Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Management and Policy Studies))-University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Bakgrund: Kreativitet har fått en viktig roll i hur företag väljer att styra sina verksamheter. Under de senaste decennierna har insikten av tidens betydelse fått en central roll då arbetsbördan ökat och det ställts ökade krav på tempo och punktlighet. I tidigare studier har forskare funnit att tidsplanering kan ha positiv inverkan på individuell kreativitet. Insikten om att kreativitet och tidsplanering visat sig kunna relateras till varandra bidrog till vårt intresse att vidare studera relationen mellan dessa två koncept bland individer som är verksamma inom en kreativ branch. Studien ämnar att undersöka relationen mellan kreativitet och time management hos kreatörer på svenska reklambyråer. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka samband som finns mellan koncepten kreativitet och time management. Vidare syftar studien att undersöka hur kreativa individer inom reklambranschen förhåller sig till planering på kort- respektive lång sikt och hur planering skiljer sig åt mellan kreativa individer. Metod: Data har insamlats via en enkätundersökning som sedan analyserats genom faktor- och kluseranalys. Antal respondenter i studien uppgick till åttionio kreatörer som representeras av en grupp art directors, copy writers och creative directors verksamma inom den svenska reklamindusrin. Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet från denna studie skiljer sig från vad tidigare forskning kommit fram till genom att inget direkt samband kunnat etableras mellan kreativitet och time management. Resultatet kan förklaras av den kreativa population denna studie riktats till. Faktoranalysen visar att planeringen skiljer sig åt mellan olika kreatörer. Planeringstekniker på kort- och lång sikt kan komplettera varandra där planeringen följer ett tydligt mönster. Faktoranalysen visar även att vissa personlighetsdrag, som utifrån teorin beskriver en kreativ individ, har ett samband med självskattad kreativitet. Vidare gjordes en klusteranalys som visar att planeringsteknikerna används i begränsad utsträckning av kreatörerna. Analysen visar dock att planeringen skiljer sig mellan vissa specifika personlighetsdrag. 3 Förslag till vidare forskning: Då studien inte kunnat etablera något samband mellan kreativitet och time management finns det behov av att vidare studera varför denna studies resultat skiljer sig från tidigare forskning. Fortsatt forskning kan även undersöka vilken inverkan planering har på individuell kreativitet i olika yrkesgrupper. Uppsatsens bidrag: Bidraget med studien är en teoriutveckling mellan koncepten kreativitet och time management samt en ökad förståelse till relationen mellan koncepten.

The diploma thesis is concerned with internet applications used for time man-agement of executives. It focuses to executives' habits regarding to planning their time, particularly the functions of web applications, as the planning tool, requested by leaders. The questionnaire research among leaders and semis-structured inter-views with managers are utilized in order to accomplish this aim above. The aim of semi-structured interview is to get a manager's view on time management and identify the bar to accomplish the time management efficiency. The final part of the diploma thesis presents the convenient applications and recommendations for efficient time management based on captured data analysis.

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Locus of Control (LOC) refers to the generalized expectancy that one controls the events in his/her life (internal orientation) or that events are controlled by other forces, such as luck (external orientation). According to many reviews of the extensive LOC literature, it is beneficial to have an internal rather than an external orientation. For example, desirable characteristics such as personal adjustment, high self-esteem, good job performance and job satisfaction are associated with internal LOC. This study was undertaken to identify and test a model which could be of use in an organizational setting for promoting the belief in internal control. A time management training model was chosen on the assumption that people who learn to manage their time better would feel more in control of their lives. The 67 University of Central Florida students who accepted the free Daytimers (a widely used professional time management system) and completed the pretest and posttest questionnaires served as the sample. The questionnaires in Rotter's LOC scale and a time management skills scale, and were administered at the beginning and end of the Spring semester. The Daytimers were distributed immediately after the pretest. Students who made frequent use of the Daytimers improved their time management skills and became more internal by the end of the semester. There were no corresponding significant changes in either time management skills or LOC for students who used the Daytimers infrequently. These results suggest that time management training can be used to promote the belief in internal control. Future research is recommended to verify the expectations that these changes in LOC will result in better personal adjustment, greater job performance and more job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the time management practices and preferred allocation of time of principals of small secondary schools in Virginia. The instructional role of the principal and his or her time spent on instruction is important. Goldring et al. (2019) found "time principals spend on instructional leadership will improve the school's culture, teaching and, ultimately, student outcomes" (p. 20). However, the time spent on instruction is limited to the needs of various stakeholders within the school community. "Principals are responsible for organizing and managing staff, managing student and staff well-being, responding to the needs of various stakeholders, and promoting school achievement" (Collie et al., 2020, p. 417). By identifying connections between principals' experiences with time spent on tasks and how principals wished to spend their time, a better understanding of how principals could impact their stakeholders may be discovered. The study involved a survey of 25 principals of small secondary school in Virginia. Data collection also included one focus group. Survey and interview questions explored the perceived tasks and activities that limited a principal's ability to spend time on necessary tasks, changes that would need to occur in the school, and the impacts these changes. This study finds principals of small secondary schools in Virginia indicated a preference for spending time as instructional leaders. The majority of the participants' responses (58.76%) were related specifically to tasks and activities involving Teaching and Learning when asked about their preference of how to spend their time. Previous research on time spent on instruction indicates that, "Despite minor changes over the years, time devoted by principals to purposeful, instructional activities remains below one-fifth of the typical school day" (Goldring et al., 2019, p. 21). By analyzing principal perceptions of tasks and activities that limited the amount of time spent on instruction, school leadership might consider a restructure or increase of staffing. Further, universities might consider revisions to principal preparation coursework to include time management skill development. By considering ways to address time challenges of principals, their positions may be altered for improving the quality of instructional leadership in schools. / Doctor of Education / The primary role of the principal is instructional leadership, but the majority of their time is not spent on instruction. Grissom et al. (2015) found that when principals are out of their offices "only about 13 percent of the average principal's day is spent on instruction-related tasks" (p. 16). The needs of school stakeholders can have an effect on the amount of time spent by leaders adding to the gap in time spent on instruction. Sebastian et al. (2018) indicated that outside of the instructional leadership role, "principals must spread their time over many responsibilities and must work with a wide array of stakeholders" (p. 48). This study sought to identify the perceptions of principals' of small secondary schools in Virginia time management practices. The use of a phenomenological approach in this qualitative study allowed the principals' experiences to be focused on from their perspective. The influences of the principal, time management practices, and the challenges faced by the principal were identified in the literature review. Survey and interview questions explored the perceived tasks and activities that limited a principal's ability to spend time on necessary tasks, changes that would need to occur in the school, and the impacts these changes would have on school stakeholders. Data were collected through a survey and focus group interviews with 25 principals of small secondary schools in Virginia. The data gathered and analyzed in this study identified eight findings and six implications. One limitation of this study was the response rate of 25 participants out of 105 principals meeting the study's criteria. The findings included principals of small secondary schools in Virginia reported working beyond a typical 40-hour work week and school divisions could consider ways to address additional time that principals commit to work, including time-management and additional support staff. A suggestion for future research would be an investigation of how faculty and staff perceive principals of their time.

The purposes of the study were to (1) investigate similarities and differences in household production of men and women in Finland and the United States, and (2) develop and test a structural equation model of socioeconomic factors (age, education, employment and family situation) for household production across countries and across sexes. The results indicate that (a) total household production of Finnish men is only slightly more than that of U.S. men (7 minutes); (b) total household production of U.S. women (417 minutes) is noticeably more than that of Finnish women (323 minutes; (c) equality ratios strongly suggest differences at almost all employment levels being smaller in Finland than in the United States and indicate that men contribute less time to household production; (d) socioeconomic variables explain a modest amount (3-5 percent) of men's household production but a substantial amount (21-23 percent) of women's household production; (e) the fit of the structural model across sexes and across cultures is significant, i.e., the variables explained similarly the causal effects for household production over groups. The results have implications for further development of cross-national time-use research tools and methods; for the development of a theoretical framework that includes both quantitative and qualitative factors related to sex role behavior in household production; and for the need to design separate models for the study of men and women. Data supported the conclusion that women in both countries still contribute the most time to household production. / Ph. D.

This study attempted to determine the amount of time spent on nonpaid daily activities by retired people and to identify management problems encountered while performing daily activities. Time use data were collected by daily records completed by the subjects. Variables examined were age, sex, health, education, level of income, and living arrangements. Age and sex were related to total time spent on household activities and family care. Those in the oldest age group spent the least amount of time on household activities and family care and men spent less time than women on these activities. Health, living arrangements, income, and transportation were identified as management problems. These problems were not incapacitating and most elderly were able to live independently at home.

El presente informe está dividido en 6 capítulos. El contenido del primer capítulo se centra en explicar conceptos teóricos claves, como el comercio internacional, logística, transporte marítimo y también las características del área de operaciones de una línea naviera: su estructura, funciones y los principales agentes dentro de su cadena de procesos. Por motivos de la investigación se tomaron como referencia cuatro líneas que operan actualmente en APM Terminals: ONE, MSC, HLC & HMM. Además, se tratará el tema de gestión del tiempo, detallando también técnicas y modelos (como la Matriz de Eisenhower) propuestos por expertos en los temas de eficiencia y productividad. En el segundo capítulo presentamos el objetivo principal y específicos que serán la base de nuestra investigación. Dentro de los objetivos secundarios buscamos identificar posibles causas de pérdida de tiempo que puedan afectar al área, en particular cuando se ejecuta su tarea más importante: el proceso de llenado del CAL (Lista de Embarque de Contenedores). En el tercer capítulo se explicará la metodología usada, detallando el tipo de estudio, técnica de muestreo y los métodos de recopilación de datos. En este caso, se optó por un estudio mixto. Finalmente, en el capítulo cuarto, quinto y sexto se presentan los formatos de las herramientas de investigación, los resultados obtenidos, y las conclusiones y recomendaciones, respectivamente. Se tiene la expectativa que los hallazgos obtenidos puedan servir de base para otras investigaciones, o incluso ayudar a las líneas navieras a identificar posibles deficiencias en sus políticas de manejos de tiempo para aumentar así su productividad. / This report is divided into 6 chapters. The content of the first chapter focuses on explaining key theoretical concepts, such as international trade, logistics, maritime transport and also the characteristics of a shipping lines’ operations department: its structure, functions and the main agents within its process chain. For research purposes, four lines that currently operate in APM Terminals were taken as reference: ONE, MSC, HLC & HMM. In addition, the topic of time management will be discussed, detailing techniques and models (such as the Eisenhower Matrix) proposed by experts in the areas of efficiency and productivity. In the second chapter we present the main and specific objectives that will be the basis of our research. Within the secondary objectives we seek to identify possible causes of time mismanagement that may affect the area, particularly when its most important task is executed: the process of filling the CAL (Container Announcement List). The third chapter explains the methodology used, detailing the type of study, sampling technique and data collection methods. In this case, a mixed study was chosen. Finally, the research tools’ formats, the results obtained, and the conclusions and recommendations, respectively, are presented in the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters. It is expected that the obtained findings may serve as a basis for further research, or even help shipping lines identify possible deficiencies in their time management policies to increase their productivity. / Tesis