京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21455号 / 医博第4422号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 潤, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 浅野 雅秀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas), has recently been engineered for genome editing. This RNA-guided platform has simplified genetic manipulation and holds promise for therapeutic applications. However, off-target editing has been one of the major concerns of the commonly used Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpyCas9). Despite extensive enzyme engineering to reduce off-target editing of SpyCas9, we have turned to nature and uncovered a Cas9 ortholog from Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) with high fidelity. In the first part of my thesis, we have systematically characterized Nme1Cas9 for engineering mammalian genomes and demonstrated its high specificity by genome-wide off-targeting detection methods in vitro and in cellulo, and thus provided a new platform for accurate genome editing. Due to its flexibility, CRISPR is becoming a versatile tool not only for genome editing, but also for chromatin manipulation. These alternative applications are possible because of the programmable targeting capacity of catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9). In the second part of my thesis, we have combined dCas9 with the engineered plant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2) to develop a proteomic method called dCas9-APEX2 biotinylation at genomic elements by restricted spatial tagging (C-BERST). Relying on the spatially restricted, fast biotin labeling of proteins near defined genomic loci, C-BERST enables the high-throughput identification of known telomere- and centromere- associated proteomes and novel factors. Furthermore, we have extended C-BERST to map the c-fos promoter and gained new insights regarding the dynamic transcriptional regulation process. Taken together, C-BERST can advance our understanding of chromatin regulators and their roles in nuclear and chromosome biology.

Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is an interesting process involved in a multitude of cellular pathways. Enzymes which catalyse this are termed intramembrane proteases (IMPRs), cleaving proteins passing through the membrane within their transmembrane domain. Rhomboid proteases are serine IMPRs. They are widely distributed among organisms and evolutionarily conserved, but despite many efforts, their physiological roles are largely unexplored. RHBDL4 is a mammalian rhomboid protease localised to the endoplasmic reticulum. It is involved in the development of colorectal cancer, which makes it an important focus of research, but its physiological function is not well understood. In order to explore it, I established and employed a proximity proteomics approach, termed APEX2. It is based on biotinylation of proteins in the spatial proximity of the target in the physiological environment of intact living cells. Labelled proteins are subsequently purified, identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Exploring the physiological vicinity of RHBDL4, its interaction partners and substrates can be revealed and the detailed subcellular compartment, where RHBDL4 resides, can thus be inferred. During three independent experiments in HCT116 cell line, three proteins emerged repeatedly in the RHBDL4...

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NUR77 est un récepteur nucléaire (RN) orphelin impliqué dans la régulation de processus biologiques dont la mort cellulaire, notamment dans la maladie de Parkinson (MP), découlant de la perte de neurones dopaminergiques, et dans le cancer du sein, résultant de la prolifération de cellules mammaires. NUR77 est impliqué dans le déclenchement et la protection de la mort cellulaire et son activité serait indépendante de la liaison d’un ligand. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’activité de NUR77 est influencée par ses modifications post-traductionnelles (MPTs) et ses partenaires d’interactions. L’objectif général de cette thèse était de caractériser les MPTs et les partenaires d’interaction modulant l’activité de NUR77, dans des modèles de cellules en culture, afin de mieux comprendre ses fonctions biologiques - notamment dans la mort cellulaire. Le premier objectif de ce doctorat était de caractériser le rôle de la SUMOylation, une modification modulant l’activité des RN, chez NUR77, par des essais rapporteurs dans les cellules Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293). La surexpression de la E3 SUMO ligase PIASγ et/ou de l’isoforme 2 de la SUMO, protéines importantes dans la régulation de la SUMOylation chez les RN, a engendré un effet répresseur sur l’activité transcriptionnelle de NUR77. L’effet de PIASγ sur l’activité de NUR77 est modulé par la Sentrin SUMO-specific protease 1, qui hydrolyse la liaison des SUMO. Les mutations des résidus lysine dans des sites consensus de SUMOylation, de NUR77 (K102 et K577), empêchant cette MPT, ont causé des effets opposés sur son activité transcriptionnelle, suggérant le recrutement différent de corégulateurs de la transcription. Ces résultats combinés indiquent que la SUMOylation et les PIASγ et SUMO2 sont, respectivement, une MPT et des corégulateurs importants dans l’activité de NUR77. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser l’interactome de NUR77 dans des HEK293 vivantes afin d’identifier les interacteurs pouvant moduler son activité, à l’aide d’une méthode de marquage des protéines proximales avec la biotine basée sur la peroxydase APEX2, combinée à la spectrométrie de masse. Ce procédé a identifié 336 potentiels interacteurs de NUR77, dont plusieurs connus. Des essais de coimmunoprécipitation et de coimmunofluorescence menés dans les HEK293 et dans les cellules du cancer du sein MCF-7 ont montré, respectivement, que la protéine régulatrice de l’apoptose Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 (API5), interagissait et colocalisait avec NUR77. La privation de sérum dans le milieu de culture des cellules et la diminution de l’expression de API5 a conduit à une augmentation des niveaux protéiques et de l’activité de NUR77 et à une diminution de la survie cellulaire. Ces données suggèrent que API5 constitue un régulateur de NUR77 dans les voies de signalisation associées à la mort cellulaire et que cette interaction pourrait constituer une cible pour moduler l’apoptose. Elles valident également l’approche d’identification d’interacteurs de NUR77. Les travaux de cette thèse ont donc permis de générer des outils pour caractériser l’activité de NUR77 et ont révélé des corégulateurs de cette activité. La poursuite de ces projets pourrait révéler le caractère opportun de cibler NUR77 comme modulateur de la mort cellulaire, notamment dans la MP et le cancer du sein. / NUR77 is an orphan nuclear receptor (NR) involved in the regulation of multiple cell biology processes including cell death, in particular in Parkinson's disease (PD), which results of the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and in breast cancer (BC), which is caused by the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. NUR77 is involved in triggering and inhibiting cell death and its activity is believed to be independent of a ligand binding. We hypothesized that the regulation of NUR77 activity does not occur through a ligand, but through the influence of its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and its interaction partners. The general objective of this PhD project was to characterize the PTMs and the interacting partners that modulate the activity of NUR77 in cultured cell models, to better understand its physiological roles, in particular in the regulation of cell death. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize the role of SUMOylation, a modification that regulates NR activity, in regulating NUR77 transcriptional activity in reporter assays in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells. Overexpression of the E3 SUMO ligase PIASγ or/and the isoform 2 of SUMO, both important regulators in SUMOylation of the NUR77 homolog NURR1, produced a repressive effect on the transcriptional activity of NUR77. The effect of PIASγ on the activity of NUR77 was shown to be modulated by the Sentrin SUMO-specific protease 1 protein, which removes SUMO tags on target proteins. In addition, mutations of lysine residues in SUMO consensus sites in NUR77 (K102 and K577) had opposite effects on its transcriptional activity, suggesting different recruitment of coregulators of transcription in the regions. The combination of these results indicates that SUMOylation is an important PTM for the regulation of NUR77 activity and that PIASγ and SUMO2 proteins are important transcriptional coregulators of NUR77. The second objective of this thesis was to evaluate NUR77 interactome in HEK293 living cells to identify the interactors that can modulate its activity, using a biotin-labelling method for proximal proteins based on the APEX2 peroxidase combined with mass spectrometry. This approach identified 336 potential interactors of NUR77, some that are consistent with the literature. Coimmunoprecipitation and coimmunofluorescence assays carried out in HEK293 cells and in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line have shown that the regulator of apoptosis Apoptosis Inhibitor 5 vi (API5), interacted and colocalized with NUR77. By depriving cells of serum and decreasing API5 expression, increased protein levels and activity of NUR77 was observed, as well as a decrease in cell viability. These data support that API5 is a regulator of NUR77 in its involvement in signalling pathways associated with cell death and that this interaction could be a target for modulating apoptosis. More generally, they validate the APEX2 tool which can be used to identify novel NUR77 interactors. In conclusion, the work of this thesis resulted in the generation of tools to better understand the activity of NUR77 and revealed important coregulators in this activity. The continued characterization of these interactors may provide opportunities to target NUR77 as a regulator of cell death, particularly in PD and in breast cancer.