O efeito de teatralidade causado na mente do leitor pela narrativa das três encenações burlescas da segunda parte do Quixote A Dulcineia encantada, A condessa Trifaldi e A viagem de Clavilenho deu origem a este trabalho. A esses episódios correspondem os capítulos XXXIV-XLI, quando dom Quixote e Sancho passam uma temporada como hóspedes dos duques e, sem saber, são transformados em atores cômicos, para a diversão dos anfitriões e seus convidados. De acordo com a perspectiva crítica de Anthony Close e de Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira, a análise, sob a visão do cômico e racional, partiu de dois pressupostos. Primeiro, o de que o Quixote é uma obra de entretenimento cuja concepção deriva do clima artístico de seu tempo, e o de que Cervantes, paralelamente ao escritor de novelas, foi um dramaturgo apaixonado pelo teatro. Propôs-se então que as três tramas estão organizadas como um todo, com começo, meio e fim, sob as diretrizes da formação de três jornadas de uma ação dramática, constituindo uma unidade episódica. Daí se infere que os três episódios se incorporam à narrativa sob a forma da comédia, de modo diferente de tantos outros que permeiam a obra: eles apresentam uma estrutura complexa, possível de ser identificada com a da comédia. O enredo da Dulcineia encantada configura o ponto de união entre a prosa e a ação dramática, constituindo a primeira jornada. Os outros dois, formando a segunda e terceira jornadas, se associam ao primeiro unidos pelo mesmo tema, o da necessidade de o cavaleiro ajudar as damas em dificuldades. Ao mesmo tempo, os três episódios integram o desenvolvimento narrativo. Essa estratégia poética, que se assemelha ao que se chama teatro dentro do teatro, provoca o desdobramento da estrutura da composição, enfatizando o tema da imitação do mundo da cavalaria andante. A análise, sempre relacionando texto e contexto, focaliza na prosa os elementos estruturantes do teatro, não só as marcas dramáticas formais, mas também os fatores que transmitem a espetacularidade das encenações. O caminho percorrido para atingir o objetivo, sob o aspecto da composição poética, é o de primeiro comparar os episódios selecionados com a obra dramática cervantina para depois relacioná-los com as preceptivas poéticas e retóricas que circulavam na Espanha naquele final de século, principalmente a Philosophia Antigua Poética de Alonso López Pinciano, e Arte nuevo de hacer comedias de Lope de Vega. Ademais, para a compreensão dos aspectos socioculturais da narrativa, a pesquisa se apoia nos preceitos e códigos de conduta da sociedade de corte à época dos Áustrias, com ênfase em El Cortesano de Lluís del Milà, bem como nos estudos, crônicas e relatos históricos sobre as festas, públicas e palacianas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho demonstra a coerência da leitura dos três episódios como uma unidade episódica com começo, meio e fim, estruturados sob a forma de uma comédia singular, o que apresenta, dentro do cenário artístico-cultural daquelas primeiras décadas do século XVII, um outro experimento cervantino de uma nova maneira de contar histórias. / The effect of theatricality caused in the readers mind by the narrative of the three burlesque performances of the second part of Don Quixote The enchanted Dulcinea, The countess Trifaldi and The journey of Clavileño gave rise to this work. These episodes correspond to chapters XXXIV-XLI, when Don Quixote and Sancho spend a season as guests of the dukes. Without knowing, for the amusement of the hosts and their invitees, the knight and squire are transformed into comic actors. According to the critical perspective of Anthony Close and Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira, the analysis, grounded on the comic and rational view, was established on two assumptions. First, that Don Quixote is a work of entertainment whose conception derives from the artistic climate of its time, and that Cervantes, parallel to the novel writer, was a playwright in love with theatre. In that light it was proposed that the three plots are arranged as a whole, with a beginning, middle and end, under the guidelines of the formation of three journeys of a dramatic action, constituting a single episodic unit. Hence it is inferred the three episodes incorporate the narrative in the form of comedy, differently from many others that permeate the work: they present a complex structure, possible to be identified with that of comedy. The enchanted Dulcineas plot configures the union point between the prose and the dramatic action, constituting the first journey. The other two, forming the second and third journeys, associate to the first by theme, the knights need to help the ladies in distress. At the same time, the three episodes integrate organically the narrative development. This poetic strategy, which resembles to the called theatre within the theatre, provokes the unfolding of the composition structure, emphasizing the theme of imitation of the knight errantry world. Thus, the analysis focuses on prose, always relating text and context, the structuring elements of the theatre, not only the dramatic formal marks, but also the factors that convey the spectacularity of the stagings. The path taken to achieve the objective, under the aspect of poetic composition, is to compare the selected episodes with Cervantes dramatic work to subsequently relate them with the poetic and rhetorical precepts circulating in Spain in the late XVIth century, mainly the Philosophia Antigua Poética of Alonso López Pinciano, and Arte Nuevo de Hacer Comedias of Lope de Vega. Furthermore, to understand the socio-cultural aspects of the narrative, the research is founded on principles and codes of society conduct from the court during the Habsburg period, with emphasis on El Cortesano de Lluís del Milà, as well as in the studies, chronicles and historical accounts about the public parties and palatial. In this sense, this work demonstrates be coherent to read the three episodes as a single episodic unit with a beginning, middle and an ending; structured in the form of a singular comedy, which features, within the artistic-cultural scenario of those first decades of the XVIIth century, another cervantine experiment of a new way of telling stories.

En Amérique Latine, au XIXe siècle, la pratique de la traduction doit se comprendre dans un contexte post-colonial de construction de littératures nationales. Les sociologues de la traduction et la théorie des polysystèmes ont mis en évidence la façon dont la traduction participe à enrichir le répertoire littéraire d’une culture-cible en permettant l’accumulation de capital symbolique. Nos recherches se concentrent sur les pratiques et les trajectoires de quatorze poètes-traducteurs latino-américains, peu étudiés, ou en voie récente de réévaluation critique : Ignacio Mariscal, Rafael Pombo, Miguel Antonio Caro, Antonio Sellén, Antonio José Restrepo, Raimundo Correia, Rosendo Villalobos, Leopoldo Díaz, Ismael Enrique Arciniegas, Balbino Dávalos, Enrique González Martínez, Guillermo Valencia, Eduardo Díez de Medina et Álvaro Reis. Ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans le romantisme latino-américain, le modernismo hispano-américain et le parnasianismo brésilien. Tous traduisent tout au long de leur vie : des poètes classiques (Horace) mais aussi de plus en plus des poètes modernes, européens et américains (Hugo, Heredia, Longfellow…) ; des auteurs considérés comme majeurs (Baudelaire, Goethe, Poe) et d’autres aujourd’hui oubliés (Prudhomme, Richepin, Rollinat…). Ce dialogue poétique établi avec des figures internationales prestigieuses leur permet à la fois d’illustrer des langues en refondation depuis les indépendances, mais aussi d’expérimenter des mètres, des thèmes et des tonalités inédits. Nos auteurs publient leurs traductions dans des revues, ce qui est une pratique courante, mais surtout dans des recueils, ce qui est plus rare. Notre corpus met donc en valeur deux types de recueil, qui n’ont pas reçu de définition générique ferme : une forme mixte, composée de poésies originales et de poésies traduites, et une forme composée uniquement de traductions. Ces deux modèles ont des points communs avec les recueils poétiques originaux, les anthologies d’écrivain ou les anthologies de littérature étrangère, sans correspondre tout à fait à aucun d’entre eux. La singularité de nos recueils consiste en l’unité et l’identité du sujet qui sélectionne, traduit et réordonne les textes étrangers au sein de son livre. Nous envisageons donc le poète-traducteur latino-américain à partir de la figure du collectionneur, qui décontextualise des textes étrangers, les recontextualise dans une nouvelle série – le livre – , lui permettant de projeter et de construire son autorité poétique. Nos auteurs étant par ailleurs tous impliqués dans la vie politique de leur temps (ils sont députés, juges, voire président), nous démontrerons que le recueil de traducteur peut participer à la construction de projets politiques, et qu’il existe aussi bien un usage libéral de la poésie étrangère qu’un usage conservateur. / In 19th century Latin America, the practice of translation must be understood in a post-colonial context of the construction of national literatures. Sociology of translation and polysystem theory have highlighted how translation contributes to enriching the literary repertoire of a recipient culture by allowing the accumulation of symbolic capital. Our research focuses on the practices and trajectories of fourteen Latin American poet-translators who have been relatively under-studied or are in the process of recent critical re-evaluation: Ignacio Mariscal, Rafael Pombo, Miguel Antonio Caro, Antonio Sellén, Antonio José Restrepo, Raimundo Correia, Rosendo Villalobos, Leopoldo Díaz, Ismael Enrique Arciniegas, Balbino Dávalos, Enrique González Martínez, Guillermo Valencia, Eduardo Díez de Medina and Álvaro Reis. These poet-translators collectively belong to the movements of Latin American Romanticism, Spanish-speaking American Modernism, and Brazilian Parnassianism. Each of them produced poetry translations: classical poets (such as Horace) but also increasingly European and American Modern poets (Hugo, Heredia, Longfellow...); authors considered canonical (Baudelaire, Goethe, Poe), and others largely forgotten (Prudhomme, Richepin, Rollinat...). The poetic dialogue established with prestigious international figures allowed these poet-translators to legitimize their national languages following the Latin American independence era, and also enabled them to experiment with new meters, themes and tonalities. Our authors published their translations in journals, which was a common practice; but especially in poetry collections, which was less common. Our corpus therefore highlights two types of volumes which have not been formally defined and classified: a hybrid form, composed of original and translated poems; and a form composed solely of translations. These two forms have commonalities with poetry volumes in the original language, writer's anthologies, or foreign literature anthologies, but do not correspond entirely to any of them. The uniqueness of our poetry volumes consists in the unity and identity of the subject who selects, translates and reorders foreign texts within his book. We therefore consider the Latin American poet-translator from the figure of the collector, who decontextualizes foreign texts and recontextualizes them in a new series — the book — allowing him to project and build his poetic authority. As our authors were all involved in the political sphere (as deputies, judges, even presidents), we will demonstrate that the collections of translators can contribute to the construction of political projects, and that there is both a liberal use of foreign poetry as well as a conservative use.

As a lingua franca across the globe, English plays a vital role in international communications. Due to rapid economic, political, and educational globalization, the English language has become a powerful means of communication. Therefore, English education is vital to the development of many countries around the world. Since 1932, the need for a lingua franca in Saudi Arabia developed as the country progressed politically, economically, and educationally. Now, English is important to Saudis’ economic, educational, and career development and success. Vocabulary is a major step in learning any language. By deepening students’ lexical knowledge, they will be able to use English accurately to express themselves. However, teaching words in isolation and through memorization is not highly effective; English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners need to interact with the language and its usage in a more profound way. This can be done by integrating corpora and stylistics analysis in an EFL curriculum. The importance of stylistics analysis to literary texts in the EFL classroom lies in the way that EFL learners will be exposed to authentic language. At the same time they will get insight into how English is structured; and by accessing corpora, which provide a wide range of data for the analysis of stylistics, students will be able to compare the lexical and grammatical patterns in authentic texts. Also, it is important to introduce students to the different levels of English (i.e. semantic, lexis, morphology); this will enlarge EFL learners’ knowledge of English vocabulary and various grammatical patterns. This project offers an innovative perspective on how to teach English for EFL university-level students by using corpora in a lexicalized stylistics approach, which will enable EFL learners to acquire vocabulary by reading literary texts. This provides a rich environment of lexical items and a variety of grammatical patterns. This approach offers EFL learners analytical tools that will improve their linguistic skills as they interact with and analyze authentic examples of English and gain insight about its historical, social and cultural background.

“The Ground On Which I Stand” Healing Queer Trauma through Performance: Crafting a Solo Performance through the investigation of Ritual Poetic Drama within the African Continuum. By: Ashley W. Grantham A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Performance Pedagogy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University April 16th, 2019 Thesis Adjudicator: Dr. Tawnya Pettiford-Wates Committee: Dr. Keith Byron Kirk, Director of Graduate Studies and Karen Kopryanski, Head of Voice and Speech How does this method of Ritual Poetic Drama within the African Continuum, by extension, solo performance, uncover, heal queer trauma through witnessing and performance practice? How do these methods give us an intersectional approach to talking about race, identity, gender and bridge those divides? How does this devised work of solo performance allow the author as practitioner to claim the ground on which they stand and surrender to their own healing? This thesis attempts excavation of the foundational theories in regard to performance structure, and to discover how healing trauma through theoretical techniques achieves liberation through their enacted practice. This is an allowance of ourselves as artists and facilitators to claim our traumatic bodies as worthy sites of invention.

Les concepts de topos, graphè, éthos et pathos contribuent activement à marquer la singularité d’une œuvre poétique, en l’occurrence, dans le cadre de notre thèse, celle de Louis Aragon (1897- 1982).Aragon fut l’inspirateur de compositeurs et d’interprètes comme « Kosma, Douai, Ferré, Ferrat, Brassens, Claveau, Montand, Trenet, Béart, Morelli, Martin, Ogeret ». Il déclare même qu’il aime qu’on lise ses poèmes mais préfère qu’on les chante. Outre l’importance de la dimension visuelle, la composante sonore et rythmique s’avère elle aussi capitale dans la perception et la réception de la poésie d’Aragon. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons opté dans notre thèse pour une étude analytique sémiostylistique et lexico-sémantique de l’œuvre poétique aragonienne.La sémiostylistique est « l’étude du fonctionnement sémiotique du style d’un texte ». En nous inspirant des travaux de G. Molinié, nous avons tenté d’analyser le « conglomérat lexico-syntactico-rhétorico-thématique » qui caractérise la poésie aragonienne en tentant d’ « apprécier la littérarité » des « segments occurrents, et [de] détecter leur spécificité ». Cela nous a permis de poser la question des conditions de la littérarité, de sa mesure, de sa valeur à réception et donc de l’effet de l’art à travers des procédés d’unité ou, au contraire, de subversion. / The concepts topos, graph, ethos and pathos actively contribute to highlight the singularity of a poetic work, such as that of Louis Aragon (1897-1982), the object of study of the present thesis. Aragon inspired many composers and singers such as "Kosma, Douai, Shoed, Ferrat, Brassens, Archstone, Montand, Trenet, Béart, Morelli, Martin, Ogeret".He even declares that he likes that his poems to be read but prefers are sung. Apart from the importance of the visual dimension, the sound and rhythmic components are also capital in the perception and the reception of the poetry of Aragon. This is why I opted in the present thesis for a semiostylistic and lexico-semantic analytical study of Aragon’s works of poetry. Semiostylistics is "the study of the semiotic operation of the style of a given text". Inspired by the works of G. Molinié, I tried to analyse the "conglomerate of lexico-syntactic, rhetorical and thematic characteristics" of Aragon’s poetry while trying "to appreciate the literariness" of the "occurring segments, and to detect their specificity" which enabled me to explore the conditions of the literary value, its measurement, its value at reception and, thus, the effect of art through the processes of unity or, on the contrary, subversion.

The style of the Swedish writer Harry Martinson is characterised by a large number of conspicuous and creative word-formation units, which have a special function in his writing. One single word might summarise and denominate an experiance or a complex emotion, sometimes using an exact description, sometimes using a metaphor. The content and the novelty of such nonce forms catch the reader´s or listener´s attention, achieving the intended effect: to make the reader understand what Martinson wants to convey. The present study is an analysis of the neologisms used in two of Martinson´s semiautobiographical novels and their German translations. The object of the study is twofold: firstly to show that the great variety of nonce words-formations as well as their semantics provide the special stylistic markers of the texts, and secondly to draw more general conclusions about the effect of target languages regarding the form, content and function of the units in the texts, as well as their effect on the reader, the concept of equivalence is central. Correspondences and deviations are analysed applying a model specifically designed for the purpose and based in relevant theories. The results illustrate both the various problems a translator must seek to solve and the consequences that simplifications, omissions, and paraphrases might have on the meaning and effect of the text.

This is an inquiry that explores both then and now. Father and Daughter. Temporality and Geography. Within these pages stories are used to explore my family’s present and past; migration, settlement, memory, experience and connection to place – Glace Bay, a village on Cape Breton Island. Through narrative, poetry and photography, the contrasting experiences of having lived in Glace Bay in the past, and the struggle to connect with Glace Bay in the present, and future, are explored. Finally, within this manuscript I examine the impact of my father’s stories and I identify storytelling as an important factor in developing a critical consciousness. My father inspired my sense of social justice at a young age and the impetus for this project was not just to document his stories for the sake of posterity, but also to exemplify the way consciousness is cultivated and passed down; across generations, despite changing landscapes, through story.

This is an inquiry that explores both then and now. Father and Daughter. Temporality and Geography. Within these pages stories are used to explore my family’s present and past; migration, settlement, memory, experience and connection to place – Glace Bay, a village on Cape Breton Island. Through narrative, poetry and photography, the contrasting experiences of having lived in Glace Bay in the past, and the struggle to connect with Glace Bay in the present, and future, are explored. Finally, within this manuscript I examine the impact of my father’s stories and I identify storytelling as an important factor in developing a critical consciousness. My father inspired my sense of social justice at a young age and the impetus for this project was not just to document his stories for the sake of posterity, but also to exemplify the way consciousness is cultivated and passed down; across generations, despite changing landscapes, through story.

This is an inquiry that explores both then and now. Father and Daughter. Temporality and Geography. Within these pages stories are used to explore my family’s present and past; migration, settlement, memory, experience and connection to place – Glace Bay, a village on Cape Breton Island. Through narrative, poetry and photography, the contrasting experiences of having lived in Glace Bay in the past, and the struggle to connect with Glace Bay in the present, and future, are explored. Finally, within this manuscript I examine the impact of my father’s stories and I identify storytelling as an important factor in developing a critical consciousness. My father inspired my sense of social justice at a young age and the impetus for this project was not just to document his stories for the sake of posterity, but also to exemplify the way consciousness is cultivated and passed down; across generations, despite changing landscapes, through story.

This is an inquiry that explores both then and now. Father and Daughter. Temporality and Geography. Within these pages stories are used to explore my family’s present and past; migration, settlement, memory, experience and connection to place – Glace Bay, a village on Cape Breton Island. Through narrative, poetry and photography, the contrasting experiences of having lived in Glace Bay in the past, and the struggle to connect with Glace Bay in the present, and future, are explored. Finally, within this manuscript I examine the impact of my father’s stories and I identify storytelling as an important factor in developing a critical consciousness. My father inspired my sense of social justice at a young age and the impetus for this project was not just to document his stories for the sake of posterity, but also to exemplify the way consciousness is cultivated and passed down; across generations, despite changing landscapes, through story.