to the water column was also monitored in this study, and found not to be influenced significantly by any of the studied parameters.

Dette prosjektet omhandler identifikasjon av oljetyper i tj&#230;reballer og oljeflekker funnet langs Tr&#248;ndelagskysten. Pr&#248;vematerialet ble samlet inn p&#229; &#248;yene Sula, Kunna, Vesterkalven, Storkalven og Aurs&#248;ya langs Tr&#248;ndelagskysten. Pr&#248;vene ble opparbeidet p&#229; et laboratorium og analysert ved GC-FID, for &#229; kartlegge hvilke pr&#248;ver som inneholdt olje. Pr&#248;ver som inneholdt olje ble videre analysert ved GC-MS-SIM for &#229; identifisere biomark&#248;r- og polyaromatiske hydrokarbon (PAH) komponenter, samt bestemme topph&#248;yde og toppareal for disse. Utvalgte forholdstall (diagnostiske forhold) mellom spesifikke biomak&#248;r- eller PAH-komponenter ble brukt som sammenligningsgrunnlag for &#229; identifisere pr&#248;venes diversitet med hensyn p&#229; oljetyper og spredning. Prinsipalkomponentanalyse (PCA) ble brukt til &#229; klassifisere like og ulike oljepr&#248;ver, og til &#229; sammenligne de ukjente pr&#248;vene med SOLID (SINTEF OiL Identification Database) oljedatabasen for &#229; identifisere oljetypene. SOLID-databasen inneholder spesifikke biomark&#248;r- og PAH-fordelinger av utvalgte nordsj&#248;- og ikke-nordsj&#248;oljer. Delvis minstekvadrat - diskriminantanalyse (PLS-DA) ble anvendt for &#229; identifisere pr&#248;venes oljetyper og hvilke r&#229;oljer som var nordsj&#248;- og ikke-nordsj&#248;oljer. De kjemiske- og multivariable analysene fant at pr&#248;vematerialet bestod av r&#229;oljer og bunkersoljer. 100 pr&#248;ver ble samlet inn, av de var 53 r&#229;oljer og 15 bunkersoljer. 8 pr&#248;ver var av annet materiale, som forbrent plastikk eller kullrester, og 24 oljepr&#248;ver falt utenfor klassifiseringen i prinsipalkomponentanalysen. Gjennom PLS-DA-modellen ble r&#229;oljene klassifisert som 20 nordsj&#248;oljer og 33 ikke-nordsj&#248;oljer. Det betydde at store deler av oljepr&#248;vene hadde et opphav lengre borte fra norskekysten enn f&#248;rst antatt. Oljetypene var spredt over alle &#248;yene som ble unders&#248;kt. Resultatene antyder at det var flere forskjellige oljes&#248;l med ulikt opphav som hadde strandet. &amp;#8195;

Etter forliset av tankeren Torrey Canyon i den engelske kanal i 1967 har det v&#230;rt &#248;kt fokus rundt problemer med oljeforurensninger i milj&#248;et. Etter grunnst&#248;tingen av tankeren Exxon Valdez i 1989 ble det ogs&#229; en &#248;kt interesse og fokus rundt oljes&#248;l i Arktis. Degradering av hydrokarboner av naturlig tilstedev&#230;rende mikroorganismer er en viktig prosess for &#229; fjerne hydrokarboner fra milj&#248;et. M&#229;let med denne studien er &#229; karakterisere oljeforurensninger av et 14 &#229;r gammelt eksperimentelt oljes&#248;l p&#229; en strandsone i Arktis. Konsentrasjonsendringer og biodegraderingsm&#248;nster skal vurderes. Det er antatt at mikroorganismer vil bryte ned hydrokarbonene, og at dette vil gjenspeile den gjenv&#230;rende konsentrasjonen av oljekomponenter i sedimentet etter 14 &#229;r med biodegradering. Oljepr&#248;ver som er samlet inn i 9 av 13 &#229;r siden 1999, og pr&#248;ver fra kartleggingen av feltet i 2011 er evaluert. n-alkanene viste &#229; degraderes etter deres st&#248;rrelse, isoprenoidene pristan og fytan var mer resistent mot degradering, men ogs&#229; disse viste seg &#229; bli degradert. Degraderingsm&#248;nsteret for PAH-forbindelsene viste at de ikke-alkylerte forbindelsene av alle to- og trerings PAHer er mer omfattende degradert enn de alkylsubstituerte forbindelsene. Krysenene viste en tregere biodegraderingshastighet enn de mindre forbindelsene. De C0- &#150; C4-alkylerte krysenforbindelsene var omtrent like mye p&#229;virket av degradering. Flere femrings PAHer viser enda mindre p&#229;virkning av degradering enn krysenene. Dekalinene er i denne studien mindre p&#229;virket av degradering enn andre komponenter med omtrent samme st&#248;rrelse. Konsentrasjonene av oljekomponentene i sedimentet viste for de fleste pr&#248;vene at det var en sammenheng med hvor i feltet pr&#248;vene var samlet inn og mengde olje i sedimentet, de laveste konsentrasjoner ble observert i pr&#248;vene n&#230;rmest vannkanten. Pr&#248;vene samlet inn fra omr&#229;det n&#230;rmest vannkanten viste ogs&#229; mer omfattende degraderte PAH-forbindelser.