The development of InGaN quantum dots (QDs) is both scientifically challenging and promising for applications in visible spectrum LEDs, lasers, detectors, electroabsorption modulators and photovoltaics. Such QDs are typically grown using the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth mode, in which accumulated in-plane compressive strain induces a transition from 2D to 3D growth. This method has a number of inherent limitations, including the unavoidable formation of a 2D wetting layer and the difficulty of controlling the composition, areal density, and size of the dots. In this research, I have developed InGaN QDs by two methods using a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy reactor. In the first method, InGaN QDs were formed by SK growth mode on (0001) GaN/sapphire. In the second, I have addressed the limitations of the SK growth of InGaN QDs by developing a novel alternative method, which was utilized to grow on both (0001) GaN/sapphire and AlN/sapphire. This method relies upon the ability to form thermodynamically stable In-Ga liquid solutions throughout the entire compositional range at relatively low temperatures. Upon simultaneous or sequential deposition of In and Ga on a substrate, the adatoms form a liquid solution, whose composition is controlled by the ratio of the fluxes of the two constituents FIn/(FIn+FGa). Depending on the interfacial free energy between the liquid deposit and substrate, the liquid deposit and vapor, and the vapor and substrate, the liquid deposit forms Inx-Ga1−x nano-droplets on the substrate. These nano-droplets convert into InxGa1−xN QDs upon exposure to nitrogen RF plasma. InGaN QDs produced by both methods were investigated in-situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and ex-situ by atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution x-ray diffraction, and grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. The optical activity and device potential of the QDs were investigated by photoluminescence measurements and the formation and evaluation of PIN devices (in which the intrinsic region contains QDs embedded within a higher bandgap matrix). InGaN QDs with areal densities ranging from 109 to 1011 cm−2 and diameters ranging from 11 to 39 nm were achieved.

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Orientador: Elson Longo da Silva / Coorientador: Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi / Banca: José maria Corrêa Bueno / Banca: Daniela Coelho de Oliveira / Banca: Reginaldo Muccillo / Banca: Juan Andrés / Resumo: O trabalho que se apresenta centra-se no estudo investigativo do crescimento de cristais de óxido de cobre (II), CuO, com cristais organizados em diferentes formas semelhantes à ouriços-do-mar, fibras, e nanobastões, com controle fino da morfologia e cristalizados pelo método hidrotérmico assistido por micro-ondas. Esses materiais foram previamente caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), medida de área de superfície específica, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução e de transmissão, além de espectroscopia de absorção de raios X próxima à borda de absorção (XANES), e outras. Pelas técnicas de microscopia combinadas foi possível caracterizar detalhadamente os materiais sintetizados, como sua estrutura, forma, tamanho, composição química, direção de crescimento, etc. Os óxidos obtidos foram testados quanto suas propriedades catalíticas na reação de desidrogenação do etanol - atividade, seletividade, frequência de reação. A originalidade do trabalho é que ao compreender as relações entre a morfologia do cristal e a estrutura da superfície dos óxidos nanoestruturados será possível obter catalisadores mais sensíveis, seletivos e com maior atividade catalítica. Ademais, foram realizados experimentos in situ de redução e reoxidação a temperatura programada, monitorada por XANES e DRX, resolvidos no tempo e na temperatura. Assim obteve-se uma projeção semiquantitativa de diferentes espécies de clusters de cobre (Cu2+, Cu+, e/ou Cu0). Esses resultados sugerem particularidades intrínsecas devido às diferentes morfologias no estado ativo nas cinéticas de redução e reoxidação. Em suma, foi desenvolvida uma rota sintética rápida e eficaz para sintetizar estruturas de CuO com diversas morfologias. Os materiais foram ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work goal the crystal growth of copper (II) oxide (II), CuO, with in different particles assembly. Herein, we report results of three distinct controlled CuO morphologies, urchin-like, fiber-like and nanorods, with fine control of morphology and crystallized by microwave assisted hydrothermal method. These materials were previously characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface area determination, scanning electron microscopy high-resolution and transmission electron microscopy, and absorption spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge (XANES), and others. The entire sequence of the crystallization procedure of CuO was monitored by field emission scanning electron microscopy in combination with transmission electron microscopy combined was possible to characterize in detail the materials synthesized, and its structure, shape, size, chemical composition, direction of growth, etc. The oxides obtained were tested for their catalytic properties in the reaction of dehydrogenation of ethanol - activity, selectivity, turnover frequency. The originality of this work is that by understanding the relationships between morphology and crystal structure of the surface oxides of nanostructured catalysts will be possible to obtain more sensitive and more selective catalytic activity. Copper-based catalysts obtained by microwave-assisted morphosynthesis were correlated with the dehydrogenation of ethanol. The degree of reduction and reoxidation was monitored using time-resolved in situ XANES and XRD during TPR under H2 and TPO under O2. A semiquantitative estimation of the different chemical forms (Cu2+, Cu+, and/or Cu0) was obtained. The results suggest intrinsic particularities due to different morphologies at the active state in reduction kinetics. In summary, we developed a rapid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

[pt] Nesta tese de doutoramento apresentamos a técnica de microscopia de feixe duplo (MEV e FIB) como uma ferramenta modificadora das propriedades físico-química dos semicondutores orgânicos, a qual pode ser eficaz para alterar e controlar a mobilidade dos portadores de carga nestes materiais semicondutores. Neste caso, filmes finos e dispositivos orgânicos, principalmente à base de tiofeno, foram bombardeados com diferentes doses de íons de Ga com objetivo de induzir modificações na estrutura polimérica a partir das diversas interações entre o íon e o polímero. As propriedades dos filmes finos e dos dispositivos bombardeados foram caracterizadas através das técnicas de UV-Vis, Espectroscopia Raman e CELIV, as quais indicaram a existência de dois regimes de comportamentos governados pela dose de íons empregada. Técnicas avançadas de microscopia eletrônica indicaram a formação de uma estrutura tipo grafítica, em torno de 50 nm da superfície do bombardeamento, decorrente da interação entre os íons de gálio e a camada polimérica. A possibilidade de construir dispositivos orgânicos intercalados com camadas grafíticas pode ser explorada de forma a construir arquiteturas mais eficientes, explorando a alta resolução espacial que a técnica FIB proporciona. / [en] In this doctoral thesis we presented the dual-beam microscopy (SEM and FIB) technique as a modifier tool of physicochemical properties of the organic semiconductors, which it can be effective to change and control the charge carrier mobility into these semiconductor materials. In this case, organic devices and thin films, especially at thiophene base, were bombarded with different Ga ion doses in order to induce modification in the polymeric structure from the various interactions between the ion and the polymer. The bombarded thin films and devices properties were characterized by UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy and CELIV techniques, which indicated the existence of two behavior regimes governed by the ion dose employed. Advanced electron microscopy techniques indicated the formation of a graphitic structure, around 50 nm from the surface bombardment, resulting of the interaction between the gallium ions and the polymer layer. The possibility to fabricate organic devices interspersed with graphitic layers can be exploited in order to construct more efficient architectures, using the high spatial resolution of the FIB technique.

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The observation of graphene’s extraordinary electrical properties has stirred great interest in two dimensional (2D) materials. The rapid pace of discovery for low dimensional materials with exciting properties continue with graphene allotropes, multiple polymorphs of borophene, germanene, and many others. The future of 2D materials goes beyond synthesis and characterization of free standing materials and on to the construction of heterostructures or sophisticated multilayer devices. Knowledge about the resulting local structure and composition of such systems will be key to understanding and optimizing their performance characteristics. 2D materials do not have a repeating crystal structure which can be easily characterized using bulk methods and therefore a localized high resolution method is needed. Electron microscopy is well suited for characterizing 2D materials as a repeating coherent structure is not necessary to produce a measureable signal as may be the case for diffraction methods. A unique opportunity for fine local scale measurements in low dimensional systems exists with a specific class of materials known as ferecrystals, the rotationally disordered relative of misfit layer compounds. Ferecrystals provide an excellent test system to observe effects at heterostructure interfaces as the whole film is composed of interdigitated two dimensional layers. Therefore bulk methods can be used to corroborate local scale measurements. From the qualitative interpretation of high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images to the quantitative application of STEM energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), this thesis uses numerous methods electron microscopy. The culmination of this work is seen at the end of the thesis where atomically resolved STEM-EDX hyperspectral maps could be used to measure element specific atomic distances and the atomically resolved fractional occupancies of a low dimensional alloy. These local scale measurements are corroborated by additional experimental data. The input of multiple techniques leads to improved certainty in local scale measurements and the applicability of these methods to non-ferecrystal low dimensional systems.

Non-crystalline thin solid films are seeing increasing interest for a wide variety of applications. However, understanding structure and compositional variations in these films is an immense challenge. Conventional bulk structural or compositional characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction often do not provide an adequate amount of information on their own. Electron microscopy is an incredibly powerful technique for structural and compositional film characterization, but is limited to inspection of only a small volume of any given sample. Rather than using one technique alone to gain information about a specimen, the greatest success is realized when these techniques are used in concert. This dissertation illustrates the idea that statistical analysis of electron microscopy data can provide information invaluable to interpreting bulk structural and compositional data from non-crystalline films. The first set of examples include demonstration of a statistical analysis method that can be applied to electron microscopy data to determine the presence of inhomogeneity along one film axis. This analysis method is applied to understanding compositional inhomogeneity that develops during formation of amorphous oxide films from aqueous solutions. Key insights are revealed that aid interpretation of bulk film X-ray characterization and possible processing conditions that lead to the compositional inhomogeneity. The second and third sets of examples describe the importance of electron microscopy analysis for structure determination in rotationally-disordered, non-epitaxial 2D heterostructures prepared from modulated elemental reactants. The second set of examples investigates the effects of nanoarchitecture on interlayer interactions and layer structure in heterostructures with interleaved BiSe and NbSe2 layers. The BiSe layers in these compounds display an interesting structural variation that impacts the overall compound properties. The structural variation is not visible using typical X-ray diffraction experiments, but analysis of electron microscopy images provides key insight into its existence. Finally, the third set of examples investigate several SnSe-containing heterostructures that provide insight into the unusual consequences of their non-epitaxial structure and film formation from modulated elemental reactants. Electron microscopy analysis, in conjunction with other characterization techniques, was invaluable for uncovering structural and compositional details within these compounds. This work contains previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-02-04T16:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiana Santos de Oliveira Leptospira 2015.pdf: 4808507 bytes, checksum: 3179db44fe75f386418d9e3244499ccf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-02-04T16:51:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiana Santos de Oliveira Leptospira 2015.pdf: 4808507 bytes, checksum: 3179db44fe75f386418d9e3244499ccf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-04T16:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiana Santos de Oliveira Leptospira 2015.pdf: 4808507 bytes, checksum: 3179db44fe75f386418d9e3244499ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina. Salvador, BA, Brasil / A leptospirose é uma zoonose distribuída globalmente causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Rattus norvegicus é o principal reservatório de Leptospira em comunidades urbanas do Brasil e em outros países. As vias de infecção por Leptospira nas populações de roedores são desconhecidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a presença de Leptospira em mama e leite como indicadores da transmissão vertical em R. norvegicus. As capturas de roedores foram realizadas em 2013 e 2014 em uma comunidade urbana de Salvador, Brasil. Nós pesquisamos a presença de Leptospira na mama, leite e rins de fêmeas em lactação utilizando testes de Imunofluorescência (IFA), Imunohistoquímica (IHQ), qPCR e exame no microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Nós examinamos 24 ratas em lactação. Todas as fêmeas foram positivas no rim em pelo menos uma das técnicas utilizadas. 18/24 (75%) foram positivas no leite por IFA e 04/28 (17%) foram confirmadas por qPCR. Na mama 16/24 (67%) ratas foram positivas por IFA ou IHQ. Observamos a presença de Leptospira em 1/4 ratas no exame com MEV. Na mama foram encontradas Leptospira em áreas sem ou com alterações patológicas. A presença de Leptospira na mama (67%) e no leite (75%) sugere que ocorra transmissão vertical pela amamentação nas populações urbanas de R. norvegicus. Estes achados precisam ser confirmados por estudos experimentais. A caracterização das vias de transmissão e manutenção de Leptospira é fundamental para entender a dinâmica do patógeno nos reservatórios, permitindo o desenvolvimento de novos modelos preditivos de risco para leptospirose em roedores e em seres humanos / Leptospirosis is a zoonosis distributed globally caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Rattus norvegicus is the main reservoir of Leptospira in urban communities in Brazil and other countries. The routes of Leptospira infection in the rodent populations are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of Leptospira in breast milk and as an indicator of vertical transmission in R. norvegicus. The rodents were trapped in 2013 and 2014 in an urban community of Salvador, Brazil. We research the presence of Leptospira in the breast, milk and kidney of lactating females using immunofluorescence test (IFA), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qPCR and examination in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). 24 rats were examined lactating. All were positive in at least one kidney of techniques. 18/24 (75%) tested positive in milk by IFA and 4/28 (17%) were confirmed by qPCR. In breast tissue 16/24 (67%) rats were positive by IFA or IHC. In a breast tissue sample from a rat was examined under SEM four Leptospira presence observed. In the presence of breast Leptospira was observed in areas with or without pathological changes. The presence of Leptospira breast (67) and milk (75%) suggests that vertical transmission occurs by feeding in urban populations of R. norvegicus. These findings need to be confirmed by experimental studies. The characterization of Leptospira transmission routes and maintenance is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of the pathogen in the reservoir allowing the development of new predictive models risk for leptospirosis in rodents and in humans.

SALOMÃO, Francisco Carlos Carneiro Soares. Estruturas Híbridas de Nanotubos de Carbono de Parede Simples e Telúrio. 2011. 82 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-23T21:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fccssalomao.pdf: 4413944 bytes, checksum: 498642e6b8eef08e5f36f566e477e377 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-29T17:48:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fccssalomao.pdf: 4413944 bytes, checksum: 498642e6b8eef08e5f36f566e477e377 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-29T17:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fccssalomao.pdf: 4413944 bytes, checksum: 498642e6b8eef08e5f36f566e477e377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / In this work we use Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy to characterize hybrid carbon nanotube single-wall and tellurium nanostructures. Carbon nanotubes are important nanostructures due to their electrical, optical and mechanical properties, which makes them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. However, for a wide range of applications requires the functionalization of the nanotubes in order to better exploit their potential application. Within this area of hybrid structures formed with carbon nanotubes, we highlight the carbon nanotubes interacting with the family of the chalcogen elements, which make them suitable for applications ranging from photonics to biology. The hybrid SWCNT-Te samples were prepared through the generation of anionic species of CNTs, followed by capture of elemental tellurium, using single-wall carbon nanotubes prepared by different methods. Raman spectroscopy data show that the characteristics present in the samples of single wall carbon nanotubes and tellurium used in the functionalization and show differences in comparison with the characteristics observed in the hybrid samples. Changes in the G band frequency, asymmetry and width were observed after the functionalization. We noticed an increase in the relative intensity of band D in the sample in relation to the hybrid single-wall nanotubes used in the functionalization. In the observation of the modes between 100 and 1000 cm-1 we note the contribution of the RBM modes of single wall carbon nanotubes and the modes of tellurium. Raman modes associated with tellurium oxide were found in two of three hybrids samples, which are resonant modes for the laser line of 532 nm (2.33 eV). The process of removal of oxides, by dissolving in acetone PA in ultrasonic bath, proved to be efficient. Even after the removal of oxides, we can still observe the modes related to tellurium and carbon nanotubes in the Raman spectrum of hybrid sample. The electron microscope images show that the hybrid system is presented carbon nanotubes clusters with tellurium nanostructures. / Neste trabalho utilizamos as Técnicas de Espectroscopia Raman e microscopia Eletrônica para caracterizar sistemas híbridos de nanotubos de carbono de parede simples e Telúrio. Os nanotubos de Carbono são nanoestruturas importantes devido às suas propriedades elétricas, óticas e mecânicas, que os torna atraentes para muitas aplicações em nanotecnologia. Porém, para uma grande gama de aplicações se requer a funcionalização dos nanotubos de modo a explorar mais amplamente seu potencial de aplicação. Dentro desta área de estruturas híbridas formadas com nanotubos de carbono, destacamos os nanotubos de carbono interagindo com elementos da família dos calcogênios, que permitiria aplicações desde a fotônica até biológicas. As amostras híbridas SWCNT-Te foram preparadas através de uma técnica de funcionalização chamada Geração de carbânios, utilizando nanotubos de parede simples do tipo HipCo e não HipCo. No estudo de espectroscopia Raman, observamos as características presentes nas amostras de nanotubos de carbono de parede simples e Telúrio utilizados na funcionalização e comparamos com as características observadas nas amostras híbridas. Mudanças na banda G como freqüência, assimetria e largura foram observadas após a funcionalização. Notou-se um aumento na intensidade relativa da banda D na amostra híbrida em relação aos nanotubos de parede simples utilizados na funcionalização. Na observação dos modos entre 100 e 1000 cm-1 notamos a contribuição dos modos RBM dos nanotubos de carbono de parede simples e dos modos do Telúrio. Modos associados a óxido de Telúrio foram encontrados em duas das três amostras híbridas, sendo estes modos ressonantes para a linha de laser de 532 nm (2,33 eV). O processo de retirada dos óxidos, pela dissolução em Acetona P.A, em ultra-som de banho mostrou-se eficiente. Mesmo após a retirada dos óxidos, ainda podemos observar os modos relacionados ao Telúrio e aos nanotubos de carbono no espectro da amostra híbrida. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica mostram que o sistema híbrido se apresenta como nanocabos coaxias, de nano tubos de carbono envolvidos por Telúrio.

Neste trabalho se realiza a síntese e caracterização de nanofios de óxido de zinco. Adicionalmente se apresenta o processo de montagem de um dispositivo para medidas elétricas deste material. Estuda-se complementarmente o efeito do tratamento de plasma sobre as propriedades de fotoluminescência do material. Nanofios foram sintetizados pelo mecanismo vapor-líquido-sólido (VLS), utilizando ouro como catalizador e safira c-plane como substrato. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura, fotoluminescência a temperatura ambiente, difração de raios X, e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os nanofios obtidos têm seção transversal com formato quase hexagonal, e larguras de aproximadamente 46 nm. O comprimento deles varia de 3 a 10 μm. Os resultados de difração de raios x e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostram que eles são monocristalinos com rede cristalina tipo wurtzita, e com direção de crescimento no eixo c. Foram estudados os efeitos da potência de plasma de oxigênio (O2) na fotoluminescência dos nanofios a temperatura ambiente. A diferença na fotoluminescência após diferentes tratamentos de plasma de O2 mostra que a razão entre a emissão da região do band gap e da banda do visível pode ser modificada pelo tratamento. Este efeito corrobora com a hipótese de que a banda verde de luminescência está relacionada às vacâncias de zinco. A variação percentual da razão entre as duas regiões apresenta uma dependência linear com a potência do plasma. / In this work, we performed the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanowires. We also report an assembly process to measure the electrical properties of this material. We study the plasma treatment effect on the photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized via vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, using gold as catalyst and c-plane sapphire as substrate. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, room temperature photoluminescence, x-rays diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Our nanowires show a quasi-hexagonal cross section, with diameters of approximately 46 nm. Their lengths ranged from 3 to 10 μm. Our results show monocrystalline wurtzite crystal nanowires with c growth direction. We also study the plasma power effect of oxygen (O2) plasma treatment on the room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires. Our results show that the deep level emission to near band emission ratio decreases with the plasma treatment. This effect supports the hypothesis that claims the green band luminescence is related to the oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, the relative ratio change depends linearly on the plasma power.