Under de senaste decennierna har det varit en hel del förändringar inom sjukvården. Hela sjukvården har påverkats av reformer och de förändrade ekonomiska förutsättningarna som har blivit sedan 1980-talet. Personalen inom sjukvården har fått mycket ändrade arbetsvillkor där det bland annat har försvunnit en hel yrkesgrupp och administrationsbördan har ökat. Under denna tid har man dessutom kunnat se ökningar av anmälningar inom sjukvården. Denna uppsats försöker se på om det finns ett samband mellan förändrad sjukvårdsstruktur och arbetsmetoder och det ökade antal med anmälningar. Forskningen och artiklarna handlar dels om den omorganisation som gjorts och vad de olika reformerna har inneburit för sjukvården. Det finns även med en del om personalens arbetsuppgifter och de förändringar som personalen har fått erfara samt om bemötande inom vården. I studien har det också gjorts några intervjuer för att försöka få reda på hur personal och politiker ser på de förändringar som gjorts. Resultatet visar att det absolut kan kopplas ihop samband mellan omorganisation, arbetsdelning, vårdutförande och anmälningar. Mindre tid till patienterna innebär mer stress för personalen samtidigt som stressen gör att risken för misstag ökar. Sverige har ändrats mycket med tanke på att vi har blivit mer mångkulturella än vi varit tidigare vilket också ställer högre krav på personal som arbetar inom serviceorganisationer. Förändringar med nya kulturer, nya människor som kommer hit med nya förväntningar eller andra förväntningar.

I vår undersökning har vi intervjuat två socialsekreterare och nio förskolelärare i Trollhättans kommun. Våra frågeställningar är hur socialtjänsten och förskolan ser på barn som utsätts och lever i socialt utsatta situationer och hur deras samverkan ser ut. Undersökningen visade att synen de har på socialt utsatta barn ser olika ut. Social utsatthet kan innebära psykisk eller fysisk misshandel, sexuell utsatthet och ekonomisk utsatthet. När det handlar om ekonomisk utsatthet innebär det att barnet lever i en utsatt situation, medan ett barn som blir fysisk, psykisk eller sexuellt misshandlar blir utsatt till social utsatthet. Undersökningen visade även hur viktigt personalen från socialtjänsten och förskolelärarna anser att förskolan är för de barn som blir socialt utsatta. De anser att dessa barn bör få mer tid i förskolan om det skulle behövas för att de ska komma ifrån den negativa miljön och få vara barn. När det kommer till samverkan mellan förskolan och socialtjänsten så visade det sig att förskollärarna de inte har tillräckligt med samverkan. För förskolans del är det bara envägskommunikation, de anmäler om de misstänker att ett barn är socialt utsatt, sedan får de ingen återkoppling. Den enda kommunaktionen förskolan och socialtjänsten har är när förskolelärare ville rådfråga personalen från socialtjänsten, men förskolelärarna föredrog helst att prata med förskolans kurator eller socialpedagog om de ville ha råd.

Introduktion: Forskning har visat att brott inte är jämt fördelat på kartan, på vissa platser är brottskoncenrationen högre än på andra. Dessa platser kallas för hot spots. Hot spots för narkotikabrott kan enligt tidigare forskning vara belägna vid ett gathörn, över flera kvarter eller till stora delar av en stad. Syftet i den aktuella studien var att kartlägga och analysera anmälningar angående narkotikabrott i Sundsvall mellan åren 2006 och 2015. Metod: Den aktuella studien var retrospektiv där en kvantitativ design tillämpades. Materialet som nyttjades var anmälningar gällande narkotikabrott tagna från polisens anmälningsregister RAR. Studiens resultat har visualiserats med hjälp av diagram, tabeller, samt densitetskartor vilka framtagits i SPSS respektive ArcGIS online. Resultat: Anmälningsfrekvensen har minskat från år 2006 jämfört med år 2015 i Sundsvall. Fem olika hot spots identifierades, varav en var bestående över tid i och med att den förekom under åren 2006, 2010 och 2015. Mellan klockan 12.00 och 17.59 gjordes 44% av alla anmälningar angående narkotikabrott de tre studerade åren. Slutsats: Vissa platser/områden samt tidpunkter visades vara mer utsatta för narkotikabrott än andra i Sundsvalls centrum. Till följd av hur polisen prioriterar sina insatser och hur människor rör sig, koncentrerar sig anmälningar angående narkotikabrott till utmärkande hot spots. / <p>2017-06-01</p>

<p>The thesis presents descriptions and analyses of the municipal-based work that precedes service provision in child welfare, i.e. referrals where concerns regarding children and adolescents are made from professionals and general public and the processing of these referrals within child welfare agencies. The central focus lies to examine the importance of organisational factors – such as formal structures, resources and working methods – in this work. The empirical material in studies 1-3 consists of data collected on location in 100 municipalities during 2001-2002 augmented with official statistics and register data. Data in study 4 consists of telephone interviews in the city of Stockholm’s 18 districts, written material and in-depth interviews in one of the districts.</p><p>Study 1 describes the extent and nature of referrals to child welfare agencies. The study shows that the extent of Swedish referrals occupies a medium position in an international perspective, that referrals mainly concern adolescents, and that child referrals to a comparatively little extent concern abuse and neglect.</p><p>Study 2 analyses the association between agency collaborative involvement with mandated reporters and referral rates. The association is overall marginal, indicating that merely the presence of collaboration in child welfare has poor effects on case finding.</p><p>Study 3 analyses the association between organisational factors and the provision of child welfare services. To some extent, the results suggest that personnel resources are linked to the extent of services provided to younger children. Specialisation in various forms, however, is not associated with variations in service provision.</p><p>Study 4 describes and analyses the impact of organisational solutions in line with New Public Management. The results indicate that this theoretical/ideological idea has limited practicality in concrete child welfare work.</p><p>An introductory section presents a comprehensive background to and the theoretical framework of the four studies. The theoretical framework consists principally of concepts and reasoning derived from new institutional theory. This framework is used to discuss results generated from the four studies. Specific attention is given to institutions and ideas in child welfare that have a ‘taken for granted’ status, such as early interventions, collaboration and the presumed appropriateness of a range of organisational settings.</p>

<p><strong>Problem Discussion</strong>: Today the banks manage three central products: mutual funds, mortgages and bank accounts. Banks have authority and credibility, the services and the products they offer and sell can sometimes be difficult to understand. Customers are offered a large number of investment options with varying risk profiles. These developments have created an increasing need for knowledge and information among customers. The financial advice that the financial firms provides, remains a very important activity from a customer view. However, there are ambiguities in this advices’ and it has previously been shown to be difficult for a customer in a dispute of ”wrong” advising, to win over the advisers. The Bank sees the client as a partner while the customer develops a personal relationship with the bank. Usually it is the advisors who provide advice to bank customers and give the impression that it is advice rather than selling they are about to give when a customer walks into a bank office.</p><p><strong>Research questions</strong>: How does the law of financial advice affect a private adviser in his advice to customers? How can internal goals and reward systems affect an advisor in his advice? Which factors have influenced the number of notifications before and after the law?</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The main purpose of this paper is to clarify how private advisers consider how the law on financial advisory, internal goals and reward systems affects their advice to customers. Another purpose is to investigate whether there is a difference between an advisors advice and sales.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>:  We have through a deductive approach used existing theories to create a general idea of the theoretical substance. We have used quantitative and qualitative approaches; primary and secondary data were the interviews and statistical data in the form of notifications.</p><p><strong>Theory</strong>: We have used theories such as reward systems, principal-agency theory, trust and confidence, and customer relationship management.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The law on financial advice has not had a major impact on the advice. However the adviser’s way of working has changed.</p><p>Banks have goals to achieve. This affects the advisers’ by the requirements to adapt the advice’s that they give with the goals that needs to be followed. Reward system differs from bank to bank and acts as a tool to motivate advisors. The advisers are not affected largely by the reward system, but primarily of internal goals. The factors that have affected the notifications depends mostly on the media attention;  which increased customers awareness of their rights and the economic crisis; which contributed to the stock market downward trend, affecting customers' outcomes that were other than what they had expected.   There are difficulties to make a distinction between the concepts advising and sales. From the empirical answers, we note that advice and sales go hand in hand and that an advice to costumers will result in some kind of sale.</p>

The thesis presents descriptions and analyses of the municipal-based work that precedes service provision in child welfare, i.e. referrals where concerns regarding children and adolescents are made from professionals and general public and the processing of these referrals within child welfare agencies. The central focus lies to examine the importance of organisational factors – such as formal structures, resources and working methods – in this work. The empirical material in studies 1-3 consists of data collected on location in 100 municipalities during 2001-2002 augmented with official statistics and register data. Data in study 4 consists of telephone interviews in the city of Stockholm’s 18 districts, written material and in-depth interviews in one of the districts. Study 1 describes the extent and nature of referrals to child welfare agencies. The study shows that the extent of Swedish referrals occupies a medium position in an international perspective, that referrals mainly concern adolescents, and that child referrals to a comparatively little extent concern abuse and neglect. Study 2 analyses the association between agency collaborative involvement with mandated reporters and referral rates. The association is overall marginal, indicating that merely the presence of collaboration in child welfare has poor effects on case finding. Study 3 analyses the association between organisational factors and the provision of child welfare services. To some extent, the results suggest that personnel resources are linked to the extent of services provided to younger children. Specialisation in various forms, however, is not associated with variations in service provision. Study 4 describes and analyses the impact of organisational solutions in line with New Public Management. The results indicate that this theoretical/ideological idea has limited practicality in concrete child welfare work. An introductory section presents a comprehensive background to and the theoretical framework of the four studies. The theoretical framework consists principally of concepts and reasoning derived from new institutional theory. This framework is used to discuss results generated from the four studies. Specific attention is given to institutions and ideas in child welfare that have a ‘taken for granted’ status, such as early interventions, collaboration and the presumed appropriateness of a range of organisational settings.

Problem Discussion: Today the banks manage three central products: mutual funds, mortgages and bank accounts. Banks have authority and credibility, the services and the products they offer and sell can sometimes be difficult to understand. Customers are offered a large number of investment options with varying risk profiles. These developments have created an increasing need for knowledge and information among customers. The financial advice that the financial firms provides, remains a very important activity from a customer view. However, there are ambiguities in this advices’ and it has previously been shown to be difficult for a customer in a dispute of ”wrong” advising, to win over the advisers. The Bank sees the client as a partner while the customer develops a personal relationship with the bank. Usually it is the advisors who provide advice to bank customers and give the impression that it is advice rather than selling they are about to give when a customer walks into a bank office. Research questions: How does the law of financial advice affect a private adviser in his advice to customers? How can internal goals and reward systems affect an advisor in his advice? Which factors have influenced the number of notifications before and after the law? Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to clarify how private advisers consider how the law on financial advisory, internal goals and reward systems affects their advice to customers. Another purpose is to investigate whether there is a difference between an advisors advice and sales. Method:  We have through a deductive approach used existing theories to create a general idea of the theoretical substance. We have used quantitative and qualitative approaches; primary and secondary data were the interviews and statistical data in the form of notifications. Theory: We have used theories such as reward systems, principal-agency theory, trust and confidence, and customer relationship management. Conclusions: The law on financial advice has not had a major impact on the advice. However the adviser’s way of working has changed. Banks have goals to achieve. This affects the advisers’ by the requirements to adapt the advice’s that they give with the goals that needs to be followed. Reward system differs from bank to bank and acts as a tool to motivate advisors. The advisers are not affected largely by the reward system, but primarily of internal goals. The factors that have affected the notifications depends mostly on the media attention;  which increased customers awareness of their rights and the economic crisis; which contributed to the stock market downward trend, affecting customers' outcomes that were other than what they had expected.   There are difficulties to make a distinction between the concepts advising and sales. From the empirical answers, we note that advice and sales go hand in hand and that an advice to costumers will result in some kind of sale.

I den här c-uppsatsen undersöker vi hur personal inom LSS-boende ser på sin anmälningsskyldighet och vad som inverkar på personalens arbete med att skriva avvikelser och lex Sarah anmälningar. Personal inom LSS-verksamheten måste förhålla sig till de riktlinjer och regler som LSS-lagen säger. Däremot är LSS-lagen komplex och inte tydlig om vad som kan ses som ett missförhållande och detta kan leda till svårigheter för personal i sitt arbete att skriva avvikelser och lex Sarah anmälningar. För att besvara vår studies syfte och frågeställningar har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera empirin har de teoretiska begreppen handlingsutrymme, kunskap, interaktion mellan individer och Lipskys teoretiska begrepp om gräsrotsbyråkrater använts. Resultatet av studien visar att LSS-personal är införstådda i sin anmälningsskyldighet och att de har kunskap om vad en avvikelse och lex Sarah anmälan är. Däremot fanns det en osäkerhet hos LSS-personalen vart gränsen går mellan en avvikelse och lex Sarah anmälan pga. att det saknas kunskap och att LSS-lagen är komplex. LSS-personalen belyser att det finns både möjligheter och svårigheter med att skriva avvikelser och lex Sarah anmälningar i deras arbete. De möjligheter och svårigheter personalen nämner är kunskap och utbildning, stöd från ledning och arbetskollegor, relationen till chefen och arbetskollegor, personalens normer och värderingar, resurser och kvalitetssäkra verksamheten. / In our bachelor essay we research about how professionals in LSS-residents look at their obligation to give notice on what impact on the professional’s work with writing deviations and lex Sarah reports. Professionals´ who work within LSS-residents must adhere to the guidelines and rules that the LSS-law say. However, the LSS-law is complex and not obvious what can be seen as a bad condition and this can lead to difficulties for staff in their work to write deviations and lex Sarah reports.In order to answer the research questions of and issue we have used qualitative research method with semi structured interviews. To analyze the empirical material, the theoretical concepts acting space, knowledge, interaction between individuals and Lipsky´s theoretical concepts about the street-level bureaucracy have been used. The result of the study shows that professionals´ who work within LSS-residents are aware of their obligation to report and that they have knowledge of what a deviation and lex Sarah report is. However, there was an uncertainty among the professionals´ who work within LSS-residents where the limit goes between a deviation and lex Sarah report due to that there is no knowledge and that the LSS-law is complex. Professionals´ who work within LSS-residents highlights that there are both opportunities and difficulties in writing deviations and lex Sarah reports in their work. The opportunities and difficulties the staff reported on are knowledge and education, support from management and work colleagues, the relationship with the manager and work colleagues, the staff's norms and values, resources and quality assure the work.

Sexual harassment is considered a societal problem today. It is indispensable that both societyand organizations start to acknowledge and work more preventively in order to reduce sexualharassment. Organizational culture significantly impacts the way sexual harassment isperceived in the workplace. The purpose of this qualitative study is to gain a deeperunderstanding of and describe how organizations can prevent sexual harassment.Furthermore, it aims to better understand why vulnerable employees do not report sexualharassment, and how organizations can counteract the culture of silence and therebyencourage reporting. This research is based on the case study of an anonymous maledominatedorganization and is limited to one of its departments. The data material has beencollected through semi-structured interviews with the department manager, the HRrepresentative, one supervisor and nine vulnerable employees. The study revealed severalfactors that are decisive for the organization's work against sexual harassment, such as ahealthy organizational culture, a zero tolerance that is complied with and permeates all levelsof the organizational hierarchy, preventive work with an open dialogue regarding thephenomenon and continuous training. / Idag betraktas sexuella trakasserier som ett samhällsproblem. Det är nödvändigt att bådesamhället och organisationen börjar resonera och arbeta mer förebyggande för att sexuellatrakasserier ska minska. På arbetsplatser har organisationskulturen en avgörande faktor omoch hur sexuella trakasserier uppfattas. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att få en djupareförståelse och beskriva hur organisationer kan förebygga sexuella trakasserier. Vidare önskasfå en ökad förståelse varför utsatta medarbetare inte anmäler sexuella trakasserier, hurorganisationer kan motverka tystnadskulturen och därmed främja anmälningar. Studienkommer att ske utifrån en fallstudie av en anonymiserad organisation som är mansdominerad.Studien är avgränsad till en lageravdelning inom organisationen. Datamaterialet har samlats ingenom semistrukturerade intervjuer med en avdelningschef, en HR-representant, enarbetsledare samt nio kvinnliga utsatta medarbetare. Enligt studiens utfall föreligger det ettflertal faktorer som är avgörande för organisationens arbete mot sexuella trakasserier; såsomen sund organisationskultur, en nolltolerans som dessutom efterlevs och genomsyrar allahierarkier inom organisationen, ett förebyggande arbete med en öppen dialog angåendefenomenet samt kontinuerlig utbildning.

Detta examensarbete har ägnats åt att undersöka FMI:s påföljdsystem och tillsynsmetoder under  tidsperioden  2007  till  2016.  Utifrån  FMI:s  statistik  har  orsaker  till  disciplinära  påföljder, orsaker till anmälningar, antal hanterade ärende samt antal disciplinära åtgärder kartlagts. Den  nya  fastighetsmäklarlagen  infördes  2011.  Lagändring  innebar  bland  annat  att  en  ny  disciplinär  påföljd,  erinran,  togs  i  bruk.    Förändringen  av  statistiska  data  under  åren analyserades för att utvärdera eventuell inverkan på fastighetsmäklarbranschen.  Det läggs extra blickfång på förändringen i påföljdsystemet och dess effekter. Tidsperioden som granskats delades upp i två femårs perioder, det vill säga 2007 till och med 2011 samt 2012 till och med 2016. Diverse analytiska data över jämförelser på de två femårsperioderna har presenterats för att kunna identifiera skillnader mellan de olika perioderna. FMI:s  tillsynsmetoder  har  framställts  och  fördelning  mellan  de  olika  tillsynsmetoderna  har  redogjorts. FMI:s och andra myndigheternas hantering av anonyma anmälningar har utretts och presenterats i rapporten. / In this thesis has FMIs sanction system and regulatory methods between 2007 and 2016 has examined.  Distribution  of  different  reasons  for  disciplinary  actions,  different  reasons  for  notifications, quantity of handled cases and quantity of disciplinary actions has charted by utilizing statistics since 2007. Evolution of statistic data under those years has explored and possible  influence  on  them  has  been  investigated.  Those  values  before  and  after  law  amendment at 2011 has also been examined in order to analyze the influence of the new laws effect on sanction system and regulatory methods. A new discipline sanction called reminder has introduced thru the new real estate agent law (FML 2011:666). It imposed extra focus on the change at sanction system and its effect for the branch. Time period has been divided in two five years periods, 2007-­‐2011 and 2011-­‐2016.  Various  analytical  data  for  the  comparison  of  those  five  years  periods  has  been presented in order to identify the difference between those periods. FMIs  regulatory  methods  have  been  produced  and  distributions  between  those  different  regulatory  methods  have  been  narrated.  The  management  of  anonymous  notification  by FMI and other government bodies has been investigated and presented in the report.