2007年11月全球網路書局巨擘Amazon正式宣布進軍電子書事業，發表一款名為「Kindle」的電子書以及相關營運服務，旋即造成搶購風潮。 此電子書使用E-ink公司研發的電子墨顯示技術，讓使用者的使用彷彿覺得是閱讀印刷物，而電子墨技術已存在四十餘年，最早發明於Xerox Palo Alto Research Center，此技術以使用黑白的電子墨形成可反射環境光顯示方式，有別於主流使用於筆記型電腦或桌上監視器的彩色顯示器，電子書以採反射式，能在有環境照明時清晰可視，不須要一般顯示器的背光源，所以有較低的耗電，同時也可以有較輕與薄的設計。 此差異化的顯示技術與產品定位讓E-ink創新技術花費將近十年均只有極小衆的需求，直到2008年才見有起飛的成長。 本論文透過分析E-ink個案之創新技術擴散歷程，並佐證先前相關創新技術擴散理論之文獻，闡述擴散模式、影響因素、與創新採用過程來明瞭E-ink創新擴散的驅動力。 E-ink創新技術之應用與其他創新技術的最大差異，它不僅是個破壞式創新技術，它的應用是需要改變採用者使用方式。 此類的創新技術不像其他大多數的創新技術是新增使用方式或察覺不出使用方式須改變。 所以研究其技術擴散歷程可幫助我們明瞭此類較不易擴散的創新技術如何能加速其市場擴散。此研究同時比較應用E-ink電子墨顯示技術的電子書與其他新技術與產品市場擴散之差異，包括應用高密度積體電路記憶體設計與製造技術的數位音訊播放器(MP3 player)、應用薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器技術的大尺寸液晶平面電視與應用投射式電容觸控技術的平板電腦。 本研究我們發現，E-ink創新技術的應用驅動採用者改變其以往的使用方式，而此驅動力的來源就是使用創新技術的新產品價值主張。 在此個案中更進一步發現擴散模式的兩股驅動力可改變產品擴散市場的強度，首先是技術發展達到產品可滿足客戶最低的價值主張期望，第二是此價值主張讓使用者選擇此新技術帶來創新產品的需求滿足。 延伸觀察使用方式改變的擴散主要為兩個因素的函數，一為內部推動力- 包括新技術的技術發展力、供應力。另一為外部拉引力- 包括市場對產品價值主張的吸引力、其他創新技術使用的協同效果、銷售模式與經營模式對產品的推廣能力。 創新技術是一個高科技公司維持營運與成長的重要資產，但如何能將創新技術應用於產品成功的擴散市場，若能掌握重要的驅動因子，方可將此資產較快速地轉變為倍數的財源。 本研究分析改變使用方式的破壞性創新E-ink電子墨顯示技術的擴散模式，發現初期的擴散以內部技術力與供應能力驅動為主，建議企業在此時期應思考如何應用創新技術定位產品，同時定位於最核心的價值位置建立商業模式。 在此能力逐漸增強之後，其擴散則以外部市場吸引力驅動為主，必須在市場推出所謂「殺手級應用」產品，即應用此破壞性創新技術突顯差異的產品價值主張，而能跨越採用者鴻溝。 同時建議企業在此時應著力於產品開發策略，市場推出的產品必須滿足多層次採用者不同的需求，適當的規劃產品直到技術漸趨成熟而衰退。 / It has became one of the most popular consumer electronics since Amazon, the world leading bookstore, announced to enter eBook business and launched a reading device, called “Kindle” in November 2007. This eBook device applies a simple electronic ink display technology from E-ink and let readers to view the display just like to view a printed book. This electronic ink display have been developed more than 40 years and invented in Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. This technology applies dark and white electronic ink which could reflect ambient light to display black and white image on the screen. The display don't need a backlight as conventional LCD screens, and can also be viewed under sunlight as printed paper. In the same time, it has a less power consumption and could have a slim and light design for easy carry. But, it has spent more than 10 years to only gain a small population of customers to use this differentiating display and product which apply this E-ink innovative technology. After Amazon launched “Kindle” in late 2007, we observed this technology fast diffuse to the mass market. This thesis is to study a diffusion model of E-ink disruptive technology. Review prior articles of technology diffusion theory, model of innovation diffusion, factors of innovation diffusion and adoption of innovation to understand driving forces of E-ink technology diffusion. The major difference of E-ink technology from others is to require changing the user usage method when it appy to an electroic paper. It is not only a disruptive change, but requires changing user usage experience. Most of other new technologies are to add new or be easy usage, won’t feel a change of usage method and experience. Research the diffusion model of this disruptive technology help us to understand how we could expedite this type of new technology to the market. In this study, we also compare other similar applications of new technologies, such as MP3 player which apply high density of integrated circuit memory design and manufacturing; Large sized TFT LCD TV which using TFT LCD technology; and Tablet computer which adopt capacitive touch technology. To compare those technologies market diffusion with E-ink display technology. We have found the driving force to adopt E-ink technology and make change of user usage is the value proposition of products which adapt this innovative technology. Furthermore, we conclude two driving forces to enhance diffuse into mass market. First one is to meet the minimum expectations of the value proposition from this new technology. Second is to meet the needs of users who select this new technology. In addition to, it observed two important factors to change usage adoption, one is internal push force, and the other is external pull force. Internal push forces include technology development; and capability of supply chain. External pull forces include market attraction of product value propositions; synergy for using other technologies in the products; sales and business models to promote products. Innovative technology is an important asset to sustain company growth in a high- tech company. But how it could successfully apply the innovative technology to a product and diffuse into the market? It is important to know key driving forces, so this asset is able to turn into cash for continuous funding new innovation. This study analyzes the diffusion model of a disruptive E-ink display technology. We have found early diffusion forces are depended on technology and supply chain capability. It suggests company to focus how to initiate the product position with technology capability for meeting expectation of value proposition. In the mean time, it needs to build the supply chain infrastructure to position core value of new technology. Once company has built the technology capability, diffusion forces move to market pull. It starts to launch a “killer application” product to apply this technology and underline differentiating product value proposition, so it is able to cross the “chasm”. It also suggests company to adjust strategy on product development and requires having a broader product portfolio to meet a variety of customer needs. Finally, plan product development for mainstream applications utill technology is gradually slowdown.

L’innovation est une variable souvent discutée en droit de la concurrence. L’innovation prédatrice l’est beaucoup moins. Peut-être est-ce dû au fait que les termes sont euphémiques : l’innovation est généralement conçue comme étant prédatrice par nature dans la mesure où son objectif est la création ou l’amélioration d’une chose existante dans le but qu’elle surpasse la chose d’un tiers. Peut-être est-ce parce qu’étudier l’innovation et ses mécanismes est un exercice souvent décrit comme étant complexe. Peut-être est-ce parce que le développement rapide des marchés liés aux nouvelles technologies s’est accompagné d’un courant doctrinal, en Europe comme aux États-Unis, qui prône la nécessité de retirer le droit de la concurrence de cette matière. Peut-être, enfin, est-ce parce que les décisions de justice n’ont que trop peu utilisé ce vocable d’innovation prédatrice, ce qui a conduit la doctrine à n’y consacrer que peu d’études, limitant d’autant plus son utilisation par les juridictions et autorités de concurrence.Reconnaître un régime à l’innovation prédatrice est pourtant l’une des nécessités de ce début de 21ème siècle en terme de droit de la concurrence. Les pratiques qui s’y rattachent surviennent régulièrement et visent à supprimer la compatibilité des technologies d’un tiers avec celles d’une entreprise dominante ou à altérer le fonctionnement de technologies concurrentes. Le droit de la concurrence doit y apporter une réponse. L’enjeu est considérable, mais il n’en demeure pas moins que le concept d’innovation prédatrice – que nous définissons comme l’altération d’un ou plusieurs éléments techniques d’un produit afin de restreindre ou éliminer la concurrence – est aujourd’hui ignoré ou mal compris du plus grand nombre.Les règles ainsi imaginées doivent être communes à plusieurs systèmes juridiques dans la mesure où les pratiques d’innovation prédatrice sont généralement mises en œuvre sur plusieurs continents à la fois. Notre étude prend le parti d’analyser les droits européen et nord-américain de la concurrence parce que leurs racines sont homologues et parce que les pays concernés justifient du PIB le plus élevé au monde.Le régime que nous exposons s’articule autour de deux étapes principales. Il s’agit pour commencer de rejeter toutes les règles per se en la matière, parce qu’elles ne répondent pas aux défis nouveaux du droit de la concurrence. Seule l’application d’une règle de raison structurée organisée autour de trois filtres permet le prononcé de décisions adaptées dans chaque cas d’espèce tout en éliminant les demandes pour lesquels aucun risque concurrentiel n’est envisagé.Un test amélioré de l’absence de justification économique doit ensuite être mis en œuvre pour toutes les pratiques qui ont un effet anti-concurrentiel au moins possible sur le plan théorique – celles qui ont passé les filtres – et qui méritent donc d’être analysées. Ce test, qui permet de ne condamner que les seules pratiques anti-concurrentielles, autorise par conséquent l’élimination des erreurs de type I et II. Il participe également d’une simplification d’un droit de la concurrence devenu parfois illisible. Une nouvelle étude – sur la base du test proposé – des plus grandes affaires européennes et nord-américaines en matière d’innovation prédatrice permet d’illustrer son efficacité.Il nous est enfin apparu nécessaire de traiter de la question de la sanction – ou remèdes – des pratiques d’innovation prédatrice. Il ressort de notre étude que le respect du choix stratégique de l’entreprise en matière d’interopérabilité doit être reconnu comme un principe immuable. Également, les modes alternatifs de sanction ne doivent pas être systématisés et le développement de la « soft law » doit prendre une direction nouvelle qui soit davantage centrée sur l’accompagnement des entreprises très innovantes. / Innovation is often discussed in antitrust law. Predatory innovation is less considered. Perhaps it is because predatory innovation is considered euphemistic: innovation is generally seen as being predatory by nature insofar as its objective is the creation or improvement of an existing product in order to surpass the product -another. Perhaps it is because studying innovation and its mechanisms is often described as a complex exercise. Perhaps it is because the rapid development of high-tech markets, in Europe and in the United States, was accompanied by a doctrinal movement, which preached the need to remove antitrust laws. Perhaps, finally, since court and competition authorities have only minimally termed predatory innovation, this has led the doctrine to devote minimal studies, thus resulting in the limiting of its use by courts and competition authorities.Recognizing the existence of predatory innovation is one of the great necessities of the early 21st century regarding antitrust law. Predatory innovation practices occur regularly and aim at removing the compatibility of third party technologies with those of a dominant firm or at impairing the functioning of competing technologies. As of today, antitrust law provides no answer to these strategies. The stakes are high; the concept of predatory innovation – which we define as the alteration of one or more technical elements of a product to limit or eliminate competition – is currently ignored and/or misunderstood greatly.This thesis focuses on European and North American antitrust laws because their roots are homologous and these countries represent the highest GDP in the world. With predatory innovation practices frequently implemented on several continents at once, overarching rules need to be extended to several legal systems.The regime we exhibit is organized around two main stages:The first implies to reject every related per se rule because they do not meet the new challenges met by antitrust law. Only the diligent implementation of a structured rule of evaluation organized around three filters will ensure appropriate decisions and the elimination of requests for which no antitrust issues are envisaged.Once evaluated by the three filters, an improved test of no economic sense must then be applied to all practices which have theoretical anti-competitive effects and determined fit to be further analyzed. This test, which specifically condemns anti-competitive practices, is a simplification of currently unreadable antitrust law and when applied will lead to the elimination of type I and type II errors. A new study – based on the proposed test – of the most notorious European and North American predatory innovation cases illustrates its effectiveness.The second addresses sanctions – or remedies – to predatory innovation practices. It appears that respecting the strategic choice of companies in terms of interoperability should be recognized as an immutable principle. Also, negotiated procedures shall not be systematized and the development of "soft law" must take a new direction aiming at supporting highly innovative companies.

This thesis investigates whether the phenomenon of companies that seek to disrupt markets through innovation play a role in the rise of coworking spaces. The city of Cape Town in South Africa was selected as the location for this study due to an increase in the establishment of coworking spaces and the appearance of the aforementioned phenomenon. The premise for this thesis is based on the demands for commercial real estate, which has changed as a result of the implementation of new technologies and the sharing economy. This change is argued to have altered the way companies utilise working environments which, in turn, amended the requirements of these companies. The study seeks to establish whether coworking spaces serve as adequate supply to these demands or whether the increase in the establishment of coworking spaces is unaffiliated. Grounded theory was used as the research method in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven respondents that were all active founders of coworking spaces at the time of the study. Additional documentary evidence was collected in cases where it was available. An analysis of the responses indicates that there is a strong relationship correlation between the rise of disruptive innovation and the increase in available coworking spaces. This relationship correlation was based on the value that flexibility, affordability and community facilitation held for companies that associate with disruptive innovation. These companies were mainly start-ups, skunkworks teams, research and development departments and other forms of companies that primarily work within the industry of technology. Limitations to the study included that additional documentary evidence was limited due to poor record-keeping of active memberships by coworking space operators, in addition to restrictions that were placed on accessing company information such as revenue statements. The research findings provide academic support and market-related evidence to developers and investors within the real estate sector that could enable them to make more informed decisions relating to the supply of coworking spaces. Moreover, the findings shed light on the general views shared by the founders of the coworking spaces. These views should provide insight to those interested in the industry, and more specifically within the Cape Town region.

Abstract Background The major mobile infrastructure incumbent vendors form an oligopoly of mobile technology leaders that have not changed their business models significantly as new mobile technology generations have been introduced since 1980. The introduction of 5G and research in 6G have created uncertainty calling for openness, disaggregation of software from hardware, and variety of industrial customers. The incumbent vendors need to innovate technology and business model (BM) to increase their chances of survival. Objectives This thesis aims to investigate how mobile network infrastructure incumbent vendors use business model innovation (BMI) in context of uncertainties related to 5G & 6G disruptive innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to refine the extant theory of BMI and to provide practitioners with recommendations on how to use BMI in the nascent phase of disruptive innovation. Methodology The grounded theory research process based on an exploratory qualitative single-case holistic study is used. The primary data is collected from thirteen semi-structured interviews while supportive secondary data is publicly available and collected via the Internet. Using inductive reasoning the study data analysis process produced first-order concepts, second-order themes and aggregate dimensions used to refine and extend the initial theoretical framework for BMI process usage. Findings When faced with uncertainty of disruptive innovation, the industry incumbents use the scenario-driven thinking to simultaneously develop a portfolio of BMs both by in-house diversification and by mergers and acquisitions. The management of BMI process leads to foreseeing and leveraging of both the internal resources and external resources. The internal resources are developed using BM ambidexterity, double ambidexterity, and intra-organizational learning, The external resources are developed via business ecosystems development and open BM innovation. Development of the resources creates unique managerial challenges related to ambidexterity, coopetition, and cultural transformation. Conclusions Our study provides the empirical grounds for a model of BMI usage by industry incumbents. Our model extends the scope of the extant theoretical discussions and provides details supported with rich empirical evidence from the nascent phase of technological disruption. The emphasis is on the firm’s dynamics that deal with multiple BMs and their innovation. We argue that while studying the process of single BMI is beneficial, the full understanding of BMI can be achieved only by covering the management of interactions and interdependencies among multiple simultaneous BMIs. Recommendations for future research Multiple-case studies to cover other industries would be beneficial to achieve generalization. Also, the longitudinal approach should be used in future studies to understand the impact of the BMI process management choices in the nascent phase on the survival and performance of the incumbents.

The effective integration of technological innovation is vital to the success of small businesses and can catapult growth and profitability. Some business managers and supervisors, however, may not have a firm understanding of strategies for integrating technological innovations in businesses; this lack of knowledge may result in employee frustration and costly roadblocks to achieving business objectives. This case study was conducted to identify the strategies used by business managers and supervisors to integrate technological innovations in small businesses. Christensen's theory of disruptive innovation and Rogers' theory of diffusion of innovation served as the conceptual framework. Ten business managers and supervisors from Castries, St. Lucia, participated in semistructured interviews. Participants who were selected using purposive sampling worked in a small business in St. Lucia for atleast 5 years, were part of senior management, and used strategies for integrating technological innovations in a small business. Two of the themes that emerged from data analysis were integration challenges relating to technological innovation complexity, and technology cost regarding hardware, upgrades and software procurement. Findings from this study may contribute to positive social change by providing business managers and supervisors insight about strategies and innovative solutions they can use to develop better business practices, increase tax revenues, and employment opportunities, improve profitability, and boost the economy.

The technological changes and digitalization are on the rise within the real estate market as new innovations are being developed and is within the real estate market known as proptech. However, the real estate sector is known to be slow in adapting to new innovative changes and therefore, been slow in developing the real estate market which has led to lagging behind in creating new solutions. The purpose of this research is to examine the current proptech sector in regards of existing business models and business model innovations. The proptech sector is in parts divided into real estate fintech and smart buildings, where this study will explore how these innovative business models can be established within the Swedish property sector and what is needed in order for this to be achieved. The research is of the qualitative method and is conducted through semi-structured interviews with four participants in each of the proptech sectors. This research also evaluates the theory of disruptive innovation and how the business models relates to the theory. The findings of the research are the business models of the companies identified and interviewed. The concepts and the business models presented, are following structures from previous research on business model, where each defined aspect of their business model is presented. The findings represent the answer and a small portion of what business models that exist within the Swedish proptech-sector today. The findings are thematically analyzed, enabling answering and drawing conclusion on the research question. The conclusion is that the key factors of the establishment of a business model is based on having a product that provides a solution to an existing problem and creating a demand. There also has to be a receptive market for the possibility of establishment. Future research suggests that a research on the process of business model innovation within incumbents of the property sector is a highly relevant research field, lacking previous research. / En ständig utveckling i teknologin och en ökade möjligheter för digitalisering, har lett till en ökning av digitala verktyg och lösningar inom fastighetsbranschen, känt som proptech. Fastighetsbranschen däremot, är känd för att vara en traditionell bransch där en långsam anpassning till innovativa och digitala lösningar såsom proptech har gjort att fastighetsbranschen idag hamnat efter i digitaliseringsprocessen. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka nuvarande proptech-sektorn och deras affärsmodeller och affärsmodellsinnovation. Rapporten har utefter tidigare studier delat upp proptech i två segment; real estate fintech och smarta byggnader, där denna studie kommer att undersöka etableringsprocessen för innovativa affärsmodeller inom proptech, samt vad som krävs för att lyckas med att etablera sig. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie där semi-strukturerade intervjuer ligger till grund för resultaten. Undersökningen bygger även på teorin kring disruptive innovation och hur affärsmodellerna som undersöks förhåller sig till denna. Resultaten i rapporten består dels av de identifierade affärsmodellerna som representerar en del av den befintliga proptech-sektorn i Sverige idag. Företagens affärsmodeller är presenterade utefter tidigare forskning på affärsmodeller och affärsmodellsinnovation, där en klar fördelning av samtliga aspekter av en affärsmodell presenteras. För att möjliggöra ett svar på etableringsprocessen har en tematisk analys genomförts på resultaten. Detta har även möjliggjort en slutsats. Slutsatsen är att nyckelfaktorerna i en etableringsprocess består av en värdeskapande produkt, som skapar ett behov och tillfredsställer en lösning till nuvarande problem inom dess specifika marknad. Ytterligare en nyckelfaktor är en marknad som är mottaglig för att möjliggöra en etableringsprocess. Slutligen föreslås framtida studier inom affärsmodellsinnovations-processen hos etablerade företag inom fastighetsbranschen, det saknas studier inom detta område och det anses vara relevant.

Bioprinting is one of the most promising technologies for future healthcare as it may benefit the repairing of wounds and injuries, disease modeling and development, transplantation of organs and reduce animal testing. This thesis aim to investigate this industry further, as there is no excessive literature on how to handle the innovation in regards to entrepreneurial and biotechnological knowledge. Hence, a research gap can be spotted and the purpose of the conducted research questions should contribute to this gap. In order to fully understand the bioprinting industry, an outline of the technology is made as part of the research. In addition to this, secondary data for patents, market valuation and annual growth rates are collected to support arguments from previous literature. Also, interviews are conducted to gather specific knowledge. As a result, bioprinting may be presented as a disruptive innovation in an uncertain market, which places certain demands on companies to act more in line with the complexity of the technology. Such companies must think more strategically and design more complex and long-term strategies. The patent data shows that there has been a decline in the technological development as patent applications have decreased significantly. Even though the technology (regarding the patents) has started to slowly decline, there is still hope for some technological improvements to come. It can be concluded that developments in bioink, scaffolds, expansion of cells and diffusion is expected, and that the use of bioprinting is increasing and will most likely continue to do so.

The digital reality is within this current moment debated and something that affects people. Upcoming years in real estate in general, it will be crucial of developments within the industry concerning digital solutions. The processes, business and approaches that have affected an industry for a very long time are changing in its foundations. Owning a property or managing an object in the coming years in an increasingly digitized world will bring new types of demands on organizations that intend to participate in the development. For a long time, digitization has existed as a concept seeming exciting and interesting. Smart devices have taken a larger part of time through telephones, televisions and likewise. Banking processes have evolved through phones and other digital tools to provide new variations of banking services. Airports have developed digital check-in services, which mean that you are actually virtually on the plane before you arrive at the airport. The development of these banking and tourism services changes the market and companies have been able to take part of the market by providing new solutions.  In development and innovation, there is a term used repeatedly, the idea of a “disruptive innovation”. More explicitly, a new innovation that destroys the previously functioning market. As a concrete example, the previously well-functioning camera - today largely exchanged for the digital camera. Or the previously mentioned development of banks and flight processes. It has previously been functioning markets, however, these new processes and innovations have eliminated earlier working solutions by performing better.   The study investigates possibilities closer if there are potential "disruptive innovations" in facility management and digital key control. The thesis has been focusing on the consequences of digital keys by using a model to analyse the impact on work in a future process. The physical key is one of the most ancient innovations that have been refined and developed over the centuries. With the new digital reality, it may be possible to find a new process that create better functions. / Kommande år i fastighetsförvaltning i allmänhet kommer det att vara avgörande för utvecklingen inom industrin med digitala lösningar. De processer, affärer och tillvägagångssätt som har påverkat en bransch under en mycket lång tid är på väg att förändras i grunden. Äga en fastighet eller förvalta ett objekt de närmaste åren i en alltmer digitaliserad värld kommer att medföra nya typer av krav på organisationer som avser att delta i utvecklingen och vara aktuell på marknaden. Under lång tid har digitalisering funnits som ett koncept som synes spännande och intressant. Smarta enheter har tagit en större del av tiden via telefoner, tv-apparater och liknande. Bankprocesser har utvecklats genom telefoner och andra digitala verktyg för att ge nya variationer av banktjänster. Flygplatser har utvecklat digitala incheckningstjänster, vilket innebär att du faktiskt är på planet innan du kommer till flygplatsen. Utvecklingen av dessa bank- och turismtjänster förändrar marknaden och företagen har kunnat ta del av marknaden genom att erbjuda nya lösningar. Inom utveckling och innovation finns det ett begrepp vilket används återkommande, en idé om en ”disruptive innovation”. Mer explicit, att en ny innovation förstör den tidigare fungerande marknaden, där det konkreta exemplet är den tidigare väl fungerande kameran vilken idag i stor omfattning är utbytt till den digitala kameran. Eller den tidigare nämnda utvecklingen av bank och flygprocesser. Det har tidigare varit fungerande marknader, dock har nya processer och innovationer slagit ut tidigare fungerande lösningar.  I det här arbetet har möjligheterna undersökts närmre ifall det går att finna potentiella ”disruptive innovations” inom fastighetsförvaltning. Den fysiska nyckeln är en utav de mest antika innovationerna som genom årtusenden och århundranden har förfinats och utvecklats. Med den nya digitala verkligheten kan det vara möjligt att finna en ny process vilken fungerar på ett bättre sätt.

Asynchronous online credit recovery programs have been implemented in public schools across the United States for a variety of reasons. In this case, African American female students who are deficient in course credits towards high school graduation have taken advantage of this relatively new e-programming mechanism as a means to capture course credits that were lost during the course of a student's high school career. Female enrollees in the asynchronous credit recovery program are lacking in course credits due to course failure for reasons such as truancy, excessive absences, maternity, incarceration, employment, health associated and domestic related demands outside of school. Beyond the aforementioned, the school climate in terms of organization, discipline, safety, and supportive relationships plays a significant role towards student success or failure. Because African American females are positioned at the bottom of the ethno-gender stratum, concentration on African American females is vital to ensuring academic success in addition to their well being. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate and ultimately understand the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of a group of African American female graduates while enrolled in an asynchronous credit recovery program. The study was guided by the following research questions: How does enrollment in an asynchronous credit recovery program affect non-traditional African American female's perceptions of education? How does enrollment in an asynchronous credit recovery program affect the lives of non-traditional African American female student participants? What are the factors that contribute to the success of the non-traditional African American female student participants? Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, intense site immersion and observation, and thorough review of school district and student records. At the culmination of the data collection process, data analysis was conducted using the constant comparison method. Results from the data analysis revealed a reinvigorated perception of education as well as a reversal of lowered expectations, behaviors, standards, and attitudes while enrolled in the asynchronous credit recovery program. Enrollment in the asynchronous credit recovery program assuredly fostered academic success and strengthened the independent nature and identity formation of the African American female participants. Several of the implications for practice are: strengthening adult/student relationships; culturally relevant professional development exercises; consideration of a female centered curriculum; address the at-risk student population as early as elementary school; and continuing research on the effectiveness of asynchronous credit recovery programs. / Educational Administration

摘要 本研究之目的在透過實政研究方法回答兩個關於破壞式創新研究問題，首先，產業延續性創新速度與企業破壞式創新程度之關係為何？其次企業的破壞式創新程度對其績效影響為何？本研究透過文獻探討，設計問卷並以台灣資訊電子產業公開發行之企業進行問卷調查蒐集初級資料。經由統計分析，本研究得出兩重大發現，首先，產業延續性創新速度與企業破壞式創新程度為負相關，而企業對新產品開發專案之決策資訊充足要求程度會弱化此關係。其次，企業規模與財務績效有正相關，而企業破壞式創新程度會強化此關係。 / The aim of this research is to answer two research questions about disruptive innovation with empirical methodology. First, what is the relation between industrial sustaining innovation rate and a company's disruptiveness. Second, does a company’s disruptiveness impact firm financial performance? By collecting primary data, this research developed the questionnaire based on literature review and collected data from the publicly-listed companies in the Taiwan IT industry. With statistic analysis, this research has two significant findings. First, industrial sustaining innovation rate has a negative impact on an incumbent company’s disruptiveness and the accuracy of company investment decision on NPD project will weaken this relation. Second, firm size has a positive impact on firm financial performance and a company's disruptiveness will strengthen this relationship.