Title: The Comparison of Muscle Timing of Chosen Shoulder Girdle Muscles During Breaststroke Inside and Outside the Water Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to compare timing and activation of chosen shoulder girdle muscles during breaststroke in the pool with counterflow and during excercise with rubber expander. Methods: It was analyzed timing and level of muscle activation during swimming and simulating the same movement of upper extremities in the air against the power of rubber expander. As an objetification was used surface electromyography. One profesional swimer took part in this experiment Results: Based on results it seemed that the movement of upper extremities are different in the pool and in the air during swimming stroke of breaststroke. Most of the measurement were different in the pool and in the air. Keywords: swimming, breaststroke, EMG, WaS-EMG, electromyography, shoulder girdle muscles, timing

La thèse propose une analyse de la théorie aristotélicienne du temps à partir d'une lecture de Physique IV, 10–14, dans une perspective nouvelle étayée par l'examen du contexte historique et intellectuel dans lequel s'inscrit l'étude du temps chez Aristote, qui permet de présenter une histoire pratique et théorique de la notion χρόνος dans la Grèce antique. Cette analyse s'attache également à comprendre la façon dont Aristote lui-même utilise cette notion dans ses oeuvres dites descriptives. L'Histoire des Animaux occupe donc une place particulière dans cette recherche, dans la mesure où l'examen détaillé de toutes les occurrences de χρόνος qui se trouvent dans cet écrit permet de trouver des éléments corroborant l'interprétation de Physique IV, 10–14, ainsi que la tentative d'Aristote de fournir les bases d'un temps non pas mathématique mais physique. Le but de cette analyse est de montrer que poser la question du temps comme le fait Aristote se présente comme une tentative adéquate pour penser l'unité du temps et du maintenant à partir de la multiplicité à la fois du temps et du maintenant. Cette thèse s'accompagne en outre d'une traduction partielle de l'ouvrage allemand de Gernot Böhme : Zeit und Zahl, Studien zur Zeittheorie Bei Platon, Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant, 1974, qui est la version publiée de l'Habilitationsschrift de l'auteur. Les parties traduites concernent, outre l'introduction, les chapitres consacrés à Platon et à Aristote. / The dissertation provides an analysis of the Aristotelian theory of time based on Physics IV, 10–14, and does so from a new perspective examining the historical and intellectual context of the study of time in Aristotle's work, which leads to the presentation of a theoretical and practical history of the notion χρόνος in ancient Greece. This analysis is subsequently related to the question as to how Aristotle himself uses this concept in his so-called descriptive works. In this respect, Aristotle's History of Animals occupies a special place in this analysis, to the extent that a detailed examination of all the occurrences of χρόνος in this work provides elements corroborating the interpretation of Physics IV, 10-14 as well as of Aristotle's attempt to provide foundations for a theory of time based on physics and not on mathematics. The objective of this analysis is to show that the question of time as presented by Aristotle amounts to a proper attempt to think of time and present as single concepts based on their respective multiplicities. Furthermore, this dissertation is accompanied by a partial translation of the German work of Gernot Böhme : Zeit und Zahl, Studien zur Zeittheorie Bei Platon, Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant, 1974, which is the published version of the Habilitationsschrift of the author. The translation concerns, in addition to the introduction, the chapters on Plato and Aristotle.

Methods of determining natural frequencies of the D76D88, B76D88, A86E93, C86G90, C86L90 and C125L89 turbine wheel designs for various environmental conditions were investigated by application of Finite Element Analysis and beam theory. Modelling and simulation methods were developed ; the first method composed of 15 finite element simulations ; the second composed of 15 finite element simulations and a set of experimental frequency survey results; the third composed of 5 simulations , an incorporated mathematical model and a set of experimental frequency survey results. Each of these methods was designed to allow prediction of resonant frequency changes across a range of exhaust gas temperature and shaft rotational speed. For the new modelling and simulation methods, an analysis template and a plotting tool were developed using Microsoft Excel and MATLAB software. A graph showing a frequency-temperature-speed variations and a Campbell Diagram that incorporates material stiffening and softening effects across a range of rotational speeds was designed, and applied to the D76D88, B76D88, A86E93, C86G90, C86L90 and C125L89 turbine wheel designs. New design methodologies for turbine wheels were formulated and validated, showing a good agreement with a range of data points from frequency survey, strain-gauge telemetry and laser tip-timing test results. The results from the new design method were compared with existing single compensation factor methodology, and showed a great improvement in accuracy of prediction of modal vibration. A new nomenclature for the mode shapes of a turbocharger’s blade was proposed, designed and demonstrated to allow direct identification of associated mode shape. It is concluded that Finite Element Analysis combined with the frequency survey is capable of predicting changes in turbine natural frequencies and, when incorporated into the existing turbine design methodology, resulted in a major improvement in the accuracy of the predictions of vibration frequency.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jeffrey S. Stevenson / Four experiments were conducted in beef cows to determine factors that increased the probability of pregnancy per AI when cows are inseminated by appointment. Cows in all experiments were inseminated after a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR program (100 μg GnRH [2 mL Factrel, Pfizer Animal Health, Whitehouse Station, NJ] 7 d before 25 mg PGF₂[subscript]α [d 0; 5 mL Lutalyse; Pfizer Animal Health]). Experiment 1 compared 1 vs. 2 inseminations and GnRH injection times at 60 and 75 h after the CO-Synch + CIDR program. Delaying AI until 75 h, according to interpretation of estrus-detection patches, for cows not in estrus by 60 h after CIDR insert removal increased (P < 0.05) pregnancy risk (PR) compared with cows not in estrus and inseminated at 60 h (51.4 vs. 41.7%), respectively. The necessity of GnRH injection concurrent with AI was tested in experiment 2. Cows displaying estrus by 65 h that were injected with GnRH had similar PR to cows in estrus and not treated with GnRH (61.9 vs. 60.4%), respectively. Cows in experiment 2 that did not display estrus, but were treated with a GnRH injection at 65 h and then inseminated at 84 h after CIDR insert removal had increased PR compared with similar cows not treated with GnRH (33.4 vs. 15.0%; P < 0.01), respectively. Experiments 3 and 4 were observational studies conducted to determine if blood metabolites glucose and beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB experiment 3), or physical body and blood metabolites, (glucose, BHB, non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], body weight, rump fat [RF], or BCS; experiment 4) were indicative of future reproductive success in suckled beef cows enrolled in a timed AI program. In experiment 3, plasma glucose concentration 10 d before AI was lesser (P = 0.01; 52.2 vs. 56.9 mg/dL) and serum BHB concentration was lesser (P < 0.01) in cows that became pregnant 35 d after timed AI than for cows that did not become pregnant (600 vs. 690 μM), respectively. Experiment 4 identified relationships between indicators and reproductive success including the finding that serum NEFA concentration 2 to 4 wk before AI is negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with PR to AI.

Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Kimberly Kirkpatrick / Several studies have examined timing and impulsive choice behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a possible pre-clinical model for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the strain has not been specifically selected for the traits of ADHD and as a result their appropriateness as a model has been questioned. This study investigated whether SHR would exhibit timing deficits, poor reward processing and impulsive behavior in comparison to the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) control strain in a discrete-trial choice task. In addition, as a first approach to find another potential animal model of ADHD, we evaluated a strain that has shown high levels of impulsivity, the Lewis (LEW) rats and compared them with the Wistar (WIS) rats. In the first phase of the experiment, rats could chose a lever associated with a Smaller-sooner (SS) reward of 1 pellet delivered after 10 s and a Larger-later (LL) reward of 2 pellets delivered after 30 s. Subsequently, the rats were exposed to different phases, where the reward on the LL choice was increased to 3 and 4 pellets and where the delay to the SS choice was increased to 15 and 20 s. The SHR and WKY strains did not differ in their timing or choice behavior. In comparison to WIS, LEW showed timing deficits in both manipulations and deficits in choice behavior in the delay manipulation, indicating deficits in time processing. Individual differences among the rat within a strain accounted a significant proportion of the total variance and contributed more variance than the strain of the rat. These results indicate that the SHR and LEW strains are not sufficiently homogeneous with respect to impulsive choice behavior to be considered as viable models for impulse control disorders such as ADHD.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Steven Keeley / Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) is an important perennial weed in turfgrass. Fall is considered the optimal time for postemergence herbicidal control of dandelions; however, applications in spring, when volatility damage to surrounding plants is an additional concern, are often needed. Therefore, we conducted research to determine the volatility of common broadleaf herbicides, and their efficacy when applied at spring and fall application timings. Volatility was determined by applying herbicides to turfgrass and using potted tomatoes as indicator plants. Tomatoes exposed to turfgrass treated with Trimec Classic, Confront, Surge, Escalade 2, and Imprelis exhibited little or no volatility damage, while exposure to Speedzone, 4 Speed XT, and Cool Power caused significant damage. In general, herbicides causing little or no damage were amine formulations. Two field studies determined the effect of spring and fall application timing on dandelion control with several herbicides. Herbicide applications in the spring coincided with dandelion anthesis stages: pre-bloom, peak bloom, and post-bloom. Results were dependent on dandelion pressure in the studies. In 2010, with lower pressure, there were no differences among herbicides at any spring timing when dandelion control was evaluated after one year; all herbicides gave ≥ 80% control. In 2011, with higher dandelion pressure, Imprelis SL and 4 Speed XT provided ≥ 96% dandelion control at the spring pre- and post-bloom timings, which was better than Surge, Escalade 2, Cool Power, and Confront. The best choices for spring efficacy combined with minimal to no volatility were Escalade 2 and Trimec Classic. Finally, because interest in organic dandelion control is increasing, we compared several organic weed control tactics with a conventional herbicide. In a two-year field study, the conventional herbicide gave much better control (> 96%) than any organic method. Horticultural vinegar corn gluten meal, and fertilizer-only gave < 25% control, while hand-weeding gave 58 to 71% control. While hand-weeding was the best of the organic tactics, the time required was considered prohibitive for turfgrass managers, unless initial weed levels were very low.

In an attempt to understand girls' involvement conduct problems, this dissertation first reviews two existing theoretical approaches that provide an explanation for the development of conduct problems. Specifically, the available literature on the development and correlates of conduct problems in boys suggests the subtypes of conduct disorder represent two developmental trajectories. The adolescent-onset pathway is associated with deviant peers and few characterological problems, where as the childhood-onset pathway is associated with emotion regulation deficits, negative parenting, callous and unemotional traits, and neurological deficits. Research also suggests a gender-specific model, the delayed-onset model, for the development of conduct problems in girls. Following this theoretical review, differential predictions made by the competing theoretical models are tested in a community sample of school-aged girls and boys. Participants were 202 children (87 males and 115 females) in grades 5-9. The students ranged in age from 10 to 17 years old (M = 13.16). Similar to the total student body, the ethnic breakdown of the sample was as follows: African-American (60%), Caucasian (24%), Hispanic (6%), and Other (5%). Data was also collected from the students' parents and teachers. Results indicated that girls conduct problems did not follow either model in a consistent manner. Specifically, adolescent-onset conduct problem girls, childhood-onset conduct problem boys, and adolescentonset conduct problem boys differed from non-conduct problem children but did not differ significantly amongst themselves on study variables (e.g., deviant peer association, hyperactivity/impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, callous/unemotional traits). However, results suggest that gender-specific risk factors should be taken into account when developing theoretical models for girls' conduct problems. For example, early pubertal maturation is a particularly salient risk factor for conduct problems in girls, and pubertal development interacts with emotion regulation problems to place girls at high risk for deviant behavior. Finally, implications for prevention and intervention as well as future research are discussed.

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) represent shares of foreign firms that are issued and traded in the U.S. Since an ADR and its underlying shares represent ownership interest of the same firm, they should be perfect substitutes in a perfect market. However, market imperfections such as differences in information environment, liquidity, investment and trading restrictions, taxes, control right, corporate governance might make them less-than-perfect substitutes. These imperfections, on the other hand, also present opportunities for research. This dissertation consists of two essays on ADRs, both related to the effects of less-thanperfect information. Specifically, the first essay examines the return and volatility transfers between ADRs and their underlying home shares. Our investigation differs from the previous studies in that we cover substantially more countries and that we attempt to explain the variations in the extents of transfer effects both across firms and across countries. Various hypotheses are developed, based on the premise that barriers associated with trading, investments, and corporate governance would lower the extent or effectiveness of transfers. Overall, our empirical results support these hypotheses. The second essay takes the viewpoint of the issuing firms. Supposedly, an issuer's timing and dollar amount raised depend on the conditions of three markets: its home equity market, the U.S. equity market, and the currency market. From purely the standpoint of information accessibility, ADR issuers are likely to time their issues or set their amounts with respect to the conditions of the home equity market and/or currency market, with which they are more familiar. On the other hand, issuers typically employ the assistance of U.S. investment banks, and therefore they may be well-informed about the U.S. equity market. This is largely an empirical issue. Generally, our empirical results are mixed, but there is somewhat stronger evidence for the U.S. equity market being more important when setting the issue amount. There is also evidence that suggests regulations having influences on such activities.

Organisms are often adapted to their local environment, but the role of early life stages in adaptive differentiation among populations remains poorly known. The aim of my thesis was to investigate the contribution of early life stages to the magnitude and genetic basis of local adaptation, and to identify the underlying adaptive traits. For this, I used two natural populations of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana from Italy and Sweden, and a Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population derived from a cross between these populations. By combining greenhouse and field experiments, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, and path analysis, I examined (1) the genetic basis of seed dormancy, (2) the contribution of differential seedling establishment to local adaptation, (3) among-year variation in selection during seedling establishment, (4) direct and indirect effects of seed dormancy and timing of germination on fitness, and (5) the adaptive value of the seed bank. I found that both the level and the genetic basis of seed dormancy were affected by the maternal environment. One major-effect QTL was identified in all maternal environments, which overlaps with the dormancy gene DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1). Selection through seedling establishment success contributed strongly to local adaptation and genetic tradeoffs, and varied among years. Variation in seedling establishment and overall fitness among RILs could be explained by genetically based differences in seed dormancy and timing of germination. Seed dormancy affected fitness throughout the life cycle, by affecting the proportion of germinated seeds, and indirectly via effects on timing of germination, plant size and flowering time. My results suggest that a considerable portion of A. thaliana seeds enter the seed bank. I found genetic differences in dormancy cycling behaviour between the two populations, which could contribute to local adaptation. The value of a seed bank should be higher at the Swedish study site than at the Italian study site due to lower rate of seed mortality in the soil. Overall, the results of this thesis demonstrate that early life stages contribute strongly to both the magnitude and the genetics of local adaptation.

Neste trabalho são enfocados três aspectos relacionados com a operação de semáforos: gestão técnica, percepção do desempenho e duração dos tempos. No tocante à gestão técnica, é discutida sua importância em ser realizada de maneira adequada e é investigada a situação das cidades do país em relação à questão. A conclusão é que a situação da gestão semafórica nas cidades do país mostra-se bastante precária, com exceção de algumas grandes cidades. Com relação à percepção do desempenho das interseções semaforizadas, é pesquisada a percepção de motoristas do país quanto ao nível de serviço em semáforos isolados e em grupo de semáforos próximos dispostos ao longo de uma via, considerando os dois parâmetros determinantes da qualidade da operação: a demora e o número de paradas; e analisados os resultados obtidos à luz dos padrões estabelecidos no HCM-2000 e no HCM-1985. A conclusão é que os motoristas brasileiros se mostram mais tolerantes em relação a valores do HCM-2000. No que tange ao aspecto duração dos tempos, são investigadas as razões das programações de tempo empíricas utilizadas na prática, terem alguns resultados satisfatórios. São ainda apresentadas regras simples para a programação de tempos que permitam operar os semáforos com um desempenho aceitável quando não se dispõe de dados e/ou de conhecimento técnico adequado. / This work emphasizes three aspects related to traffic signals operation: technical management, perception of performance and signal timing. About technical management, it discusses the importance of a good management and evaluates the situation around the country. The conclusion is that management of traffic signals at brazilian cities is poor, with some exceptions at large cities. In relation to perception of performance, it researches country drivers perceptions related to level of service at single signalized intersections and group of signalized intersections, considering two parameters that determinate the quality of operation: delay and the number of stops; the results were analyzed and compared with the standard values of HCM-2000 and HCM-1985. It was found that brazilian drivers have more tolerance to the standard values of HCM-2000. About the signal timing, there were investigated the reasons of why empirical techniques used in practice at signalized intersections had some satisfactory results. In addition, it presents simple rules for timing traffic signals that will due an acceptable performance when the city does not have enough data, resources or specific technical knowledge.