Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy)--Miami University, Dept. of Educational Leadership, 2009. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. Xx-Xx).

The aim of this work is to explore the printed Hawaii shirt through material investigations in search of new print meetings. A vital step for this investigation was to develop the classic Hawaii- prints and motives in mixed media. Followed by exploring alternative printing techniques such as transfer printing, laser cutting and knitting in different materials to reach new expressions yet keeping a clear reference to the Hawaii shirt. The intention of this work was to investigate how the Hawaii shirt with its classic print could interact with the mind and body of the wearer. Furthermore, to question the informal rules of wearing a Hawaii shirt with a starting point in Umberto Eco’s theories about epidemic self-awareness. The motive of this work is to critically look at the society today, with a focus on consumerism, foreign travel and tourism and the expression of it, with the Hawaii shirt as a symbol of these things. Based on the assumption of the Hawaii shirt being a tacky souvenir that tourists bring back home from their holidays. This work show new expressions of the printed Hawaii shirt through innovative print meetings. This work also proposes alternative ways of wearing a Hawaii Shirt.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os impactos da varíola em Porto Alegre no século XIX, tendo como ponto de partida as ações protagonizadas pelos diferentes sujeitos que vivenciaram, à época, a experiência da doença e das posturas que se estabelecem contra ela. Em 1846, regulou-se a vacinação contra a varíola como prática de Estado; a recepção da nova lei, entretanto, não alcançou a notoriedade esperada por agentes do governo imperial, já que a ampla maioria da população não estava informada dos propósitos da vacina e não conferia legitimidade à medida. Observando o perfil social dos variolosos percebe-se que aqueles sujeitos, protagonistas dos conflitos de seu tempo foram capazes de elaborar respostas próprias às demandas da doença, tendo buscado os préstimos do hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre com vistas a aliviar seus sintomas. A recusa à vacinação foi constatada por meio de muitos relatórios governamentais no período, mas também ficou evidente mediante a observância da varíola como uma doença endêmica na cidade, que alcançou surtos epidêmicos graves, como no ano de 1874, quando 1% da população faleceu em função do contágio. Analisando as repostas elaboradas pelo incipiente “poder público” para o combate à epidemia, observou-se a inoperância das medidas profiláticas vigentes, já que o isolamento de pessoas, tido como necessário para a não propagação da doença, era regra para uma parte da população, majoritariamente sujeitos livres pobres e escravos, enquanto a doença atingiu indiscriminadamente todos os setores ou classes sociais. / This dissertation aims to discuss the impact of smallpox in Porto Alegre in the nineteenth century taking as its starting point the actions played by different subjects who experienced at the time the experience of illness and the attitudes that were established against it. In 1846, smallpox vaccination was regulated as a State practice, but the reception of the new law, however, did not reach the expected notoriety bythe agents of the imperial government, since the vast majority of the population was not informed of the purpose of the vaccine and did not confer legitimacy tothis measure. Observing the social profile of the carriers of smallpox, one realizes that those subjects, protagonists of conflicts of his time, were able to develop their own answers to the demands of the disease, searching the good services of the Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre in order to alleviate their symptoms. The refusal of vaccination was found by many governmental reports of the period, but was also evident by the observance of smallpox as an endemic disease in the town. Indeed, smallpox reached serious epidemic outbreaks, as in 1874, when 1 % of the population died due of contagion. Analyzing the responses prepared by the incipient public power to fight the epidemic at the time, we can observe the ineffectiveness of current prophylactic measures, since the isolation of persons was deemed necessary to not spread the disease. It was the rule for a part of the population, mostly poor free subjects and slaves, while the disease indiscriminately affected all sectors or social classes.

Doctor of Philosophy / Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Raymond R. R. Rowland / Emerging viral diseases cause significant and widespread economic losses to U.S. swine production. Over the last 25 years, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have emerged or re-emerged, costing the industry billions through increased mortality and clinical or subclinical reductions in growth. Nursery pigs are greatly affected by these viruses due to high susceptibility to primary and secondary infections after weaning. However, clinical disease occurs in only a subpopulation of infected pigs and can vary drastically from sudden death to poor growth performance. This thesis documents a series of 4 studies where nursery pigs were challenged with either PRRSV/PCV2 or PEDV; the associations between clinical outcome and several factors affecting viral pathogenesis were investigated. In the first study, the administration of PRRS modified live virus vaccine prior to co-challenge with PRRSV/PCV2 was shown to protect against PRRS but enhance PCV2 replication and pathogenesis. This study provides insight into the role that PRRS vaccination has in both the control and potentiation of clinical disease. In the second study, microbial populations were compared between pigs with the best and worst clinical outcome following PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection. Increased fecal microbiome diversity was associated with improved clinical outcome; however, worst clinical outcome pigs had prolonged and greater virus replication, highlighting the host response to viral challenge as a primary determinant of clinical outcome. In the third study, 13 clinical phenotypes were compiled for >450 pigs after PRRSV/PCV2 co-infection. Duration of dyspnea and the presence of muscle wasting had the strongest associations with reduced weight gain. This study highlights the opportunity to improve animal welfare and production through improvements in clinical health. In the fourth study, clinical disease was mild to moderate and occurred within the first week after pigs were challenged with PEDV. However, PEDV was detected weeks after clinical disease had resolved and may implicate nursery pigs as an important source of viral carriage and transmission. Overall, the goal of this thesis was to develop models for understanding the impact of emerging and re-emerging viruses to improve recognition and control of disease.

In history there are cases of epidemics, which often reduced the human population more than war conflicts ever did. A typical example is the Spanish flu epidemic during the 1st World War. It is generally known that a large portion of our population lacks sufficient knowledge on the very dangerous diseases, which can be misused by bioterrorists. People underestimate the threat and often they don?t even have any idea how to protect themselves against biological agents or what to do in the event of a possible attack. I have chosen this issue as the topic of my diploma work as I consider the current situation of the inhabitant?s awareness of this issue as unsatisfactory. The objective of my work is to define epidemiologically serious diseases, which are suitable for misuse within the bioterrorists? actions, to focus on their diagnostics, treatment and prevention. On the basis of studying expert literature and consultations I have proposed preventative measures and instructions what to do in the event of a possible risk of attack by biological warfare agents and subsequently I created two types of information leaflets for the wide public. At the same time I handed over these two information leaflets for an expert assessment to a legal office to make sure that they do not fulfil the state of facts of a criminal offence of spreading a haux. The result is an opinion that the leaflet with general information may be used to increase peoples' awareness on the preventative protection against the possible risk of attack or misuse of biological agents. The second leaflet with the detailed information may only be used for the purpose of this diploma work, or possibly for training purposes of cooperation of the Integrated Emergency Services and the inhabitants in the given area.

The degree work is concentrated on the problems of the epidemic as to acute viral gastro-enteritides of nosocomial nature occurring in the Mental Home Bohnice in the years 2003 {--} 2009. I chose for my work the methodology of quantitative research in the form of an epidemiological descriptive study with the technique ``data collection and analysis{\crq}q. The infectious diarrhoeal affections are very current all the time and great importance in developing and even in advanced countries of the world. About 5 {--} 10 million people are dying of diarrhoea often connected with undernourishment in developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America per year, whereof 4,6 millions are children aged up to 5 years. The infection diarrhoeal affections in advanced countries of the world are important mainly as to their high frequency because they represent the second most frequent infection just behind the infection of air passages. The theoretical part of the work is concentrated on general characterization of the acute viral gastro-enteritis, on the process of spreading, on the most frequent aetiologic agents and on the new possibilities of diagnosis and therapy. The attention is also paid to the observance of antiepidemical measures and rules fixed in the hygienic and antiinfectious regimen, that prevent further spreading of the diseases in the case that an epidemic has broken out. In this connection, the basic profile and structure of the Mental Home Bohnice is also presented inclusive of important facts concerning the hospitalized patients. These patients form a very specific group of persons in respect to the occurrence of epidemics caused by viral diarrhoeal diseases as they are hospitalized in an isolated environment often for long term and their heath condition depends on psychiatric diagnosis. The performed investigation resumes the general judgement on the problems of epidemics caused by the acute viral gastro-enteritides in the Mental Home. It determines the most frequent aetiologic agents giving rise to this disease and analyzes these epidemics in relation to the age and sex of the patients. Another aim of the work was to explain the seasonal nature of the epidemics and to evaluate the efficiency of antiepidemical measures taken in this establishment. It is necessary to conclusion that the epidemical occurrence of viral gastro-enteritides was registered in Mental Home Bohnice even before the year 2003, but the aetiologic agents could not be specified in greater detail owing to the possibilities of virologic diagnostics being at disposal at that time.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os impactos da varíola em Porto Alegre no século XIX, tendo como ponto de partida as ações protagonizadas pelos diferentes sujeitos que vivenciaram, à época, a experiência da doença e das posturas que se estabelecem contra ela. Em 1846, regulou-se a vacinação contra a varíola como prática de Estado; a recepção da nova lei, entretanto, não alcançou a notoriedade esperada por agentes do governo imperial, já que a ampla maioria da população não estava informada dos propósitos da vacina e não conferia legitimidade à medida. Observando o perfil social dos variolosos percebe-se que aqueles sujeitos, protagonistas dos conflitos de seu tempo foram capazes de elaborar respostas próprias às demandas da doença, tendo buscado os préstimos do hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre com vistas a aliviar seus sintomas. A recusa à vacinação foi constatada por meio de muitos relatórios governamentais no período, mas também ficou evidente mediante a observância da varíola como uma doença endêmica na cidade, que alcançou surtos epidêmicos graves, como no ano de 1874, quando 1% da população faleceu em função do contágio. Analisando as repostas elaboradas pelo incipiente “poder público” para o combate à epidemia, observou-se a inoperância das medidas profiláticas vigentes, já que o isolamento de pessoas, tido como necessário para a não propagação da doença, era regra para uma parte da população, majoritariamente sujeitos livres pobres e escravos, enquanto a doença atingiu indiscriminadamente todos os setores ou classes sociais. / This dissertation aims to discuss the impact of smallpox in Porto Alegre in the nineteenth century taking as its starting point the actions played by different subjects who experienced at the time the experience of illness and the attitudes that were established against it. In 1846, smallpox vaccination was regulated as a State practice, but the reception of the new law, however, did not reach the expected notoriety bythe agents of the imperial government, since the vast majority of the population was not informed of the purpose of the vaccine and did not confer legitimacy tothis measure. Observing the social profile of the carriers of smallpox, one realizes that those subjects, protagonists of conflicts of his time, were able to develop their own answers to the demands of the disease, searching the good services of the Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre in order to alleviate their symptoms. The refusal of vaccination was found by many governmental reports of the period, but was also evident by the observance of smallpox as an endemic disease in the town. Indeed, smallpox reached serious epidemic outbreaks, as in 1874, when 1 % of the population died due of contagion. Analyzing the responses prepared by the incipient public power to fight the epidemic at the time, we can observe the ineffectiveness of current prophylactic measures, since the isolation of persons was deemed necessary to not spread the disease. It was the rule for a part of the population, mostly poor free subjects and slaves, while the disease indiscriminately affected all sectors or social classes.

A dengue é a arbovirose urbana mais importante em saúde pública atualmente. A forma mais eficaz de controlar a doença é combatendo o mosquito Aedes aegypti, o vetor do vírus, que, além da dengue, também transmite a febre amarela urbana, a febre chigungunya e o zika. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar e analisar as temáticas veiculadas na imprensa escrita sobre a doença dengue na cidade portuária de Santos, no litoral sul do estado de São Paulo. Principal município da Região da Baixada Santista, Santos também abriga o maior porto do país. O objetivo específico deste trabalho é verificar se existem no noticiário informações sobre o controle integrado do mosquito Aedes aegypti, principal forma de controle da doença. De caráter qualitativo, esta tese submeteu o noticiário veiculado pelo jornal A Tribuna, o principal da região, à análise de conteúdo, buscando identificar nas mensagens jornalísticas a abordagem sobre a dengue, no período de 2012 a 2015. A pesquisa se justifica por ser a dengue endêmica na Região da Baixada Santista e pelo fato de os veículos de comunicação de massa exercerem influência na formação de opinião e na disseminação do conhecimento científico de interesse público. Os resultados encontrados na análise quantitativa demonstram maior frequência para os temas relacionados à incidência e à letalidade da dengue. A análise qualitativa dos textos demonstrou que temas relacionados ao controle do mosquito Ae.aegypti foram encontrados, porém não se encontrou notícias sobre o controle biológico, o que indica que o controle integrado do vetor não é abordado pela mídia. Este estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre o papel da mídia como agente propagador de informação geral e em saúde, postulando que a informação sobre dengue deve atingir a população de forma que ela se mobilize e atue como agente cuidador de sua própria saúde e da saúde do ambiente em que vive, como forma de eliminação da doença na região / Dengue is the most importante urban arbovirus in Public Health today. The most effective way to control the disease is by fighting the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the vector of the virus, which in addition to dengue also transmits urban yellow fever, chikugunia fever and zika. The general objective of this study is to identify and analyze the themes presented in the written press about dengue disease in the port city of Santos, on the southern coast of the state of São Paulo. The main municipality of the Baixada Santista Region, Santos also houses the largest port of the country. The specific objective of this work is to verify if information on the integrated control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the main form of disease control, exists in the news. In a qualitative way, this thesis submitted the news story published by A Tribuna, the main newspaper in the region, to content analysis, seeking to identify in the journalistic messages the approach on dengue in the period from 2012 to 2015, The research is justified because it is the Endemic dengue fever in the Region of Baixada Santista and the fact that mass communication vehicles have exerted influence in the formation of opinion and in the dissemination of scientific knowledge of public interest. The results found in the quantitative analysis show that subjects related to the control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito were found, but no news was found about the biological control, wich indicates that the integrated control of the vector is not approached by the media. This study purposes a reflection on the role of the media as a propagating agent of general and health information, postulating that information about dengue should reach the population so that it can mobilize and act as caregiver for their own health and the health of the environment in which it lives, as a way of eliminating the disease on the area

Introdução - A epidemia de HIV/Aids deve ser compreendida em todas as suas diferentes dimensões - biológica, social, cultural, política, econômica e geográfica, o que demanda a abordagem de diversas áreas do conhecimento para seu real enfrentamento. O uso de ferramentas de análise espacial permite identificar diferenciais no comportamento desse agravo nas populações e nos espaços que ocupam, o que pode auxiliar a selecionar áreas para políticas e intervenções específicas. Objetivo - Descrever a evolução da epidemia de Aids nos indivíduos com 13 anos ou mais de idade residentes no município de São Paulo, notificados no SINAN entre 1980 e junho de 2012, utilizando o referencial espacial. Métodos - 1. Estudo descritivo das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e epidemiológicas dos casos de Aids. 2. Análise de varredura espacial, espaço-temporal e de variação espacial nas tendências temporais de todos os casos de Aids e de subgrupos específicos: pacientes com 50 anos de idade ou mais e óbitos por Aids, segundo áreas de ponderação. 3. Análise de regressão múltipla, para verificar a relação entre a incidência e a mortalidade por Aids padronizadas e indicadores sociais, demográficos, econômicos, educacionais, ambientais e ocupacionais do IBGE. Resultados - As taxas de incidência e de mortalidade por Aids variaram entre os dois sexos e ao longo do tempo, com tendência de queda em ambos os sexos; se concentraram na região central nos homens e apresentaram dispersão para áreas mais periféricas nas mulheres. A doença ganhou relevância nas mulheres mais idosas e naquelas com baixa escolaridade, nos homens com alta escolaridade e na faixa etária de 13 a 29 anos, bem como na categoria de exposição heterossexual em ambos os sexos e em homossexuais do sexo masculino. O tempo entre o diagnóstico e o óbito reduziu ao longo do tempo. As taxas de incidência e mortalidade apresentaram autocorrelação espacial nos anos censitários, exceto no sexo feminino em 2010. Os aglomerados espaciais no sexo masculino se concentraram mais no centro da cidade e em áreas contíguas das regiões norte e sudeste, e nas mulheres, foram mais dispersos pelo município. O período mais crítico para aglomerações da doença no sexo masculino ocorreu entre 1993 e 1999, e no feminino, de 1995 a 2003. Em ambos os sexos observou-se uma tendência temporal de periferização da Aids no município. Considerando-se os indicadores do IBGE, a incidência de Aids foi inversamente associada principalmente à proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes próprios e quitados ou em aquisição e diretamente relacionada à proporção de pessoas sem nenhuma religião ou culto ou não declarado. A taxa de mortalidade, por sua vez, também se associou negativamente à proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes próprios e quitados ou em aquisição, e positivamente à proporção de domicílios coletivos. Conclusões - Foram utilizadas diferentes metodologias na abordagem da epidemia de Aids, o que permitiu ampliar a visão sobre o agravo no município de São Paulo e fornecer subsídios para apoiar as instituições no planejamento e na definição de políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidado das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids. / Introduction - The HIV/AIDS must be understood in all its different dimensions - biological, social, cultural, political, economic and geographic, which demands the approach of different fields of knowledge to really face it. The use of spatial analysis tools allows the identification of differences in the behavior of this disease in populations and in the spaces they occupy, which can help to select areas for specific policies and interventions. Objective - To describe the evolution of the AIDS epidemic in individuals aged 13 years old or older, living in the city of São Paulo, who were reported in the SINAN system from 1980 to June 2012, using a spatial referential. Methods - 1. A descriptive study of sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological variables of AIDS cases. 2. Analysis of spatial scan, spatio-temporal scan and spatial variation in temporal trends of all AIDS cases and in specific subgroups: patients aged 50 years old or older, and deaths from AIDS, according to sample areas. 3. Multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the standardized incidence and mortality from AIDS and social, demographic, economic, educational, environmental and occupational indicators from IBGE. Results - The incidence and mortality rates from AIDS varied among the two sexes and over time, with a declining trend in both sexes; the rates were concentrated in the central region in men and spread to more peripheral areas in women. The disease has gained relevance in older women and in those with a lower education level, in men with a high educational level and in the age group of 13 to 29 years old, as well as in the heterosexual exposure category in both sexes and homosexual men. The time between diagnosis and death has reduced over time. The incidence and mortality rates showed spatial autocorrelation in the census years, except for females in 2010. The spatial clusters of males were more concentrated in the center of the city and in adjacent areas of the north and southeast, while females were more dispersed along the municipality. The most critical period for disease agglomeration in men occurred between 1993 and 1999, and in women from 1995 to 2003. There was a temporal trend of AIDS peripherization in the city for both sexes. Considering the IBGE indicators, the incidence of AIDS was inversely associated specially to the proportion of permanent private households, own and settled, or in acquisition, and directly related to the proportion of people without any religion or cult or not declared. The mortality rate was negatively associated to the proportion of permanent private households, own and settled, or in acquisition, and positively associated to the proportion of collective households. Conclusions - Different methodologies in the AIDS epidemic approach were used, which enabled to expand the vision of the disease in the city of São Paulo, providing information to support the institutions in the planning and definition of public policies towards the care of people living with HIV/AIDS.

Mathematical modeling of spreading processes have been largely studied in the literature, and its presented a boom in the past few years. This is a fundamental task on the understanding and prediction of real spreading processes on top of a population and are subject to many structural and dynamical constraints. Aiming at a better understanding of this processes, we focused in two task: the modeling and the analysis of both dynamical and structural aspects of these processes. Initially, we proposed a new and general model that unifies epidemic and rumor spreading. Besides, regarding the analysis of these processes, we extended the classical formalism to multilayer networks, in which the theory was lacking. Interestingly, this study opened up new challenges concerning the understanding of multilayer networks. More specifically, regarding their spectral properties. In this thesis, we analyzed such processes on top of single and multilayer networks. Thus, throughout our analysis, we followed three complementary approaches: (i) analytical, (ii) numerical and (iii) simulations, mainly Monte Carlo simulations. Our main results are: (i) a new unifying model, enabling us to model and understand spreading processes on large systems, (ii) characterization of new phenomena on multilayer networks, such as layer-wise localization and the barrier effect and (iii) an spectral analysis of multilayer systems, suggesting a universal parameter and proposing a new analytical tool for its analysis. Our contributions enable further research on modeling of spreading processes, also emphasizing the importance of considering the complete multilayer structure instead of any coarse-graining. Additionally, it can be directly applied on the prediction and modeling real processes. Thus, aside from the theoretical interest and its mathematical implications, it also presents important social impact. / A modelagem matemática dos processos de disseminação tem sido amplamente estudada na literatura, sendo que o seu estudo apresentou um boom nos últimos anos. Esta é uma tarefa fundamental na compreensão e previsão de epidemias reais e propagação de rumores numa população, ademais, estas estão sujeitas a muitas restrições estruturais e dinâmicas. Com o objetivo de entender melhor esses processos, nos concentramos em duas tarefas: a de modelagem e a de análise de aspectos dinâmicos e estruturais. No primeiro, propomos um modelo novo e geral que une a epidemia e propagação de rumores. Também, no que diz respeito à análise desses processos, estendemos o formalismo clássico às redes multicamadas, onde tal teoria era inexistente. Curiosamente, este estudo abriu novos desafios relacionados à compreensão de redes multicamadas, mais especificamente em relação às suas propriedades espectrais. Nessa tese, analisamos esses processos em redes de uma e múltiplas camadas. Ao longo de nossas análises seguimos três abordagens complementares: (i) análises analíticas, (ii) experimentos numéricos e (iii) simulações de Monte Carlo. Assim, nossos principais resultados são: (i) um novo modelo que unifica as dinâmicas de rumor e epidemias, nos permitindo modelar e entender tais processos em grandes sistemas, (ii) caracterização de novos fenômenos em redes multicamadas, como a localização em camadas e o efeito barreira e (iii) uma análise espectral de sistemas multicamadas, sugerindo um parâmetro de escala universal e propondo uma nova ferramenta analítica para sua análise. Nossas contribuições permitem que novas pesquisas sobre modelagem de processos de propagação, enfatizando também a importância de se considerar a estrutura multicamada. Dessa forma, as nossas contribuições podem ser diretamente aplicadas à predição e modelagem de processos reais. Além do interesse teórico e matemático, nosso trabalho também apresenta implicações sociais importantes.