The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the corresponding hydroperoxide by plant and animal lipoxygenases is an important step for the generation of bioactive lipid mediators. Thereby fatty acid hydroperoxide represent a common intermediate, also in human innate immune cells, like neutrophil granulocytes. In these cells a further key component is the heme protein myeloperoxidase producing HOCl as a reactive oxidant. On the basis of different investigation a reaction of the fatty acid hydroperoxide and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) could be assumed. Here, chromatographic and spectrometric analysis revealed that the hydroperoxide moiety of 15S-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE) and 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE) is not affected by HOCl. No reduction of the hydroperoxide group due to a reaction with HOCl could be measured. It could be demonstrated that the double bonds of the fatty acid hydroperoxides are the major target of HOCl, present either as reagent or formed by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system.

No description available.

The blood-brain barrier, formed by brain microvessel endothelial cells, is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. It was previously demonstrated in our laboratory that knock down of fatty acid transport proteins FATP-1 and CD36 attenuated apical to basolateral monounsaturated fatty acid transport across human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMEC). Arachidonic acid (AA; 5,8,11,14 - cis-eicosatetraenoic acid) is a conditionally essential, polyunsaturated fatty acid [20:4(n-6)] and a major constituent of brain lipids. We examined transport of AA across confluent monolayers of HBMEC. Control cells or HBMEC with knock down of FATP-1 or CD36 were cultured on Transwell® plates and incubated apically with [3H]AA and incorporation of [3H]AA into the basolateral medium was determined temporally. [3H]AA was rapidly incorporated into the basolateral medium with time in control cells. Surprisingly, knock down of FATP-1 or CD36 did not alter [3H]AA movement into the basolateral medium. The increased permeability mediated by AA was likely caused by a metabolite of AA produced de novo and was confirmed by an increased movement of fluorescent dextran from apical to basolateral medium. HBMECs expressed PGE2 synthase, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, PGE2 receptors, tight junction proteins and prostaglandin transporters. The AA-mediated increase in membrane permeability was not attenuated by cyclooxygenase inhibitor drugs (NSAIDs). Incubation of the HBMEC monolayers with exogenous PGE2 resulted in attenuation of the AA-mediated permeability increases. The results indicate that AA increases the permeability of the HBMEC monolayer likely via increased production of metabolites or by-products of the lipoxygenase or epoxygenase pathways. These observations may explain the rapid influx of AA into the brain previously observed upon plasma infusion with AA.

The blood-brain barrier, formed by brain microvessel endothelial cells, is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. It was previously demonstrated in our laboratory that knock down of fatty acid transport proteins FATP-1 and CD36 attenuated apical to basolateral monounsaturated fatty acid transport across human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMEC). Arachidonic acid (AA; 5,8,11,14 - cis-eicosatetraenoic acid) is a conditionally essential, polyunsaturated fatty acid [20:4(n-6)] and a major constituent of brain lipids. We examined transport of AA across confluent monolayers of HBMEC. Control cells or HBMEC with knock down of FATP-1 or CD36 were cultured on Transwell® plates and incubated apically with [3H]AA and incorporation of [3H]AA into the basolateral medium was determined temporally. [3H]AA was rapidly incorporated into the basolateral medium with time in control cells. Surprisingly, knock down of FATP-1 or CD36 did not alter [3H]AA movement into the basolateral medium. The increased permeability mediated by AA was likely caused by a metabolite of AA produced de novo and was confirmed by an increased movement of fluorescent dextran from apical to basolateral medium. HBMECs expressed PGE2 synthase, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, PGE2 receptors, tight junction proteins and prostaglandin transporters. The AA-mediated increase in membrane permeability was not attenuated by cyclooxygenase inhibitor drugs (NSAIDs). Incubation of the HBMEC monolayers with exogenous PGE2 resulted in attenuation of the AA-mediated permeability increases. The results indicate that AA increases the permeability of the HBMEC monolayer likely via increased production of metabolites or by-products of the lipoxygenase or epoxygenase pathways. These observations may explain the rapid influx of AA into the brain previously observed upon plasma infusion with AA.

Effect of lipids on binding characteristics of opioid receptors in membranes prepared from rat brain were studied. Lipid concentrations causing changes in specific binding of [3H]Endomorphin-1 (ProE1), an opioid agonist highly specific to mu-type opioid, [3H]Ile5,6deltorphin II (DIDI), an agonist ligand highly specific to delta type receptor and [3H]Naloxone (Nlx), a universal opioid receptor antagonist were determined. Inhibition of [3H]ProE1, [3H]DIDI and [3H]Nlx specific binding was also examined by homologous displacement experiments in the presence and absence of lipids. In order to understand whether the changes occurring in the specific binding is due to changes in equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) or maximum number of binding sites (Bmax), the equilibrium binding experiments were performed. Arachidonic acid (AA) inhibited binding of both agonist and antagonist ligand in a dose dependent manner with IC50 values of 0.15, 0.1, and 0.6 mM for [3H]ProE1, [3H]DIDI and [3H]Nlx, respectively. Kd values were not affected while Bmax values decreased 38 % and 76 % for mu, and delta receptor subtypes, respectively. For [3H]Nlx, Bmax values decreased 20 and 56 % in the absence and presence of 100 mM NaCl, respectively. Cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) enhances (100 % of control) ligand binding at mu-sites however no effect was encountered at delta sites. Furthermore, CHS also enhances (50 % of control) the binding of antagonist ligand in the absence of NaCl. Bmax values were increased by 70 % for mu sites and 40% for antagonist ligand binding site. Under similar conditions Kd values were not affected. Phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) exhibited negligible effect on ligand binding. PA decreased specific binding of ProE1 and DIDI by 16 and 10 %, respectively. Specific binding of antagonist ligand Nlx decreased 11 % in the presence of NaCl whereas in the absence of NaCl specific binding is very close to control. In the presence of PC specific binding of both agonist and antagonist ligands were around control values. In this study modulatory effect of lysophospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine on opioid binding sites were evaluated for the first time. Both lysophospholipids exhibited similar effects: decreasing specific binding in receptor subtype independent manner between 0.1 to 1 mM range. Kd values were not significantly affected, while remarkable decrease (45-75 %) in Bmax values were observed.

No description available.

No / The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat is a genetic animal model of depression. Following recent findings that the brain fatty acid composition of FSL is characterised by increased arachidonic acid (AA), we used electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR to examine lipid species in different brain areas. Cholesterol and sphingolipids were increased in the hypothalamus of the FSL rats. Furthermore, arachidonic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine species (AA-PC) were elevated with PC16:0/20:4, PC18:1/20:4 and PC18:0/20:4 (p<0.003) increased in the hypothalamus and striatum. In contrast, there was a decrease in some docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing species, specifically PC18:1/22:6 (p<0.003) in the striatum and PE18:1/22:6 (p<0.004) in the prefrontal cortex. Since no significant differences were observed in the erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations, dietary or environmental causes for these observations are unlikely. The increase in AA-PC species which in this animal model may be associated with altered neuropathy target esterase activity, an enzyme involved in membrane PC homeostasis, may contribute to the depressive phenotype of the FSL rats.

The main source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in our diet is supplied by fish, and an ever-increasing proportion of these are being produced by aquaculture. The drive for the growing market demand and production from sustainable sources has led to the use of high-energy (fat) diets and, recently, to the replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with non-marine components, such as plant meals and vegetable oils that are devoid of n-3 LC-PUFA. Both changes impact greatly on lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, with health implications for the fish and the human consumer. This impact highlights the need to investigate the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, specifically focussing on the pathways of lipid homeostasis and LC-PUFA synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop and utilise Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell line as a model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to enable an integrated approach to study the biochemical and molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in fish. In particular, α-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LOA, 18:2n-6), which are essential fatty acids abundantly found in vegetable oils, and are precursors of LC-PUFA, were supplemented in combination with other fatty acids, to explore the effect of these on total lipid content, lipid class, FA composition and gene expression of CHSE-214 cell line. Total lipid content was extracted, followed by determination of lipid class and fatty acid analyses. Gene expression analyses of transcription/nuclear factors and various target genes in Atlantic salmon, including those involved in pathways of LC-PUFA synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, were carried out. The results demonstrated that CHSE-214 cell line, under experimental conditions, is able to convert LNA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and LOA to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not LNA and/or EPA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), highlighting the activity of elongase and desaturase enzymes during the conversion process. Changes occurring on the fatty acid profile and also at molecular level were observed. Understanding the role that transcription factors play in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in fish will allow endogenous LC-PUFA synthesis to be optimised. The results from this study could be used to improve the efficiency of alternative, sustainable diets in aquaculture, while maintaining the nutritional quality of farmed fish for the final consumer. CHSE-214 cell line can therefore be used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, particularly in the conversion of LNA to EPA, which can then be reproduced in vivo, saving time and money.

Les récepteurs nucléaires LXRα et LXRβ sont activés par la fixation de dérivés oxygénés du cholestérol. Ils régulent l’expression de nombreux gènes appartenant au métabolisme du cholestérol et des acides gras, et jouent un rôle important dans l’inflammation et l’immunité innée. L’activation de LXR inhibe le développement de l’athérosclérose, en augmentant l’efflux de cholestérol des macrophages ainsi que le transport inverse jusqu’au foie et l’excrétion biliaire. De plus, LXR diminue la biosynthèse et la captation du cholestérol dans les tissus périphériques. Enfin, les agonistes synthétiques de LXR administrés à des souris diminuent significativement l’inflammation dans les lésions athérosclérotiques, notamment en inhibant la sécrétion de certaines cytokines inflammatoires. Néanmoins LXR régule également la lipogenèse et la synthèse d’acides gras mono-insaturés, et l’administration d’agonistes de LXR s’accompagne également d’effets indésirables liés à cette régulation, comme une accumulation dérégulée d’acides gras dans le foie et une augmentation du taux de LDLs circulantes. Plusieurs autres mécanismes restent encore à être explorés, comme la synthèse d’acides gras polyinsaturés et les conséquences sur le métabolisme cellulaire. Nos travaux identifient une nouvelle voie régulée entièrement par LXR, le métabolisme des acides gras polyinsaturés. Le récepteur nucléaire LXR régule l’ensemble des enzymes FADS1, FADS2 et ELOVL5, responsables de la synthèse d’acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-6 et oméga-3. Cette régulation s’accompagne d’une incorporation d’acide arachidonique dans les phospholipides, via la régulation de LPCAT3, ce qui prépare les macrophages à une synthèse accrue de dérivés inflammatoires issus de l’acide arachidonique, comme la Prostaglandine E2, suite à une stimulation au lipopolysaccharide. La régulation de cette voie par LXR a également un effet sur le développement de l’athérosclérose, augmentant les taux d’acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-6 et oméga-3 dans les plaques d’athérome. Nos résultats montrent donc que LXR régule la synthèse des acides gras polyinsaturés en plus des acides gras mono-insaturés et de la lipogenèse et que cette régulation a des conséquences sur le profil lipidique des macrophages in vitro et in vivo ainsi que sur leur réponse inflammatoire. / The nuclear receptors LXRα and LXRβ are activated by oxygenated metabolites of cholesterol. They regulate the expression of numerous genes belonging to cholesterol and fatty acids metabolism, and play a central role in inflammation and innate immunity. LXR activation inhibits atherosclerosis development, by increasing cholesterol efflux from macrophages as well as reverse cholesterol transport and biliary excretion. In addition, LXR decreases cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis. Synthetic LXR agonists fed to mice significantly decrease inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, by inhibiting several inflammatory cytokines. However, LXR also regulate lipogenesis and monounsaturated fatty acids synthesis, and LXR agonists supplementation is accompanied by side effects due to this regulation, such as a deregulated accumulation of fatty acids in the liver and an increase in circulating LDLs. Other mecanisms still need to be characterized, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis and the consequences on cell metabolism. Our work identify a new pathway regulated by LXR, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The nuclear receptor LXR regulates all enzymes responsible for omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis, FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL5. This regulation is accompanied by an increase in arachidonic acid incorporation in phospholipids, via LPCAT3 regulation, which subsequently primes human macrophages for an increased inflammatory metabolites secretion derived from arachidonic acid, such as Protaglandin E2, following a LPS stimulation. The regulation of this pathway by LXR has an effect on atherosclerosis, increasing omega-6 and omega-3 ployunsaturated fatty acids in atheroma plaques. Our results show therefore that LXR regulates polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis in addition to monounsaturated fatty acids and lipogenesis, and that this regulation has direct consequences on lipid profile of macrophages in vitro and in vivo as well as on their inflammatory response.

<div>Hydrocephalus is a debilitating disease characterized by an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, leading to increases in pressure that can ultimately result in death. Current treatments for hydrocephalus include only invasive brain surgery. Therefore, the need for a pharmaceutical therapy is great. In order to develop a suitable treatment, we first must be able to study the disease and the mechanisms by which it develops. By characterizing appropriate in vivo and in vitro models, we are better able to study this disease. In this thesis, the Wpk rat model and the PCP-R cell line are described as such appropriate models. In addition to suitable models, we also require a target for drug treatment. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation ion channel present in the main CSF-producing organ in the brain, the choroid plexus (CP). Preliminary data suggest this channel plays a role in the development of hydrocephalus. In the following work, some of the mechanisms by which TRPV4 functions in the brain are also described, including through calcium-sensitive potassium channels and inflammation. From this research, we are able to achieve a better understanding of the function of TRPV4 and how it can affect the development and progression of hydrocephalus.</div>