Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 87194 bytes, checksum: 6db3e5d1a2b146f41bec2e242075b9e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-03 / The Anuran fauna of the Atlantic Forest has been intensively studied in Brazil. An update of species listings of a Atlantic Forest region in southeastern Brazil allowed to evaluate (i) the altitudinal influence in species richness, (ii) the distance effect on the similarity of Anuran fauna and (iii) and the joint effects of altitude and mainland in the distribution patterns of anurans. A survey was conducted on collection identification and data gathered by researchers. The altitudinal gradient ranged from 220 to 2800 meters above sea level. Analyses were based on arbitrary 100 meters classes. A regression analysis allowed to estimate the influence of altitude on the richness of anuran species, fitting a Poisson distribution corrected for overdispersal. The influence of distance over the anuran distribution was evaluated using Mantel´s test. The studied region harbors 17% of the Brazilian anuran fauna and 35% of the Atlantic Forest anuran diversity. Nine percent of these species are currently being described, 32% are classified under varying degrees of threat and/or are included as Data Defficient; 5% are endemic. The influence of altitude was significant for species richness and a peak of richness was observed a 600 and 700 meters classes. This pattern resulted from a combination of species that are characteristic of lowland and montane areas with restricted altitudinal distribution and widespread species. Overall similarity values ranged from low to moderate, suggesting that in southeastern Brazil, the Atlantic Forest has well differentiated anuran communities. Littoral areas shared more species among them than with any of the mainland and mainland populations were also more similar. Based on these distribution patterns, it is suggested the existence of three Atlantic Forest anuran groups: the littoral, the mainland and the ones with widespread distribution patterns. / A anurofauna da Mata Atlântica está entre as mais conhecidas do país. A partir da atualização das listas de espécies de anuros de uma região de Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil, e conseqüentemente, das suas distribuições geográficas, foi possível avaliar (i) a influência da altitude na riqueza de espécies, (ii) influência da distância na similaridade da anurofauna, e por fim (iii) influência da altitude e da continentalidade nos padrões de distribuição dos anuros. A atualização das listas se procedeu a partir de consultas às coleções herpetológicas ou dados cedidos por pesquisadores. O gradiente altitudinal, o qual variou de 200 a 2800 metros, foi dividido a priori em intervalos de 100 metros. Para analisar estatisticamente a influência da altitude na riqueza das espécies de anuros foi feita uma análise de regressão simples, com distribuição de Poisson, corrigida para a sobredispersão. A influência da distância sobre a distribuição da anurofauna foi avaliada através do teste de Mantel. A áreabiogeográfica estudada abriga 17% da riqueza de anfíbios anuros do Brasil e 35% da riqueza conhecida para a Mata Atlântica. Cerca de 9% das espécies se encontram em processo de descrição, 32% estão classificadas em algum grau de ameaça e/ou inclusas na categoria de Deficiente em Dados e 5% são endêmicas. A altitude influenciou significativamente o padrão de riqueza das espécies de anuros, com a presença de um pico de riqueza nos intervalos altitudinais de 600 e 700 metros. Este padrão altitudinal de riqueza foi correlacionado com espécies de baixada e de áreas montanhosas que exibiram restrita distribuição altitudinal e organismos que apresentaram distribuição altitudinal ampla. A área biogeográfica estudada apresentou valores baixos a intermediários de similaridade da anurofauna, sugerindo que a Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil apresenta comunidades bem diferenciadas de anuros entre as áreas estudadas. As áreas litorâneas compartilharam maior número de espécies que as interioranas, e entre estas, houve maior similaridade entre as áreas de baixada e entre as áreas de altitude elevada. A partir das distribuições geográficas exibidas pelos anuros de uma porção da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil propõe-se a existência de três grupos de anuros: os litorâneos, os interioranos e os de ampla distribuição geográfica.

Resumo: Durante o período de fevereiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009, foram estudadas as taxocenoses de anuros de quatro Municípios do Lagamar Paulista, litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, um complexo estuarino-lagunar caracterizado por três ilhas continentais e porções continentais adjacentes a esta ilhas. Com o objetivo de inventariar as comunidades de anuros da costa (Iguape e Pariquera-Açu) e das ilhas (Ilha de Cananéia, Ilha do Cardoso e Ilha Comprida) e revelar padrões de diversidade e similaridade faunística, foram realizadas campanhas mensais com duração de três a quatro dias consecutivos nos quais as espécies de anuros foram registradas através do uso de duas metodologias complementares (armadilhas de interceptação e queda e procura ativa). Os resultados obtidos através da análise dos dados de composição comparada de espécies revelaram que as comunidades estudadas estão estruturadas. As comunidades das ilhas de Cananéia e Comprida apresentaram um alto grau de similaridade em diversidade de espécies. O mesmo pode ser dito para Pariquera-Açu em relação à Iguape. A análise molecular da estrutura de populações de cinco espécies de anuros ocorrentes nos cinco locais estudados [Rhinella ornata, Dendrophryniscus leucomystax, Hypsiboas albomarginatus, Scinax sp. 1 (aff. alter) e Haddadus binotatus] revelou padrões diferenciados de estrutura e diferentes cenários de formação destas populações. Mecanismos pretéritos relacionados à colonização das ilhas por espécies de anuros, bem como características intrínsecas das espécies colonizadoras podem ter sido os maiores responsáveis pelos padrões de estrutrura de comunidades e estruturas populacionais observados para os locais estudados. O presente estudo evidencia a importância de estudos multidisciplinares para a compreensão da estrutura e evolução de populações e comunidades de anuros. / Abstract: From February 2007 to January 2009 we studied the anuran taxocenosis of four municipalities of an estuary-lagoon complex in the south coast of São Paulo State (Lagamar) composed by three continental Islands and continental areas adjacent to these Islands. In order to survey the anuran communities from the continental areas (Iguape Pariquera-Acu) and Islands (Cananéia, Cardoso, and Comprida), and to determine patterns of diversity and faunal similarity we conducted monthly surveys lasting three to four days each in which anuran species were registered through two complementary methods (pitfall traps with drift fences and active search). The species composition analysis revealed that the anuran communities of the Lagamar are structured. Anuran communities from Cananéia and Comprida Island, as well as Pariquera-Açu and Iguape, were more similar regarding species composition. The analysis of molecular diversity patterns of five species shared among the studied areas [Rhinella ornata, Dendrophryniscus leucomystax, Hypsiboas albomarginatus, Scinax sp. 1 (aff. alter), and Haddadus binotatus] revealed different structural patterns and historical scenarios of populations arrangements. Historical mechanisms related to island colonization by some anuran species as well as intrinsic characteristics of these species may account for contemporary patterns of community and population structure. The present study reinforces the importance of interdisciplinary studies for the comprehension of population and community structure and evolution. / Orientador: Célio F.B. Haddad / Coorientador: Cynthia Peralta de Almeida Prado / Banca: Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro / Banca: Denise de Cerqueira Rossa Feres / Banca: João Miguel de Barros Alexandrino / Banca: Hélio Ricardo da Silva / Doutor

A Floresta Atlântica é considerada um dos mais importantes conjuntos de ecossistemas e apesar de ser caracterizada pela alta diversidade de espécies e elevado grau de endemismo, os conhecimentos acumulados sobre a sua fauna ainda são incipientes. Com a anurofauna poucos estudos enfocam a distribuição, os padrões ecológicos e a utilização de ambientes alterados por ação antrópica. O Estado de São Paulo apresenta uma extensa área de plantios de Eucalyptus spp. em áreas anteriormente ocupadas por Floresta Atlântica; no entanto, informações de como os anuros de serapilheira utilizam esses ambientes ainda não foram abordadas nessas regiões. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em um mosaico de remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica e plantios de Eucalyptus saligna na Fazenda João XXIII, localizada no Município de Pilar do Sul – SP, objetivando caracterizar a riqueza, a composição específica e a diversidade de anuros de serapilheira existente na área, incluindo os plantios. Para a coleta dos anuros utilizou-se armadilhas de interceptação e queda com cercas-guias distribuídas em três ambientes – floresta contínua, fragmentos circundados por plantios de E. saligna e os próprios plantios. Durante os 12 meses de coleta, com um esforço amostral de 1728 armadilhas-dia, foram registradas 23 espécies na área de estudo, das quais seis foram consideradas capturas acidentais; sendo analisados os dados referentes a 1454 capturas. A taxocenose de anuros de serapilheira na Fazenda João XXIII é composta de pelo menos quatro espécies relativamente comuns e nove espécies raras. As espécies com maior abundância relativa em ambientes de floresta nativa foram Crossodactylus caramaschii, Eleutherodactylus guentheri, Bufo crucifer e Adenomera marmorata. Nos plantios de E. saligna, B. crucifer foi responsável por 60,85 % da abundância relativa de espécies. Um total de 18 espécies foi estimado para a localidade; o método utilizado amostrou aproximadamente 94,4 % da riqueza estimada de anuros de serapilheira. No entanto, poucas espécies de lagartos e serpentes foram registradas, indicando que o método é apropriado para a amostragem de anuros de serapilheira, mas deve ser combinado a outros métodos para melhor caracterização da riqueza total de espécies da herpetofauna de serapilheira. A diversidade de espécies foi semelhante nos dois ambientes de floresta nativa e menor nos plantios de E. saligna. Os resultados obtidos, aliados ao atual contexto de fragmentação e degradação da Floresta Atlântica, demonstram que os plantios de E. saligna na Fazenda João XXIII, se devidamente manejados, podem ser localmente importantes para a conservação de anuros de serapilheira, visto que o ambiente parece ser utilizado como hábitat por muitas das espécies registradas em ambientes florestais, ainda que em menor abundância. / The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the most important sets of ecosystems being characterized by the high diversity of species and high degree of endemisms. In spite of the high diversity of anuran amphibians, information on the distribution, ecological patterns, and use of altered environments are incipient. The State of São Paulo presents an extensive area of Eucalyptus spp. plantations. In areas previously covered by the Atlantic Forest. However, information of the way litter frogs still use these environments have not been obtained in these areas. The present study was developed in a mosaic of Atlantic Forest remnants and Eucalyptus saligna plantations in the Fazenda João XXIII, located in the Municipality of Pilar do Sul – São Paulo State. The goal of this study was to survey the anuran species of litter to verify its richness and diversity in the forest fragments and in the E. saligna plantations. For the collection of the litter frogs were used pitfall with drift-fences distributed in three environments: continuous forest, fragments surrounded by E. saligna and E. saligna plantations. During the 12 months of work, with a sampling effort of 1728 trap-day, in the studied site 23 species were registered, of wich six were considered accidental captures, being analyzed 1454 captures. The litter frog assemblage at Fazenda João XXIII has at least four relatively common species and nine rare species. The species with higher relative abundance in environments of native forest were Crossodactylus caramaschii, Eleutherodactylus guentheri, Bufo crucifer, and Adenomera marmorata. In the E. saligna plantations, B. crucifer was responsible for 60.85 % of the relative abundance of species. A total of 18 species was estimated for the locality, the used method showed approximately 94.4 % of the estimated richness of litter frogs. However, few species of lizards and snakes were registered, indicating that the method is appropriate for the sampling of litter frogs, but must be combined to other methods for a better characterization of the total herpetofauna. The species diversity was similar in the two environments of native forest and lesser in the E. saligna plantations. The results obtained in the present context of fragmentation and degradation of the Atlantic Forest demonstrate that the E. saligna plantations in the Fazenda João XXIII, if duly handled, represent an important role in the local conservation of litter anuran species, because most of these species use this environment as habitat, although in lesser abundance that in the environments of native forest.

Parasitic infections are ubiquitous in nature, and host-parasite dynamics can have powerful effects on wildlife populations. Many species have evolved behavioral responses to infection that can help mitigate damage from parasites. Anorexia is a common response to infection observed throughout the animal kingdom. Reducing nutrient intake can help shift host resources from digestion to immunity, as well as limit resources available to parasites. Reduced feeding can weaken the host, but in some host-parasite interactions, this cost is less than that of maintaining an infection. Here, I describe an experiment aimed to explore the effects of the parasitic nematode Aplectana hamatospicula on the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) across life stages. Tadpoles were exposed to A. hamatospicula larvae or a sham exposure and growth and behavior were quantified. After metamorphosis, the jumping performance of these frogs was assessed. I revealed that A. hamatospicula could infect and complete its lifecycle in tadpoles. This infection was unique in that it persisted through metamorphosis with the worm continuing to reproduce in the intestinal tract of the terrestrial frogs. These infections reduced the relative mass gain of tadpoles. However, post-metamorphic frogs were able to compensate for this lower growth when provided an ad libitum diet, and infection did not directly or indirectly impact jumping performance, perhaps because of this compensation. Tadpoles that prevented or cleared the infection had a higher rate of anorexia, suggesting that anorexia might be a successful disease-mitigation response to A. hamatospicula.

No description available.

The Puerto Rican coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, was introduced to Hawaii in the late 1980s via the commercial horticulture trade. Previous research has shown that coquis can change invertebrate communities, but these studies were conducted at small scales using controlled, manipulative experiments. The objective of this research was to determine whether coqui invasions change invertebrate communities at the landscape scale across the island of Hawaii. At each invasion front, we measured environmental variability on either side of the front and removed sites that were too variable across the front to ensure that the impacts we measured were the result of the invasion. After doing this, there remained 15 sites for which we compared invertebrate communities in 30 m x 30 m plots situated on either side of coqui invasion fronts. In each plot, we collected invertebrate samples from three invertebrate communities, the leaf litter, foliage, and flying invertebrate communities. Multivariate analyses show that coqui frogs change leaf litter communities, by reducing microbivore and herbivore abundances. Coqui also change flying community composition, but have no measurable effect on foliage communities. Across sites, we found that coquis reduced the number of leaf litter invertebrates by 27%, and specifically abundant Acari by 36%. We also found that coquis increased the abundance of flying Diptera by 19% across sites. We suggest that the leaf litter community is altered through direct coqui predation and that Diptera increase because of increased frog carcasses and excrement in invaded plots. Results support previous studies conducted in more controlled settings, but add to our understanding of the invasion by demonstrating that coqui effects on invertebrate communities are measurable at the landscape scale.

No description available.

To effectively communicate using sound, animals have to hear well in the frequency range of their calls. In frogs, body size is a major predictor of both the dominant frequency of the mating call, and the frequency of best sensitivity of the ear, which tend to match each other. Various pathways are known to receive sound in frogs. Eardrums receive high-frequency sound, lungs receive low-frequency sound and forelegs, via the opercularis system, receive seismic frequencies. Túngara frogs are an anomaly among amphibians for having a low frequency mate-identification call, relative to their body size, but they also do not appear to fit the pattern of sound reception pathways described above. Using laser vibrometry, I evaluated the vibration response of the eardrum and body wall to airborne sound. The results revealed a clear mismatch between the tuning of both middle ear and lungs, and that of the brain, with the eardrums and lungs tuned to approximately 2500 Hz and the brain tuned to 500 Hz. Both eardrums and lungs are well tuned to receive chucks, an ornamental part of the call. However, a pathway that is tuned to the whine, which is the mate-identification call where the brain is tuned, has yet to be found.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23563号 / 理博第4757号 / 新制||理||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 哲, 教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.