<p dir="ltr">To meet the growing demands for pork products, lactating sows are often housed in farrowing crates to reduce piglet crushing. However, the public has raised welfare concerns about farrowing crate systems due to the confinement and barren environment, which can impair social interactions between sow and piglets, change their activity levels, and alter how sows and piglets satisfy their motivated behaviors to chew and explore by oral manipulation of pen and pen mates. Barren and confined environments can result in skin abrasions caused by oral manipulations and fighting, physiological stress, inactivity, and abnormal behaviors, which can have an impact on sows’ and piglets’ welfare, productivity, and behavior. Previous work on environmental enrichments has shown promise to improve average daily gain, activity levels, stress, and behavioral repertoire. However, the majority of studies on pig environmental enrichments take place after weaning and research investigating the impact enrichments have during lactation is limited. In addition, research on maximizing the use of environmental enrichments based on the location inside the farrowing crate systems has not been conducted. To address the knowledge gaps concerning the impact of the location of environmental enrichments on the welfare, behavior, and productivity of sows and piglets in farrowing crate systems and to provide educational material on pig enrichment, this dissertation consists of two parts: Chapters 2 and 3 examine the effects of the location of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems on sows’ and piglet’s welfare, productivity, and behavior. Chapter 5 is an extension article on the different types of environmental enrichments and the best strategies for implementing enrichment in swine operations.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 2, sows (n = 37) and focal piglets (n = 148) were assigned to three treatment groups: SPE (both sows and piglets had access to enrichment objects), PE (only piglets had access to enrichment objects), and CON (control group with no enrichment) blocked by sow parity and genetics. Sow posture and piglet behavior during the lactation and nursery phases were observed at various times after birth and weaning. Environmental enrichments significantly influenced the behaviors of suckling piglets, reducing pig-directed and agonistic behaviors. Piglets with enrichments tended to explore the pen less and engage in more social behaviors. The location of enrichments also impacted behaviors, with higher nursing behavior observed during mid-lactation for piglets with access to enrichments (PE) and increased interaction with enrichments when they were accessible to both sows and piglets (SPE). Treatment did not affect sow postural changes or most nursery behaviors, except for walking, which increased in SPE nursery piglets compared to CON piglets. Overall, the study demonstrated positive effects of environmental enrichments on suckling piglets in farrowing crate systems, highlighting the importance of enrichment placement on nursing behaviors and enrichment interaction.</p><p dir="ltr">In Chapter 3, the same sows and piglets were used to investigate the effects of enrichment location on the welfare (skin lesions, pressure sores, salivary cortisol, and tear stains) and performance (average daily gain and piglet crushing) of the sows and piglets. This study used the same animals that were assigned the treatment group, housing, and management practices from Chapter 2. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from sows at four time points: 24 hours after moving into farrowing crates, 24 hours after treatment group assignment, midway between moving into crates and weaning, and on the day of weaning. Pressure sores of sows were scored on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17 after farrowing. For suckling piglets, tear stains and skin lesions were assessed on the same days, and their average daily gain (ADG) was analyzed weekly during lactation. In the nursery phase, salivary cortisol was collected from piglets on the day of weaning and days 1, 7, and 14 post-weaning, with tear stains and skin lesions measured on those days as well. Nursery ADG was analyzed from weaning to day 14 post-weaning. Results indicated that control (CON) sows were less likely to have no pressure sores compared to sows with shared (SPE) enrichments, while piglets in the enriched treatment groups (PE and SPE) had smaller tear stain areas than those in the CON group. Treatment influenced skin lesions in suckling piglets, with enriched piglets having fewer lesions in the ear and front body regions. There was no treatment effect on salivary cortisol for both sows and nursery piglets, nor did treatment affect ADG, piglet crushing, or nursery skin lesions. The provision of environmental enrichments in farrowing crates reduced pressure sores of sows, skin lesions of suckling piglets and tear stains of suckling and nursery piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, providing environmental enrichments to suckling piglets reduced aggression, as evidenced by fewer agonistic and pig-directed behaviors, and resulted in fewer skin lesions compared to piglets without enrichments. This suggests potentially reduced stress levels in enriched piglets, indicated by smaller tear stain areas. While most behaviors and skin lesion scores showed no significant differences during the nursery phase, enriched piglets continued to have smaller tear stains. Enrichment location influenced the following: sows had fewer pressure sores, and suckling piglets interacted more with enrichments and exhibited fewer pig-directed behaviors when enrichments were accessible to both sows and piglets compared to the only piglet enriched treatment group. Piglets with access only to enrichments also performed more nursing behaviors during mid-lactation compared to the control group. Overall, the study highlights the benefits of environmental enrichments in farrowing crate systems, particularly the positive impact of enrichment location on the welfare and behavior of sows and piglets.</p><p dir="ltr">Lastly, in Chapter 5, the extension article discusses the definition of environmental enrichment and its impact on pigs’ welfare. The article also delves into the five types of environmental enrichments (nutritional, occupational, physical, sensory, and social), providing examples of each. Additionally, the article offers five practical tips for efficiently and successfully implementing environmental enrichments in swine herds.</p>

Throughout their lives, animals are faced with numerous ecological challenges stemming from abiotic and biotic conditions of their environment. Phenotypic shifts in response to one challenge can have cascading effects on other organismal systems, with downstream implications for individual fitness. Infectious disease presents a significant ecological challenge for most organisms on earth. Additionally, how an animal responds to disease can be shifted by exposure to other ecological challenges. Thus, infectious disease can both present an ecological challenge itself or shift as a consequence of another challenge. In this work, I used experimental captive studies on wild-caught house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) to elucidate how an animal might shift its phenotypes when presented with an ecological challenge. In the first experiment, I examined how nutritional stress during nestling development impacted the magnitude of house finch responses to the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Although nutritional stress limited mass gain in nestlings, individual responses to MG did not vary with nutritional stress, possibly indicating that the development of immune responses is resilient even in the face of suboptimal nutritional conditions. Next, I investigated infectious disease as a challenge in itself and asked how individual social preferences were shifted by MG infection. I demonstrated that MG-infected house finches showed augmented sociality relative to control birds, choosing to spend more time with a group of conspecifics than alone. Because this increased social preference was no longer present once birds recovered, this phenotypic change in sociality may have specific benefits for actively infected birds. Finally, my last experiment expands upon these results, exploring whether group-living particularly benefits infected birds by offsetting two common fitness costs of infection: reduced foraging abilities and decreased anti-predator responses. Here we found that group-living provides all individuals with improved foraging and anti-predator behaviors, with the strongest benefits of group-living apparent for infected finches. This suggests that augmented sociality in infected house finches has important implications for surviving infection, and potentially, for the spread of MG within populations. As animals continue to face increasing and novel ecological challenges, it is vitally important to understand individual responses to environmental challenges, which can have long-term effects for all levels of biological organization. In particular, my work highlights the role of social behavior as a potentially adaptive phenotypic response to infectious disease in wild animals. Taken together, my results demonstrate the importance of continuing to study infectious disease from multiple perspectives to better understand how animals will respond to a shifting world. / Doctor of Philosophy / All animals must respond to challenges in their environment, which can impact their lives in a variety of ways. Infectious disease is a significant challenge for most organisms on earth. Infection with a disease-causing pathogen must be met by the individual with behavioral, physiological, and immunological responses to increase the animal's likelihood of survival. Additionally, an animal's response to disease can be shifted by exposure to other adverse environmental conditions, such as reduced access to food. On the one hand, infectious disease can present a challenge in itself. Alternatively, how an animal responds to disease may shift as a consequence of another challenge. In this work, I brought wild-caught birds into a captive setting and performed three experiments to determine how an animal might respond to common ecological challenges. First, I studied how food shortages during early life impacted how strongly birds responded to infection with a disease-causing bacteria. In this study I found that host responses to disease did not shift, even when birds were given less food and experienced reduced mass growth during early life. Although young animals are developing rapidly and are particularly vulnerable to challenges in their environment, my results indicate that the development of responses to disease is resilient even in the face of suboptimal conditions. Next, I investigated how social behaviors were shifted due to disease. Here I demonstrated that diseased birds were more social than healthy birds, preferring to spend more time with a group of other birds than alone. In contrast, once these same birds had recovered from infection and were again healthy they became less social, which suggests that diseased birds in particular may benefit from being part of a group. My final experiment expanded upon these results, exploring whether group-living can help increase an individual's survival by compensating for two consequences of disease: reduced ability to acquire food and evade predators. Here I found that group-living provides individual benefits in terms of both acquiring food and evading predators, both of which have important implications for an individual's survival, especially while experiencing disease. As animals continue to face increasing and new challenges due to global change, it becomes vitally important to understand individual responses to environmental changes. While the work highlighted here presents an important step in understanding individual responses, future work should use observational studies in the wild to determine how the social preferences and behaviors I demonstrated here are actually occurring in a natural habitat. Taken together, my results highlight the importance of continuing to study infectious disease from multiple perspectives to better understand how animals will respond to a shifting world.

Human adolescents exhibit higher levels of sensation seeking behaviour than younger or older individuals, and sensation seeking is higher in males than females from adolescence onwards. Data suggest that changes in gonadal hormone levels during adolescence and differences in the dopamine neurotransmitter system are the bases for why some people exhibit sensation seeking behaviour while others do not. However, causal relationships between physiology and behaviour have been difficult to establish in humans. In order to explore the physiological influences on novelty-seeking behaviour, we looked at response to novelty in a laboratory rodent. This research examined responses to novelty in the conditioned place preference (CPP) task and the novel object recognition (NOR) task in Lister-hooded rats, and assessed the benefits and limitations of each methodology. While the CPP task was not found to provide a reliable measure of response to novelty, the NOR task was more successful. In order to understand the ontogeny of sex differences in novelty responses, both males and females were tested from adolescence through to adulthood. While no sex difference was found in adults in the NOR test, mid-adolescent males exhibited higher novelty preference behaviour than either younger or older males, or females at each stage of development. Since gonadal hormones levels rise during adolescence, a pharmacological agent (a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist) was used to suppress gonadal hormone levels from early adolescence before again examining responses on the NOR test at mid-adolescence. Gonadal hormone suppression from early adolescence onwards eliminated the sex difference in the NOR test at mid-adolescence by reducing the male response to novelty, while no difference was measured in the female animals. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones play a significant role in the development of response to novelty, especially in males, and the implications for our understanding of human sensation-seeking behaviour are discussed.

Discipline was implemented by mothers and alloparent spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) mothers and alloparents on Little Bahama Bank, Bahamas. Disciplinarians were significantly more likely to be adults than juveniles. Although most disciplinarians were female, males were also observed to perform discipline. The recipients of discipline were male and female, and significantly more likely to be calves than juveniles. Pursuit, contact, and display behaviors were used in discipline, however pursuit behaviors were most often observed. Variables such as age class, sex, and parity were not found to influence how discipline was implemented. The durations of all disciplinary pursuits were under thirty seconds, and successful pursuits had slightly shorter duration than unsuccessful pursuits. Disciplinarian success was not significantly influenced by age class, sex, parity, or behavior used. / by Meghan Weinpress. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

A organização espaço-temporal de atividades de fêmeas de veado-campeiro (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) foi estudada para a compreensão das estratégias comportamentais desses organismos, frente aos altos requerimentos energéticos da reprodução e às características sazonais do Pantanal. Cinco animais foram monitorados com colares GPS, em meses equivalentes às fases de Acasalamento (Fevereiro/2009), Gestação (Junho/2009) e Lactação (Outubro/2008/2009), para obtenção de dados de atividade e deslocamento ao longo do ciclo 24-h, e do tempo de dedicação em diferentes classes comportamentais. Simultaneamente, dados climáticos de temperatura, umidade, precipitação e velocidade do vento também foram obtidos. Os animais apresentaram concentração dos maiores valores de atividade e deslocamento na fase clara do dia, com aumento expressivo em horários crepusculares. Apenas a umidade do ambiente mostrou-se relevante para o comportamento dos animais. O padrão de atividade diferiu entre as fases reprodutivas, revelando que as fêmeas tornam-se mais ativas quando estão lactantes. O padrão de deslocamento foi similar entre as fases. A condição reprodutiva parece não influenciar o tempo de dedicação a diferentes comportamentos, sendo predominantes os comportamentos de repouso (45,53 ± 23,60%) e forrageamento (45,57 ± 18,36 %). Entretanto, foi evidente o aumento progressivo da atividade de forrageamento ao longo das estações de acasalamento, gestação e lactação. Os resultados sugerem que o padrão comportamental das fêmeas é pouco influenciado pela sazonalidade do ambiente, e que a condição reprodutiva modula principalmente a atividade de forrageamento dos animais, que é mais elevada na fase de lactação, frente ao alto custo energético da produção de leite e proteção do filhote. / The space-temporal organization of activities of female pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) was studied to understand the behavioral strategies of these organisms, due to the high energy requirements of reproduction and seasonal characteristics of the Pantanal. Five animals were monitored with GPS collars in months equivalent to the stages of mating (February/2009), pregnancy (June/2009) and lactation (October/2008/2009) to obtain the activity and displacement along the 24-h cycle and the time dedicated to different classes of behavior. At the same time, climatic data of temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind speed were also obtained. The animals showed higher values of concentration of activity and displacement during the light phase of the day, with significant increase in twilight hours. Only the ambient humidity was relevant to the behavior of animals. The pattern of activity differed between the reproductive phases, revealing that females become more active when they are lactating. The pattern of displacement was similar between phases. The reproductive condition does not influence the time dedicated to different behaviors. At all stages, the animals were predominantly resting (45.53 ± 23.60%) and foraging (45.57 ± 18.36%). However, there was clearly a progressive increase in foraging activity during the season of mating, pregnancy and lactation. The results suggest that the behavioral patterns of females pampas deer is less influenced by the seasonality of the environment, and the reproductive condition modulates mainly foraging activity. The foraging activity is highest during lactation, when there is a high energy cost of milk production and protection of offspring.

O ouriço-preto (Chaetomys subspinosus, Olfers 1818), roedor endêmico da Mata Atlântica ameaçado de extinção, foi estudado na região cacaueira do sul da Bahia. O conhecimento acerca de aspectos básicos de sua história natural ainda é insipiente. Neste contexto, foi estudada a ecologia comportamental do ouriço-preto quanto à ecologia alimentar, organização temporal do comportamento, uso do espaço e seleção do habitat, a fim de conhecer suas estratégias adaptativas, seus requerimentos de habitat e embasar ações de conservação. Foram rádio-monitorados quatro indivíduos em vida-livre, por 11 a 13 meses cada, durante 24 dias completos (24h) e 146 noites parciais, totalizando 1.520 horas de observação, entre abril de 2005 a setembro de 2006. Dados sobre o comportamento, localização e uso de recursos foram registrados a cada 10 minutos por visualização direta dos animais. Simultaneamente, foram coletados dados sobre: clima, disponibilidade de alimento, fase da lua, tipo de vegetação na paisagem, estrutura horizontal e vertical da vegetação, abundância de recursos, e composição nutricional de espécies da dieta. Os dados foram analisados através de três abordagens. Os resultados do primeiro enfoque revelam que os ouriços-preto estudados foram estritamente folívoros e especialistas, e não apresentaram mudanças na composição da dieta ao longo do ano. Preferiram folhas jovens, espécies pioneiras, principalmente Fabaceas com capacidade de fixação biológica de nitrogêncio. Os resultados do segundo enfoque indicaram que os ouriços estudados são estritamente noturnos, solitários, possuem baixos níveis de atividade entre outras estratégias voltadas para a conservação de energia. Eles apresentaram ritmo circadiano de atividade e padrão bimodal de atividade que parecem associados a aspectos que permeiam o processo digestivo e de forrageamento. Não mostraram expressivas mudanças comportamentais ao longo do ano, mas em noites chuvosas sua atividade foi reduzida. Os resultados da terceira abordagem indicam que eles possuem áreas de vida pequena, são estritamente arborícolas, e preferem locais com alta complexidade vertical da vegetação e infestação de cipós em todas as escalas de seleção de habitat avaliadas. Dessa forma, as florestas e as áreas de borda foram preferidas pelos ouriçospreto, e raramente foram usadas as capoeiras e sistemas agroflorestais. Este estudo comprova que os ouriços-preto são estritamente folívoros, arborícolas e especialistas. Eles adotam estratégias comportamentais voltadas à conservação de energia, similares a outros mamíferos folívoros, e são altamente seletivos no uso de recursos do habitat. Estes recursos são comuns em áreas florestais sobre perturbação do efeito de borda. Enquanto, por um lado os ouriços-preto mostram ser especializados em bordas de floresta, por outro, evitam áreas forestais estruturalmente simplificadas. A tolerância ao efeito de borda e a evitação dos sistemas agroflorestais pelos ouriços-preto são discutidas no âmbito de sua conservação. / The behavioral ecology of thin-spined porcupine (Chaetomys subspinosus, Olfers 1818), threatened rodent endemic from Atlantic forest, was researched in the cacao-growing region of southern Bahia. The knowledge about basic aspects of specie natural history is still incipient. The aim of the present research was to study feeding ecology, behavior temporal organization, use of space, and habitat selection, to know the adaptation strategies, their habitat requirements and to support conservation actions. In this way, four individuals in situ were followed using radiotelemetry along 11 to 13 months each, during 146 half-nights and 24 complete days (24h), totaling 1520 hours of observation, from April 2005 to September 2006. Data about behavior, localization and use of resources were registered by instantaneous sampling performed each 10 minutes by direct visualization of animals. Simultaneously, data about climatic variables, food availability, moon phase, vegetation types in landscape, horizontal and vertical vegetation structure, resource abundance, and nutritional composition of diets species were collected. Data was analyzed following three different approaches. The results of the first part revealed that the thin-spined porcupines are strictly folivorous and specialist, eating a lot of few species, any change on foraging patterns and diet composition were observed along the year. The preference was for young leaves, pioneer species, mainly Fabaceas with capability of biological nitrogen fixation. The results of the second part indicated that the studied thin-spined porcupines are strictly nocturnal and solitary presenting low level of activity among other strategies for energy conservation. Also, presented circadian rhythm and activity bimodal pattern related to aspects that permeate their foraging and digestive process. They did not change their activities or dislocations due to seasonal but in raining nights their activity was reduced. The results of the third approach revealed that they exhibit small home range, were strictly arboreal and preferred locals with high complexity vertical vegetation and lianas abundance in all the habitat-scales selection evaluated. Thus the forest and the edged areas were preferred by the porcupine, and rarely went to early-growth forest and agro-forest systems. This study confirmed that thin-spined porcupine is strictly folivore, arboreal and specialist. They adopt conservative-energy strategies similar to others arboreal folivorous mammals, and denotes that are highly selective in use habitat resources. Those resources are common in forest areas with edge effect disturbance. While demonstrated to be specialist in edges forest, in other side, they avoid simplified structurally areas. The thin-spined porcupine tolerance to edge effect and their avoidance to agroforest systems are discussed under the focus of conservation.

A separação histórica entre as ciências naturais e as ciências sociais fundamenta-se na distinção ontológica entre os domínios da natureza e da cultura, e na ideia moderna de que a condição (cultural) humana corresponde a um afastamento radical dos outros animais. Porém, somando-se a outros críticos insatisfeitos com essa visão dualista, muitos estudiosos do comportamento animal tem utilizado o termo cultura em referência a não humanos, provocando uma controvérsia que ainda parece longe de um consenso. Neste trabalho, investiguei o sentido da noção de cultura para os antropólogos e o uso etológico (limitando-nos aos primatas) do termo, com os objetivos de compreender melhor a controvérsia e identificar caminhos possíveis na busca por um consenso. Na Antropologia, a noção moderna de cultura se desenvolveu do século XIX até os anos 1950. Cultura passou a ser vista como um fenômeno emergente exclusivamente humano, dependente de nossa capacidade de utilizar símbolos e correspondendo aos padrões e normas comportamentais, artefatos, ideias e, principalmente, valores que os indivíduos adquirem no processo de socialização. Mais recentemente, essa concepção de cultura, e a epistemologia dualista que a sustenta, tem sido alvo de críticas e intenso debate. Ainda que não compartilhem um arcabouço teórico comum, virtualmente todos os antropólogos contemporâneos concordam que o comportamento cultural humano é fundamentalmente simbólico. A discussão recente em torno da atribuição de cultura a primatas não humanos remonta aos estudiosos japoneses que, na década de 1950, acompanharam a dispersão de uma nova técnica de manipulação de alimento em Macaca fuscata, e descreveram o fenômeno com os termos pré-cultura, subcultura e cultura infra-humana. A partir da década de 1960, as pesquisas de campo com populações selvagens e as evidências experimentais de aprendizagem em contexto social levaram ao estabelecimento da Primatologia Cultural e os prefixos foram abandonados. Entre primatólogos, o termo cultura se refere a padrões comportamentais que dependem de um contexto social para se desenvolver, e que podem atravessar gerações. Eu sugiro uma estratégia analítica que distingue os motivos de discordância entre descrições, explicações, teorias e visões de mundo, e argumento que a controvérsia é complexa e inclui discordâncias entre visões de mundo sem, no entanto, dividir os envolvidos em grupos homogêneos (digamos, primatólogos contra antropólogos). Por conta disso, a redefinição e o uso que os primatólogos fazem do termo acabam por manter ilesos os fundamentos da dicotomia natureza/cultura, o que pode explicar, parcialmente, a manutenção da controvérsia. Concluo que o diálogo entre os dois lados da fronteira será imprescindível para os pesquisadores que estiverem interessados em buscar uma abordagem consensual. É possível alcançar um consenso, mas a busca por uma abordagem sintética do comportamento animal que inclua os humanos deverá levar ao abandono ou reconstrução das dualidades natureza/cultura, inato/adquirido e gene/ambiente, e também da atribuição de primazia causal aos genes. Além disso, é necessário discutir a fundo sobre como incluir a questão do simbolismo e do significado em uma perspectiva comparativa / The Western ontological distinction between nature and culture, and the idea that the human (cultural) condition makes us radically different from other animals, are evident in the historical separation between the natural and social sciences. In parallel to other critics of this dualist view, some animal behaviorists have been using the term culture in relation to nonhumans, starting a controversy that is still far from cooling down. In this study, I investigated the meaning of the term culture as used by anthropologists, and also its recent use by ethologists (limiting myself to primatology), in order to better understand the controversy and identify possible paths that might lead to a consensus. In Anthropology, the modern concept of culture developed between the 19th century and the 1950s. It came to be seen as an emergent phenomenon exclusive to human social life. It was dependent on our capacity to use symbols and corresponded to behavioral patterns and norms, artifacts, ideas, and values that individuals acquire in the process of socialization. But this conception of culture, and the dualist epistemology supporting it, have since been largely criticized and intensely debated. Although contemporary anthropologists do not share a common ground or framework, virtually all of them agree that human cultural behavior is fundamentally symbolic. Recent attribution of culture to nonhuman primates started with Japanese scholars who, from the 1950s onward, have followed closely the spread of novel behaviors in Macaca fuscata, which they described with expressions such as preculture, subculture and infrahuman culture. Since the 1960s, field studies on wild populations and experimental research on learning in a social context, have led to the establishment of Cultural Primatology, and the prefixes were abandoned. Among primatologists, the term culture refers to behavioral patterns that depend on the social context to develop and that might be recurrent through generations. I suggest that it might be analytically useful to distinguish the matters of a disagreement between descriptions, explanations, theories and worldviews, and argue that this controversy goes all the way up to the highest reason of disagreement (worldviews). Still, one cannot divide those involved in it into a few homogeneous groups (say, primatologists contra anthropologists). Primatologists redefinition and use of the term do not alter the foundations of the criticized nature/culture dichotomy, and that might at least partially explain the maintenance of the controversy. It is possible to reach a consensus, but the search for a synthetic framework for animal behavior that includes humans might lead to the abandonment or reconstruction of the related dichotomies of nature/culture, innate/acquired and gene/environment, as well as of the causal primacy attributed to genes. It is also necessary to discuss how to include symbols and meanings in a comparative perspective

A técnica de Mobilização Neural (MOB) é um método não-invasivo que demonstrou clinicamente ser eficaz na redução da sensibilidade à dor e, conseqüentemente, na melhoria da qualidade de vida após a dor neuropática. O presente estudo examinou os efeitos da MOB sobre a sensibilidade dolorosa induzida pela constrição crônica (CCI) do nervo isquiático de ratos. A CCI foi realizada em ratos machos adultos, submetidos posteriormente a dez sessões de MOB, iniciadas 14 dias após a lesão. Durante o tratamento, os animais foram avaliados em testes comportamentais para a nocicepção por meio de comportamentos tais como testes para a alodinia e hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica. Ao término das dez sessões, o nervo isquiático e a medula espinal foram retirados e processados para detecção de NGF e proteína zero por análise de Western Blot. Os DRG´s foram processados para detecção de NGF e GFAP para análise de Werstern Blot e imuno-histoquímica de fluorescência. A MOB reverteu parcialmente a resposta hiperalgesica mecânica e a alodínica desde a segunda sessão, enquanto que a hiperalgesia térmica foi bloqueada desde a quarta sessão de MOB. Com relação aos ensáios de Western Blot, observamos um aumento da densidade óptica para NGF e proteína zero (PO) no nervo isquiático dos animais com CCI após tratamento com MOB. Entretanto, não foi possível observar mudanças estatísticas para o NGF quando analisamos a medula espinal em todos os grupos analisados. Nos ensaios de Western Blot e imuno-histoquímica dos DRG´s observamos uma diminuição da imunorreatividade (IR) para NGF e GFAP nos animais tratados com MOB. Assim, acreditamos que a MOB diminui os sintomas da dor neuropática induzida pela CCI do nervo isquiático, além de favorecer a regeneração do nervo isquiático devido ao aumento local de NGF e Proteína zero. / The Neural Mobilization technique is a noninvasive method that has proved clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving quality of life after neuropathic pain. The present study examined the effects of Neural Mobilization (MOB) on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. The CCI was performed on adult male rats, submitted thereafter to 10 sessions of MOB, each other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. Over the treatment period, animals were evaluated for nociception using behavior tests, such as tests for allodynia and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. At the end of the sessions, the nerve isquiatic and spinal cord were analyzed using Western Blot assays for neural growth factor (NGF) and protein zero (PO) and the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were analyzed using Western Blot and immunohistochemistry assays for neural growth factor (NGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results showed that MOB treatment induced an early reduction (in the second session) of the hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI-injured rats, which persisted until the end of the treatment. On the other hand, only after the 4th session we observed a blockede of thermal sensitivity. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a increase of NGF and PO expression after MOB in the nerve isquiatic when compared to CCI animals. We also observed a decrease of NGF and GFAP expression after MOB in the DRG when compared to CCI animals. In spinal cord no observed statistically difference. Was observed these data provide evidence that MOB treatment reverses pain symptoms in CCI-injured rats and decreases the level of GFAP and NGF in DRG. In addition to promoting the regeneration of the isquiatic nerve due to increased local NGF and protein zero.

Vinte borregos da raça Santa Inês foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com o objetivo de avaliar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestório total e o metabolismo de nitrogênio de rações contendo alta proporção de concentrado e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BIN) ou casca de soja (CS) como fontes de fibra. As rações experimentais constituíram-se de ração composta por 100% de concentrado (% MS), sendo este substituído por 10 ou 20% de BIN ou CS, constituindo os rações 10%BIN, 20%BIN, 10%CS e 20%CS, respectivamente. Houve aumento (P<0,05) no consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e na digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e FDA quando a CS foi utilizada em substituição ao BIN. Entretanto, observou-se redução (P<0,05) na digestibilidade da proteína das rações contendo CS, com conseqüente redução na retenção do nitrogênio. A inclusão da casca de soja em substituição ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar aumenta a ingestão de matéria seca e reduz a digestibilidade da fração protéica. / Twenty Santa Ines lambs were distributed in a complete randomized block design to evaluate the apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism on lambs fed a high grain and sugarcane bagasse or soybean hull as fiber source. Sugar cane bagasse or soybean hulls were added at 10 and 20% levels to a control, all concentrate diet. There was an increase (P<0.05) in dry matter intake, DM, OM, NDF and ADF digestibility in soybean hulls containing diets, whereas crude protein digestibility decreased (P<0.05) and as a result nitrogen retention also decreased.

A Caatinga é um ecossistema brasileiro análogo as savanas africanas apresentando escassez de chuvas e temperaturas altas. O mocó apresenta, importantes adaptações ao microambiente dos afloramentos rochosos. Esse roedor caviomorfo, abandonou o hábito pastador comum a outros roedores cavíneos, como preá e a capivara, pela capacidade de escalar árvores e se alimentar de folhas e frutos. Alongou o período de gestação e adotou o cuidado paterno. Interessados em entender de que forma a comunicação acústica teria se ajustado ao ambiente isolado dos rochedos da caatinga, gravamos e analisamos as emissões sonoras dos mocós. Foram 90 dias de trabalho de campo nas Fazendas Tamanduá e São Francisco, na cidade de Patos, Paraíba. Capturamos 13 animais (6 machos e 7 fêmeas) e fizemos registros em áudio e vídeo em três situações: 1) pareamentos em caixa teste, nas condições macho x macho, macho x fêmea e fêmea x fêmea, 2) animais em grupo em cativeiro, e 3) animais em vida livre. Encontramos um repertório de 11 sinais sonoros, registrados em 3 categorias amplas de comportamento: (1) Exploração/Forrageamento: Có de contato, Estalido, Chorinho e Drrr; (2) Alerta: Assobio de alarme, Drrr e Silvo; (3) Interação Agonística: Ganido, Grito, Ronco, Arfar, Assobio de alarme e o Baterdedentes. O repertório mostrouse mais rico do que o de outros caviomorfos, como o preá. Discutimos esse resultado em relação ao tipo de vida social da espécie em comparação com a de outros caviníneos e à vida nos rochedos da caatinga. Também sugerimos que o Assobio de alarme seja um comportamento compartilhado entre o mocó e outras espécies de roedores 10 de rochedos. Há uma perspectiva de continuidade da pesquisa em busca de uma maior compreensão da função biológica desse sinal e da riqueza desse repertório acústico / The environment of Brazilian Caatinga ecosystem is similar to African Savannah with low level of rain and high temperature. The Moco shows important adaptation at the microenvironment of rock outcrops. This caviomorph rodent abandoned grazing habit, commom at others Caviinae species such as the Cavy and the Capybara for the capacity of climbing trees feeding of leaves and fruits. It also lengthened the gestation period and adopted paternal care. Interested in understanding how acoustic communication would have adjusted to the isolated environment of Caatinga rock piles, we recorded and analyzed the signals songs of Moco. Past through 90 days in field at Fazenda Tamanduá and Sítio São Francisco located at Patos city Paraiba State in Brazil. We captured 13 animals (6 males and 7 females), acquired audio and video of animals in three different situations: 1) paired in tests boxes under conditions: male x male, female x male and female x female; 2) captivity group and 3) Living free. We found a repertoire with 11 acoustic signals registered in 3 broad behavioral categories: (1) Exploration/ Foraging: Contact call, Co, Clicking (Estalido), Whine (Chorinho) and Drrr call, (2) Warning: Alarm whistle, Drrr call and Silvo, (3) Agonistic Interaction: yelp (Ganido), scream (Grito), grunt (Ronco), a breathless like sound (Arfar), Alarm Whistle and ToothChatter. This repertoire showed more rich that other caviomorph as a cavy. eu escreveria esse parágrafo dessa forma: This repertoire seemed better than other caviomorph as a Cavy. We discussed those results comparing the social life of species with social life of others Caviinae and the life at the rock piles of Caatinga. We also suggested that the Alarm whistle is shared between the 12 Moco and others rock rodents. There is a perspective to continue this research looking for a better comprehension of the biologic function of this signal and acoustic repertoire richness