Mainstream cinema is to an ever-increasing degree deploying digital imaging technologies to work with the human form; expanding on it, morphing its features, or providing new ways of presenting it. This has prompted theories of simulation and virtualisation to explore the cultural and aesthetic implications, anxieties, and possibilities of a loss of the ‘real’ – in turn often defined in terms of the photographic trace. This thesis wants to provide another perspective. Following instead some recent imperatives in art-theory, this study looks to introduce and expand on the notion of the human figure, as pertaining to processes of figuration rather than (only) representation. The notion of the figure and figuration have an extended history in the fields of hermeneutics, aesthetics, and philosophy, through which they have come to stand for particular theories and methodologies with regards to images and their communication of meaning. This objective of this study is to appropriate these for film-theory, culminating in two case-studies to demonstrate how formal parameters present and organise ideas of the body and the human. The aim is to develop a material approach to contemporary digital practices, where bodies have not ceased to matter but are framed in new ways by new technologies.

Le cadre de ces recherches est celui des radars bistatiques. Leurs avantages sont nombreux. Citons notamment, dans le domaine opérationnel : * exploitation potentielle de cibles de faibles niveaux de signature radar en monostatique, * amélioration de la couverture basse et très base altitude, * accroissement de la complexité des techniques de furtivité face à un tel radar, * discrétion (faible probabilité d'interception et d'exploitation), dans le domaine de l'emploi : * disparition des contraintes d'emploi d'un système rayonnant (dommages dus aux rayonnements sur le personnel, les armées et munitions, rayonnements non essentiels et compatibilité électromagnétique), * inutilité d'une allocation de fréquences, Enfin, dans le domaine du développement et du maintien en condition opérationnelle, une focalisation des coûts sur la partie réceptrice. Les méthodes de traitement spatio-temporel présentées sont génériques et peuvent est appliquées à toutes les formes d'onde. Le cas des émetteurs non coopératifs de télévision numérique terrestre est plus particulièrement étudié. Les propriétés radar de ce type d'émetteurs conduisent en effet à des capacités de détection accrues comparativement à d'autres types d'émetteurs de radiodiffusion (télephonie mobile, radio FM, radio numérique). L'étude de données réelles obtenues à partir d'un récepteur fixe (cible aérienne et marine) a non seulement conduit à développer une méthode spécifique de réjection du fouillis de sol et de localisation de cibles mais a également: * fourni de précieux renseignements sur la nature des environnements pouvant être rencontrés, * nourri la réflexion sur la façon d'adapter les traitements spatio-temporels adaptatifs à la nature particulière des signaux. Les éléments suivants sont présentés : * dans le cas d'un récepteur fixe: * développement, pour des formes d'onde quelconques, et validation sur signaux réels de type Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T), d'une méthode de réjection de fouillis et de localisation de cibles mobiles, * étude des propriétés statistiques de fouillis de sol, * dans le cas d'un récepteur mobile: * adaptation de méthodes spatio-temporelles de réjection de fouillis et comparaison de leurs performances respectives, * adaptation et généralisation au cas des cibles multiples et des antennes lacunaires de l'association d'une méthode de réjection en dimension réduite, la méthode Joint Domain Localized (JDL) et d'une méthode non-statistique focalisée sur la seule case distance- Doppler sous test, la méthode Direct Data Domain (D3), * développement d'une nouvelle méthode de réjection itérative du fouillis à partir des méthodes d'estimation spectrale.

abstract: Early weaning, slow somatic and dental growth, and late age at reproduction are all part of a suite of energetic trade-offs that have shaped human evolution. A similar suite of energetic trade-offs has shaped the evolution of the indriid-palaeopropithecid clade, though members of this clade exhibit extremely fast dental development and nearly vestigial deciduous teeth. The development and functional occlusion of the primary postcanine dentition (i.e., deciduous premolars and molars) coincides with several life history parameters in great apes and indriids. This dissertation explored great ape dental macrowear, molar development in indriids, and molar size in lemurs with a broader goal of improving reconstructions of life history profiles in extinct primates. To this aim, macrowear and dental development were analyzed in apes and lemurs, respectively. Occlusal casts (six great ape species; N=278) were scanned to track mandibular fourth deciduous premolar (dp4) macrowear. Utilizing dental topographic analyses, changes in occlusal gradient and terrain were quantified. A subset of the great ape data (four species; n=199) was analyzed to test if differences in dp4 wear correlate with age at weaning. Using dental histology, molar development was reconstructed for Indri indri (n=1) and Avahi laniger (n=1). Life history and molar size data were collected from the literature. The results of this dissertation demonstrate that most great apes exhibited evidence of topographic maintenance, suggesting dp4s wear in a manner that maintain functional efficiency during growth and development; however, the manner in which maintenance is achieved (e.g., preservation of relief or complexity) is species specific. Dp4 macrowear is not correlated with age at weaning in great apes and is probably unreliable to reconstruct age at weaning in hominins. The pace of molar development in members of the indriid- palaeopropithecid clade did not correlate with body or brain size, an association present in several other primates. Associations of molar size with age at weaning suggest that expanding other developmental models (e.g., the inhibitory cascade) to life history is worth consideration. The broad variation in macrowear, dental development, and size highlights how the primary dentition may correlate with different life history parameters depending on the species and ecological setting, an important consideration when using teeth to reconstruct life history profiles. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2016

L’œuvre de Rabelais connaît, dès la parution de Pantagruel en 1532, une postérité exceptionnelle, qui lui attire autant d’éloges que de blâmes de la part de ses contemporains. Au-delà de cette réception critique, elle est également l’objet d’un phénomène d’imitation d’une ampleur considérable, puisque l’on retrouve, chez la majorité des auteurs de l’époque, des réminiscences du corpus rabelaisien. Entre 1532 et 1619, il existe toute une série de singes de Rabelais dont les œuvres s’inscrivent dans trois grandes tendances imitatives. La première correspond à un ensemble d’écrits entretenant une relation d’émulation explicite avec la chronique pantagruéline, qu’il s’agisse de pasticher les genres littéraires dont elle relève ou encore d’en proposer une expansion transfictionnelle. D’autres auteurs offrent, dans ce que l’on peut identifier comme une deuxième tendance, des productions littéraires originales dans lesquelles il est possible de relever un nombre significatif d’emprunts à l’œuvre de Rabelais, ou tentent de placer sous son égide des ouvrages apocryphes, par le biais de mises en scènes éditoriales. Certains autres singes, relevant de la troisième tendance, ont choisi de faire de Rabelais une autorité narrative, que ce soit dans le domaine de la Querelle des femmes, dans celui de la science, ou encore dans le contexte des conflits religieux et politiques qui déchiraient alors l’Europe. Ces ouvrages sont autant de jalons de la réception de Rabelais qui permettent de mettre en lumière les relations intertextuelles, souvent polyphoniques, qui unissent le corpus rabelaisien et pararabelaisien, et de mieux comprendre comment son œuvre est lue et comprise à son époque. / Since the publication of Pantagruel in 1532, François Rabelais has known a great posterity, which attracted him as much praise as blame from his coevals. In addition to this reception, his works were also the subject of a widespread practice of imitation, shown by the fact that traces of the Rabelaisian chronicles can be found in the writings of most of the authors of his time. A whole series of imitations of Rabelais in the most various literary genres exists between 1532 and 1619. These texts can be categorized in three tendencies of imitation. The first comprises those who share the most explicit relation of emulation with Rabelais’s writings. They either pastiche a literary genre characteristic of the Pantagruelian chronicle, or they continue the adventures of its protagonists. A second lot of texts offers more personal productions in which it is nonetheless possible to find a certain number of elements taken from Rabelais’s works, or falsely presents itself as authentic even though these texts are apocryphal. Finally, some of Rabelais’s apes use his writings as a narrative authority in the Women’s Quarrel, in the field of science, or in the religious and political conflicts that shook the European Renaissance. The works of Rabelais’s imitators each are markers of his reception that shed light on the Rabelaisian and pararabelaisian intertextuality and polyphony. They help appreciate the way his books were read and understood in his times.

Le degré de rétention de l’arboricolisme dans le répertoire locomoteur des hominines fossiles du Pliocène est toujours matière à débat, les études ayant principalement porté sur la courbure des phalanges et la proportion des membres. Vu la récente découverte de DIK-1-1 (A. afarensis) et de la scapula qui lui est associée, l’étude de cet os d’un point de vue fonctionnel est intéressante, puisqu’il est directement impliqué dans la locomotion de presque tous les hominoïdes. Le but de cette étude est de tenter d’établir un lien entre l’orientation supéro-inférieure (SI) et antéro-postérieure (AP) de la cavité glénoïde de la scapula et les comportements locomoteurs chez les grands singes et l’humain moderne. Des analyses comparatives sur les adultes ont été réalisées pour 1) voir s’il existe des différences dans la morphologie étudiée entre les espèces et 2) voir si ces différences peuvent être expliquées par la taille corporelle. Des analyses ontogéniques ont aussi été réalisées pour voir si un accroissement de la taille corporelle pendant le développement et les changements locomoteurs qui y sont associés correspondent à un changement d’orientation de la cavité glénoïde. Les résultats montrent que les humains ont une cavité glénoïde qui est orientée moins supérieurement que les grands singes, mais que Pongo, bien qu’étant le plus arboricole, n’a pas l’orientation la plus supérieure. Les « knuckle-walkers » (Pan et Gorilla) se distinguent des autres hominoïdes avec une orientation de la surface glénoïde relative à l’épine plus inférieure. La taille corporelle ne semble pas influencer la morphologie étudiée, sauf parfois chez le gorille. Seuls l’humain et les mâles Pongo montrent un changement ontogénique dans l’orientation de la cavité glénoïde relativement à l’épine. Sur la base de ces résultats, l’orientation de la cavité glénoïde semble refléter partiellement la fonction du membre supérieur dans la locomotion, mais des recherches plus poussées sont nécessaires. Mots-Clés : Scapula, cavité glénoïde, grands singes, humains, locomotion, arboricolisme. / The degree to which Pliocene fossil hominins have retained some form of arborealism in their locomotor repertoire is still matter of debate, in part because studies linking upper limb morphology to locomotor behaviors in primates mostly focused on phalangeal curvature and limb proportions. Given the recent discovery of DIK-1-1 (A. afarensis) and its associated scapula, investigation of this bone from a functional perspective seemed of interest since it is directly involved in almost every hominoid’s locomotion. The purpose of this study is to try to establish a link between the superoinferior and anteroposterior orientation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and locomotor behaviors in living great apes and modern humans. Comparative analyses were performed on adult individuals to 1) establish if there were differences across species and 2) verify that those differences, if any, could be linked to overall body size. Ontogenetic analyses were also performed at the intraspecific level to see if a change in body size during development, which is often associated with changes in locomotor behaviors, is related to a change in the orientation of the glenoid cavity. These results show that humans have a more inferiorly oriented glenoid cavity than great apes, but Pongo, even if it is the most arboreal species, does not have the most superiorly oriented glenoid cavity. Knuckle-walkers (Pan and Gorilla) differ from other hominoids, exhibiting a more inferiorly oriented glenoid cavity relative to the spine. Body size does not seem to influence the orientation of the articulation, with a few exceptions for gorillas. Only humans and male Pongo show a significant ontogenetic change in the orientation of the glenoid cavity relative to the spine. On the basis of these results, the orientation of the glenoid cavity seems to reflect only in part the use of the upper limb in locomotion, however, it will need to be investigated further.

Analysis of the breeding of higher primates in Czech zoos in terms of use for teaching at primary and secondary schools This thesis analyzes the breeding of higher primates in zoos in Czech and its use for teaching at primary and secondary schools. The theoretical part of the work deals with the history of zoological gardens, and features characteristics of higher primates bred in the Czech Republic and introduces the EAZA campaign to protect the apes. The research part is composed of the actual observation of zoos in the Czech Republic, the analysis of Internet resources and the rating of the zoos. The best zoos to teach about the higher primates were found the ZOO Plzeň and the ZOO Usti nad Labem. Keywords: zoo, higher primates, tutorial program, the EAZA campaign to protect apes

A lei atual foi forjada sobre a premissa de que a humanidade está no centro do mundo e de que o homem é o único e legitimado senhor de todos os seres vivos. Desde que Darwin revelou para o mundo uma então chocante realidade sim, nós viemos de um símio ancestral os princípios filosóficos do antropocentrismo começaram a ruir. E os animais, que nós sempre pensamos como objetivos de uso e consumo humano, como sofás, mesas e cadeiras? E os seres que nós descobrimos serem tão relacionados a nós que os chamamos de primos ou humanlike? Eles ainda são bens móveis nas palavras fora de moda do direito posto? Pois agora que uma nova realidade está implodindo os antigos tabus de irracionalidade e instinto pavloviano, muitos juristas e filósofos passaram a defender a existência de direitos fundamentais (como à vida, à liberdade, e à integridade física) a vários animais, baseados na sua igualdade substancial aos seres humanos. Para os que sustentam tais ideias, os animais, como a maioria de nós, têm interesses considerados relevantes, o que significa que eles podem pensar racionalmente, evitando a dor e o sofrimento, e procurando o bem-estar, mas somente o pequeno grupo chamado de grandes primatas (no qual se incluem o próprio homem e, além dele, os outros hominoides e antropoides, isto é, os chimpanzés, gorilas, orangotangos e bonobos) conhecem os rudimentos (blocos construtores) da moralidade. Aos grandes primatas podem ser reconhecidos direitos subjetivos? A resposta pode ser encontrada tanto no jusnaturalismo (na teoria do direito natural), que concebe direitos inatos, partilhados, segundo Justiniano, entre todas as criaturas vivas, quanto na teoria do interesse de Ihering, em oposição à teoria da vontade de Windscheid. Conjuntamente, eles podem explicar um novo conceito de personalidade jurídica mínima para os grandes primatas. / Modern Law is founded over the premise that mankind is in the center of the world; that man is the sole master and ruler of all living beings. Since Darwin brought into the eyes of humanity a brand new shocking reality yes, we came from the apish ancestor philosophy principles of anthropocentrism have collapsed. What about those animals we always thought as mere objects like sofas, tables or chairs? What about those beings we have now discovered so close related to us that we are used to call them as kin or humanlike creatures? Are they still goods by the old-fashioned words of written law? For a new reality is overcoming ancient taboos of irrationality and pavlovian instincts, there are now many jurists and philosophers who defend basic rights (such as life, liberty and bodily integrity) to lots of animals, based on their substantial equality to humans. For those who claim in their favor, animals, like most of us, have interests considered relevant, which means that they can think rationally, avoiding pain and suffering, and seeking for wellness of living, but only the small group called the great apes (in which we include the man himself as also the other hominoids or anthropoids: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos) know the building blocks of morality. Are they so entitled to have rights? The answer lies in both jusnaturalism (theory of natural rights), which conceives inherent rights of living, commonly shared, according to Justinian, by all living creatures, and in Ihering theory of interest opposed to Windscheids of will. Combined together they can provide a new concept of minimum notion of legal personhood for the great apes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro Cavalcanti Rollo.pdf: 1748974 bytes, checksum: 1aae6dc120b3930557bc1edfe1d86d22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / In the last ten years some writs of habeas corpus have been filed, in Brazil and in other countries, on behalf of great primates. It is a matter of constitutional order and one more instrument utilized for activists for the recognition of the Animal s Rights. This slope, even if generates many controversies, is coming neatly bigger in the past few years, as we can verify throughout the doctrinal and jurisprudential production. The sentience always have been the central element inside the debates evolving the rela-tionship between humans and other animals. Scientific progress that have finding the impressive genetic closeness among us and the great primates, boosted the requests of habeas corpus on behalf of the latter. The grant of the order and, consequently, the admission of rights to the animals generates countless questionings. If the humankind proceeds in the path of the emancipatory trajectory and after receiving all human be-ings in their moral community, could receive , what seems to be the last frontier, the animals, many questionings should be subject of analysis, that already derives from the own grant of the writ to the anthropoids. So, what animals, which rights, what cri-teria to concede them, what judicial instruments must be used to protect them, what is the consequence for humans of the acknowledgment of the Animals Rights and what criteria should be utilized in a conflict of interests between human animals and nonhu-man animals, are some of the largely complex questionings that will be subject of re-flection in the present work / Nos últimos 10 anos vem sendo impetrados, no Brasil e em outros países, habeas corpus em favor de grandes primatas. Trata-se a ação constitucional de mais um ins-trumento utilizado por ativistas para o reconhecimento dos Direitos Animais. Esta ver-tente, ainda que geradora de polêmicas, vem nitidamente crescendo ao longo dos últimos anos, como se verifica através da produção doutrinaria, legislativa e jurispru-dencial. A senciência sempre foi elemento central dentro dos debates envolvendo a relação humanos e demais animais. Os avanços científicos que constataram a im-pressionante proximidade genética entre os nós e os grandes primatas impulsionaram as demandas de habeas corpus em favor deles. A concessão da ordem e a conse-quente admissão de direitos aos animais geram inúmeros questionamentos. Caso a humanidade continue na sua trajetória emancipatória e, depois de acolher todos os seres humanos em sua comunidade moral, acolha, o que parece ser a última fronteira, os animais, várias questões deverão ser objeto de análise, que já derivam da própria concessão do writ aos antropoides. Assim, quais animais, quais direitos, qual critério para concedê-los, quais instrumentos jurídicos para protegê-los, qual a consequência para os humanos do reconhecimento dos Direitos Animais e qual critério a ser utilizado em conflito de interesses entre animais humanos e animais não humanos, são algu-mas das altamente complexas questões que serão objeto de reflexão no presente trabalho

RÉSUMÉ Le degré de rétention de l’arboricolisme dans le répertoire locomoteur des hominines fossiles du Pliocène est toujours matière à débat, les études ayant principalement porté sur la courbure des phalanges et la proportion des membres. Vu la récente découverte de DIK-1-1 (A. afarensis) et de la scapula qui lui est associée, l’étude de cet os d’un point de vue fonctionnel est intéressante, puisqu’il est directement impliqué dans la locomotion de presque tous les hominoïdes. Le but de cette étude est de tenter d’établir un lien entre l’orientation supéro-inférieure (SI) et antéro-postérieure (AP) de la cavité glénoïde de la scapula et les comportements locomoteurs chez les grands singes et l’humain moderne. Des analyses comparatives sur les adultes ont été réalisées pour 1) voir s’il existe des différences dans la morphologie étudiée entre les espèces et 2) voir si ces différences peuvent être expliquées par la taille corporelle. Des analyses ontogéniques ont aussi été réalisées pour voir si un accroissement de la taille corporelle pendant le développement et les changements locomoteurs qui y sont associés correspondent à un changement d’orientation de la cavité glénoïde. Les résultats montrent que les humains ont une cavité glénoïde qui est orientée moins supérieurement que les grands singes, mais que Pongo, bien qu’étant le plus arboricole, n’a pas l’orientation la plus supérieure. Les « knuckle-walkers » (Pan et Gorilla) se distinguent des autres hominoïdes avec une orientation de la surface glénoïde relative à l’épine plus inférieure. La taille corporelle ne semble pas influencer la morphologie étudiée, sauf parfois chez le gorille. Seuls l’humain et les mâles Pongo montrent un changement ontogénique dans l’orientation de la cavité glénoïde relativement à l’épine. Sur la base de ces résultats, l’orientation de la cavité glénoïde semble refléter partiellement la fonction du membre supérieur dans la locomotion, mais des recherches plus poussées sont nécessaires. Mots-Clés : Scapula, cavité glénoïde, grands singes, humains, locomotion, arboricolisme. / ABSTRACT The degree to which Pliocene fossil hominins have retained some form of arborealism in their locomotor repertoire is still matter of debate, in part because studies linking upper limb morphology to locomotor behaviors in primates mostly focused on phalangeal curvature and limb proportions. Given the recent discovery of DIK-1-1 (A. afarensis) and its associated scapula, investigation of this bone from a functional perspective seemed of interest since it is directly involved in almost every hominoid’s locomotion. The purpose of this study is to try to establish a link between the superoinferior and anteroposterior orientation of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and locomotor behaviors in living great apes and modern humans. Comparative analyses were performed on adult individuals to 1) establish if there were differences across species and 2) verify that those differences, if any, could be linked to overall body size. Ontogenetic analyses were also performed at the intraspecific level to see if a change in body size during development, which is often associated with changes in locomotor behaviors, is related to a change in the orientation of the glenoid cavity. These results show that humans have a more inferiorly oriented glenoid cavity than great apes, but Pongo, even if it is the most arboreal species, does not have the most superiorly oriented glenoid cavity. Knuckle-walkers (Pan and Gorilla) differ from other hominoids, exhibiting a more inferiorly oriented glenoid cavity relative to the spine. Body size does not seem to influence the orientation of the articulation, with a few exceptions for gorillas. Only humans and male Pongo show a significant ontogenetic change in the orientation of the glenoid cavity relative to the spine. On the basis of these results, the orientation of the glenoid cavity seems to reflect only in part the use of the upper limb in locomotion, however, it will need to be investigated further. Keywords : Scapula, glenoid cavity, great apes, humans, locomotion, arboreality.

A lei atual foi forjada sobre a premissa de que a humanidade está no centro do mundo e de que o homem é o único e legitimado senhor de todos os seres vivos. Desde que Darwin revelou para o mundo uma então chocante realidade sim, nós viemos de um símio ancestral os princípios filosóficos do antropocentrismo começaram a ruir. E os animais, que nós sempre pensamos como objetivos de uso e consumo humano, como sofás, mesas e cadeiras? E os seres que nós descobrimos serem tão relacionados a nós que os chamamos de primos ou humanlike? Eles ainda são bens móveis nas palavras fora de moda do direito posto? Pois agora que uma nova realidade está implodindo os antigos tabus de irracionalidade e instinto pavloviano, muitos juristas e filósofos passaram a defender a existência de direitos fundamentais (como à vida, à liberdade, e à integridade física) a vários animais, baseados na sua igualdade substancial aos seres humanos. Para os que sustentam tais ideias, os animais, como a maioria de nós, têm interesses considerados relevantes, o que significa que eles podem pensar racionalmente, evitando a dor e o sofrimento, e procurando o bem-estar, mas somente o pequeno grupo chamado de grandes primatas (no qual se incluem o próprio homem e, além dele, os outros hominoides e antropoides, isto é, os chimpanzés, gorilas, orangotangos e bonobos) conhecem os rudimentos (blocos construtores) da moralidade. Aos grandes primatas podem ser reconhecidos direitos subjetivos? A resposta pode ser encontrada tanto no jusnaturalismo (na teoria do direito natural), que concebe direitos inatos, partilhados, segundo Justiniano, entre todas as criaturas vivas, quanto na teoria do interesse de Ihering, em oposição à teoria da vontade de Windscheid. Conjuntamente, eles podem explicar um novo conceito de personalidade jurídica mínima para os grandes primatas. / Modern Law is founded over the premise that mankind is in the center of the world; that man is the sole master and ruler of all living beings. Since Darwin brought into the eyes of humanity a brand new shocking reality yes, we came from the apish ancestor philosophy principles of anthropocentrism have collapsed. What about those animals we always thought as mere objects like sofas, tables or chairs? What about those beings we have now discovered so close related to us that we are used to call them as kin or humanlike creatures? Are they still goods by the old-fashioned words of written law? For a new reality is overcoming ancient taboos of irrationality and pavlovian instincts, there are now many jurists and philosophers who defend basic rights (such as life, liberty and bodily integrity) to lots of animals, based on their substantial equality to humans. For those who claim in their favor, animals, like most of us, have interests considered relevant, which means that they can think rationally, avoiding pain and suffering, and seeking for wellness of living, but only the small group called the great apes (in which we include the man himself as also the other hominoids or anthropoids: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos) know the building blocks of morality. Are they so entitled to have rights? The answer lies in both jusnaturalism (theory of natural rights), which conceives inherent rights of living, commonly shared, according to Justinian, by all living creatures, and in Ihering theory of interest opposed to Windscheids of will. Combined together they can provide a new concept of minimum notion of legal personhood for the great apes.