The sea ice extent change and variability of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are quite different compared to the Arctic as a whole due to its unique geographic settings. In this thesis, the sea ice retreat processes, the connection with other Arctic regions, and the linkages to the surface radiation flux in the CAA are examined. The sea ice retreat processes in the CAA follow a four-phase process: a slow ice melt phase that usually lasts until early June (phase 1); a quick melt phase with large daily sea ice extent change which lasts close to half-a-month (phase 2); a slow melt phase that looks like slow sea ice melt or even a small ice increase that lasts another half-a-month (phase 3); and a steady ice decrease phase (phase 4). With the help of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, it is identified that the quick melt in phase 2 is actually melt ponding, with melt ponds being falsely identified as open water by passive microwave. A simplified data assimilation method is then developed to improve the passive microwave sea ice concentration estimation by fusion with MODIS ice surface temperature data. The ice concentration from the analysis is found to improve the original passive microwave sea ice concentration estimation, with the largest improvements during sea ice melt. The sea ice retreat patterns in the CAA region are correlated with the sea ice retreat patterns in other regions of the Arctic. A decision tree classifier is designed to segment the sea ice retreat patterns in the CAA into several classes and classification maps are generated. These maps are effective in identifying the geographic locations that have large changes in the sea ice retreat patterns through the years. The daily progressions of the surface radiation components are described in detail. Due to the lack of multiple reflection, the percentage of shortwave radiation at the top of atmosphere that reaches the surface is influenced by the form of melt ponds over ice surface. The roles that each surface radiation component plays in forcing sea ice retreat are different in different years.

The discipline of historical biogeography seeks to understand the contribution of earth history to the generation of biodiversity. Traditionally, the study of historical biogeography has been approached by examining the distribution of a biota at or above the species level. While this approach has provided important insights into the relationship between biological diversity and earth history, a significant amount of information recorded below the species level (intraspecific variation), regarding the biogeographical history of a region, may be lost. The application of phylogeography - which considers information recorded below the species level - goes some way to addressing this problem. Patterns of intraspecific molecular variation in wide-ranging taxa can be useful for inferring biogeography, and can also be used to test competing biogeographical hypotheses (often based on the dispersal-vicariance debate). Moreover, it is argued here that phylogeographical studies have recently begun to unite these two disparate views, in the recognition that both dispersal and vicariance have played fundamental roles in the generation of biodiversity. Freshwater dependent taxa are ideal model organisms for the current field of research, as they reflect well the underlying biogeographical history of a given region, due to limited dispersal abilities - their requirement for freshwater restricts them. To this end, this study documented the phylogeographical history of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) utilising both mitochondrial (COI & 16S) and nuclear (microsatellite) markers. Samples (n = ~1000) were obtained from across most of the natural distribution of M. rosenbergii [Southern and South East (SE) Asia, New Guinea, northern Australia]. Initial phylogenetic analyses identified two highly divergent forms of this species restricted to either side of Huxley's extension of Wallace's Line; a pattern consistent with ancient vicariance across the Makassar Strait. Subsequent analyses of molecular variation within the two major clades specifically tested a number of biogeographical hypotheses, including that: 1.) a major biogeographical transition zone between the Sundaic and Indochinese biotas, located just north of the Isthmus of Kra in SE Asia, results from Neogene marine transgressions that breached the Isthmus in two locations for prolonged periods of time; 2.) Australia's Lake Carpentaria [circa 80 000 - 8 500 before present (BP)] facilitated genetic interchange among freshwater organisms during the Late Pleistocene; 3.) sea-level fluctuations during the Pleistocene constrained evolutionary diversification of M. rosenbergii within the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA); and 4.) New Guinea's Fly River changed course from its current easterly outflow to flow westwards into Lake Carpentaria during the Late Pleistocene. The results support hypotheses 1-3, but not 4. The potential for phylogeography to contribute significantly to the study of historical biogeography is also discussed.

O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP) localiza-se cerca de 1100 km do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte, e está constituído por quatro ilhas maiores dispostas em semicírculo formando uma enseada com profundidades que variam ente 3 a 18 m. Vários estudos sobre a fauna existente no ASPSP foram realizados, entretanto, este é apenas o segundo trabalho com foco na ostracofauna do arquipélago. No material analisado, coletado na enseada, foram reconhecidas 14 espécies, dez gêneros e oito famílias; dentre estes, foi descrito um gênero e espécie novos para a família Hemicytheridae e uma nova espécie para o gênero Keijcyoidea. Dez espécies foram deixadas em nomenclatura aberta, sendo muito provável a existência de outras espécies novas, já que o ASPSP é uma área muito distante tanto de outras ilhas oceânicas quanto de continentes. Aspectos ecológicos e zoogeográficos complementam o estudo da riqueza específica da fauna aqui analisada. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possui a maior abundância, perfazendo um total de 4214 espécimens (1150 coletados vivos). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 espécimens, sendo 153 vivos) e Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 indivíduos, dos quais 69 vivos) ocupam o segundo e o terceiro lugar em abundância, respectivamente. As espécies L. tricornatum e Triebelina sertata Triebel, esta última um ostracode cosmopolita tropical, ocorrem no Brasil não somente no ASPSP, mas também no Atol das Rocas e nas regiões de águas quentes da plataforma continental brasileira; T. sertata é também registrada na Ilha da Trindade. Curiosamente, espécies pandêmicas de mares rasos e quentes, como Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) e Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, não foram registrados no ASPSP. / The Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo (ASPSP), located about 1,100 km of the coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State, consists of four major islands arranged in a semicircle forming a cove with depths between three and 18 m. Many studies on the archipelago fauna were performed, however, this is only the second one focusing its ostracode fauna. In the study material, 14 species, ten genera and eight families were identified, including a new genus and species of Hemicytheridae, and a new species of Keijcyoidea. Ten species were left in open nomenclature, and the existence of other new ones is very probable, since the ASPSP is very distant from both other oceanic islands and continents. Ecological and zoogeographical remarks complement this faunal study. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possesses the greatest abundance, with a total of 4214 specimens (1150 collected alive). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 specimens, being 153 alive) and Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 individuals, being 69 alive) occupy the second and third place in abundance, respectively. The species L. tricornatum and Triebelina sertata Triebel, the latter a tropical cosmopolitan ostracode, occur in Brazil not only in the ASPSP, but also in the Rocas Atoll and in the region of warm waters of the Brazilian continental shelf; T. sertata is also recorded around the Trindade Island. Surprisingly, pandemic species of shallow and warm seas, as Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) and Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, were not found in ASPSP.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinaCT_DISSERT_pag1_ate_pag15.pdf: 10459545 bytes, checksum: bd3fb5e5db3d1c521824ec8eb3c3b82c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Several works characterize the presence of spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago in the Dolphins Bay. Though, the dolphins abidance inside this cove has decreased and a new area has been occupied by the animals to achieve the same behaviors, that are resting, breeding and nursing. This area comprises the Inside Sea northeast border of Fernando s de Noronha Island, including the opposing Middle and Dog shore area, the San Antonio Bay and the Between Islands region. The aim was to characterize the dolphins occupation and describe their interactions with the tourism in this area. Data were collected in 2008 and 2009 through a fixed point observation. The study area was divided into seven sub-areas, recording: presence/absence of dolphins, days abidance endurance, abidance length in each area, estimated number of individuals, dolphins direction and speed of displacement, boats presence, interaction period, monitoring, boats attitude and velocity. The dolphins abidance time displayed the same pattern during both years of study, with the higher occupancy in the Between Islands region. Groups with farther than 200 individuals were more frequent both 2008 (46.2%) and 2009 (42.3%). Thus the displacement s slow speed as the preferred direction towards Rat Island also showed the same pattern in both years. The Between Islands region also presented the boats major abidance near the dolphins groups. Boats moved farther in slow speed (95%) than at high speed (5%). The legislation s compliance for the cetaceans protection occurred in 89.7% of 2.839 interactions between boats and spinners, in which this variable was recorded. Whenever boats moved at a slow speed during the meetings with spinner dolphins groups, animals also moved at a slow speed (n = 337), significantly more than the fast displacements (n = 128) ix or "porpoise" (n = 4) (X2 = 318.543, p = -0.001). When boats quickly passed by groups, a significant difference between the dolphins displacement speeds was observed (X2 = 18.264, p =- 0.001), however, the slow (47%) and fast (47% ) displacements frequency was equal, noted the difference with the porpoise displacements (6%), which had the lowest frequency. Data indicate the establishment of a new occupation pattern of the spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha, with the Between Islands area being of great importance to the dolphins habits and currently the main area of the boats meeting with the dolphins, showing the need of new conservation measures in this area / Diversos trabalhos caracterizam a presen?a de golfinhos-rotadores no Arquip?lago Fernando de Noronha na Ba?a dos Golfinhos. Entretanto, o tempo de perman?ncia dos golfinhos nesta enseada tem diminu?do e uma nova ?rea vem sendo ocupada pelos animais para a realiza??o dos mesmos comportamentos, que s?o descanso, reprodu??o e cuidados com os filhotes. Esta ?rea compreende a extremidade nordeste do Mar de Dentro da Ilha Fernando de Noronha, incluindo a ?rea defronte as praias do Meio e do Cachorro e toda a Ba?a de Santo Ant?nio e Regi?o Entre Ilhas. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a ocupa??o dos golfinhos e descrever as intera??es com o turismo nesta ?rea. Os dados foram coletados atrav?s de ponto fixo em 2008 e 2009. A ?rea de estudo foi dividida em sete sub?reas e os registros foram: presen?a/aus?ncia de golfinhos, tempo de perman?ncia no dia, tempo de perman?ncia em cada sub?rea, estimativa do n?mero de indiv?duos, dire??o e velocidade de deslocamento dos golfinhos, presen?a de barcos, tempo de intera??o, acompanhamento, atitude e velocidade de deslocamento das embarca??es. O tempo de perman?ncia dos golfinhos mostrou o mesmo padr?o nos dois anos do estudo, sendo a Regi?o Entre Ilhas a com maior ocupa??o. Os agrupamentos com mais de 200 indiv?duos foram os mais freq?entes, tanto em 2008 (46,2%) como em 2009 (42,3%). A dire??o preferencial de deslocamento sentido Ilha Rata e a velocidade de deslocamento lenta tamb?m mostraram o mesmo padr?o nos dois anos. A Regi?o Entre Ilhas tamb?m foi a que apresentou o maior tempo de perman?ncia dos barcos pr?ximos aos grupos de golfinhos. As embarca??es significativamente se deslocaram mais em velocidade lenta (95%) dos que em alta velocidade (5%). O cumprimento da legisla??o de prote??o aos cet?ceos ocorreu em 89,7% das 2.839 intera??es entre barcos e vii rotadores em que foi registrada esta vari?vel. Quando as embarca??es se deslocaram em velocidade lenta durante os encontros com os agrupamentos de golfinhos-rotadores, os animais tamb?m se deslocaram em velocidade lenta (n=337), significativamente mais do que os deslocamentos r?pidos (n=128) ou porpoise (n=4) (X2=318,543; p= -0,001). J? quando as embarca??es passaram r?pido pelos agrupamentos de golfinhos, observou-se diferen?a significativa entre as velocidades de deslocamentos dos golfinhos (X2=18,264; p=-0,001), entretanto, as freq??ncias de deslocamentos lentos (47%) e r?pidos (47%) foi igual, sendo a diferen?a notada com os deslocamentos em porpoise (6%), que apresentou a menor freq??ncia. Os dados indicam o estabelecimento de um novo padr?o de ocupa??o dos golfinhosrotadores em Fernando de Noronha, sendo a Regi?o Entre Ilhas de grande import?ncia para os h?bitos dos golfinhos e atualmente a principal ?rea de encontro das embarca??es com os golfinhos, mostrando a necessidade de novas medidas de conserva??o nesta ?rea

O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP) localiza-se cerca de 1100 km do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte, e está constituído por quatro ilhas maiores dispostas em semicírculo formando uma enseada com profundidades que variam ente 3 a 18 m. Vários estudos sobre a fauna existente no ASPSP foram realizados, entretanto, este é apenas o segundo trabalho com foco na ostracofauna do arquipélago. No material analisado, coletado na enseada, foram reconhecidas 14 espécies, dez gêneros e oito famílias; dentre estes, foi descrito um gênero e espécie novos para a família Hemicytheridae e uma nova espécie para o gênero Keijcyoidea. Dez espécies foram deixadas em nomenclatura aberta, sendo muito provável a existência de outras espécies novas, já que o ASPSP é uma área muito distante tanto de outras ilhas oceânicas quanto de continentes. Aspectos ecológicos e zoogeográficos complementam o estudo da riqueza específica da fauna aqui analisada. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possui a maior abundância, perfazendo um total de 4214 espécimens (1150 coletados vivos). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 espécimens, sendo 153 vivos) e Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 indivíduos, dos quais 69 vivos) ocupam o segundo e o terceiro lugar em abundância, respectivamente. As espécies L. tricornatum e Triebelina sertata Triebel, esta última um ostracode cosmopolita tropical, ocorrem no Brasil não somente no ASPSP, mas também no Atol das Rocas e nas regiões de águas quentes da plataforma continental brasileira; T. sertata é também registrada na Ilha da Trindade. Curiosamente, espécies pandêmicas de mares rasos e quentes, como Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) e Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, não foram registrados no ASPSP. / The Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo (ASPSP), located about 1,100 km of the coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State, consists of four major islands arranged in a semicircle forming a cove with depths between three and 18 m. Many studies on the archipelago fauna were performed, however, this is only the second one focusing its ostracode fauna. In the study material, 14 species, ten genera and eight families were identified, including a new genus and species of Hemicytheridae, and a new species of Keijcyoidea. Ten species were left in open nomenclature, and the existence of other new ones is very probable, since the ASPSP is very distant from both other oceanic islands and continents. Ecological and zoogeographical remarks complement this faunal study. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possesses the greatest abundance, with a total of 4214 specimens (1150 collected alive). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 specimens, being 153 alive) and Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 individuals, being 69 alive) occupy the second and third place in abundance, respectively. The species L. tricornatum and Triebelina sertata Triebel, the latter a tropical cosmopolitan ostracode, occur in Brazil not only in the ASPSP, but also in the Rocas Atoll and in the region of warm waters of the Brazilian continental shelf; T. sertata is also recorded around the Trindade Island. Surprisingly, pandemic species of shallow and warm seas, as Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) and Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, were not found in ASPSP.

O Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP) localiza-se cerca de 1100 km do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte, e está constituído por quatro ilhas maiores dispostas em semicírculo formando uma enseada com profundidades que variam ente 3 a 18 m. Vários estudos sobre a fauna existente no ASPSP foram realizados, entretanto, este é apenas o segundo trabalho com foco na ostracofauna do arquipélago. No material analisado, coletado na enseada, foram reconhecidas 14 espécies, dez gêneros e oito famílias; dentre estes, foi descrito um gênero e espécie novos para a família Hemicytheridae e uma nova espécie para o gênero Keijcyoidea. Dez espécies foram deixadas em nomenclatura aberta, sendo muito provável a existência de outras espécies novas, já que o ASPSP é uma área muito distante tanto de outras ilhas oceânicas quanto de continentes. Aspectos ecológicos e zoogeográficos complementam o estudo da riqueza específica da fauna aqui analisada. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possui a maior abundância, perfazendo um total de 4214 espécimens (1150 coletados vivos). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 espécimens, sendo 153 vivos) e Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 indivíduos, dos quais 69 vivos) ocupam o segundo e o terceiro lugar em abundância, respectivamente. As espécies L. tricornatum e Triebelina sertata Triebel, esta última um ostracode cosmopolita tropical, ocorrem no Brasil não somente no ASPSP, mas também no Atol das Rocas e nas regiões de águas quentes da plataforma continental brasileira; T. sertata é também registrada na Ilha da Trindade. Curiosamente, espécies pandêmicas de mares rasos e quentes, como Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) e Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, não foram registrados no ASPSP. / The Archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo (ASPSP), located about 1,100 km of the coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State, consists of four major islands arranged in a semicircle forming a cove with depths between three and 18 m. Many studies on the archipelago fauna were performed, however, this is only the second one focusing its ostracode fauna. In the study material, 14 species, ten genera and eight families were identified, including a new genus and species of Hemicytheridae, and a new species of Keijcyoidea. Ten species were left in open nomenclature, and the existence of other new ones is very probable, since the ASPSP is very distant from both other oceanic islands and continents. Ecological and zoogeographical remarks complement this faunal study. Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak possesses the greatest abundance, with a total of 4214 specimens (1150 collected alive). Keijcyoidea sp. nov. A (539 specimens, being 153 alive) and Xestoleberis sp. 2 (179 individuals, being 69 alive) occupy the second and third place in abundance, respectively. The species L. tricornatum and Triebelina sertata Triebel, the latter a tropical cosmopolitan ostracode, occur in Brazil not only in the ASPSP, but also in the Rocas Atoll and in the region of warm waters of the Brazilian continental shelf; T. sertata is also recorded around the Trindade Island. Surprisingly, pandemic species of shallow and warm seas, as Kangarina abyssicola (Mueller), Kotoracythere incospicua Brady, Keijia demissa Teeter, Neomonoceratina mediterranea (Ruggieri) and Tenedocythere ex. gr. transoceanica Teeter, were not found in ASPSP.

Esta pesquisa analisa comparativamente as personagens femininas dos contos de Ivone Aída e Orlanda Amarílis. Ambas as autoras revelam particularidades do cotidiano feminino cabo-verdiano na ilha e na diáspora. Em consonância com o propósito da hermenêutica do cotidiano que procura registrar aspectos concretos da vida de todos os dias, de homens e mulheres, o caráter dinâmico do conto ilumina nas obras de Orlanda Amarílis e Ivone Aída a história cultural caboverdiana e as identidades sociais nela inseridas pelo viés do estudo das relações de gênero. Analisando a situação social feminina vigente em Cabo Verde, durante longo tempo sob o signo da resignação e da obediência, concluímos que as escritoras propõem que o futuro aguardado deve levar em conta o presente das experiências, movido pela esperança concreta que não se esgota em uma realização particular, mas estimula constantemente a ação das mulheres que constroem o seu porvir e o do país. Consideramos a esperança concreta, patente nos textos literários analisados, como um sentimento mobilizador de práticas transformadoras das condições opressoras da sociedade frente aos discursos fatalistas, ampliando a compreensão do real e permitindo visualizar-se de maneira antecipatória uma nova realidade, em prol da construção de novas identidades. / This research analyzes comparatively the feminine characters of Ivone Aída and Orlanda Amarílis stories. Both authors expose particularities of daily Cape- Verdean women on the island and abroad. In harmony with the intention of the hermeneutics of daily activities intents to register concrete aspects of men and women´s life, the storys dynamism illuminates the work of Orlanda Amarílis and Ivone Aída cultural cape-Verdean history and inserted the social identities for the bias of the gender relations study. The current female social situation in Cape- Verde, in the name of the resignation and obedience, we conclude that the writers proposal about waited future, must consider current experiences, moved by concrete hope that does not expire in a private achievement, but constantly stimulates the womens actions to build their future. We consider the concrete hope, in the analyzed literary texts, as an inspired feeling of transforming practices of the oppressors conditions of society against the fatalistic speeches, to expand understanding of reality and allowing to see itself in a new reality, in order to build new identities.

Orientador: Ivan Sazima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T14:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonaldo_RobertaMartini_M.pdf: 942939 bytes, checksum: 402f5af12cb6d33685ef9a23b2692f1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os peixes-papagaio (Perciformes: Scaridae) são importantes componentes das guildas de herbívoros e detritívoros de recifes tropicais e subtropicais. Estes peixes são hermafroditas seqüenciais protogínicos e geralmente apresentam fases dicromáticas seqüenciais, denominadas inicial (fêmeas ou machos) e terminal (somente machos). Este estudo caracterizou o forrageamento de Sparisoma amplum, S. axillare e S. frondosum, espécies sintópicas de Scaridae no Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco. As três espécies diferiram na seleção e preferência de substrato usado para forrageio, mas indivíduos iniciais e terminais de mesma espécie apresentaram preferência e seleção de substrato semelhante, exceto S. amplum. O padrão de distribuição das taxas de forrageamento ao longo do dia foi semelhante entre indivíduos de mesma espécie, mas diferente entre indivíduos de espécies distintas. Indivíduos em fase inicial apresentam maior freqüência de forrageamento que indivíduos terminais e apenas indivíduos de fase inicial forragearam agrupados em locais rasos, nos quais os indivíduos terminais defendiam territórios. Indivíduos em fase terminal das três espécies de Sparisoma sp. forragearam em grupo em áreas de maior profundidade. As três espécies também se associaram a outras espécies recifais, como o budião-de-Noronha (Thalassoma noronhanum), que segue os peixes-papagaio durante o forrageamento e os limpa quando interrompem momentaneamente seu forrageamento. As três espécies também procuraram estações fixas de limpeza. Indivíduos em fase inicial foram seguidos mais freqüentemente pelo budião e procuraram menos as estações de limpeza, que os de fase terminal. Indivíduos em fase inicial possivelmente foram seguidos com maior freqüência, por T. noronhanum, porque forragearam com maior freqüência. Como os indivíduos em fase inicial são limpos durante o forrageamento, não precisam procurar as estações de limpeza com tanta freqüência como fazem os indivíduos em fase terminal / Abstract: Parrotfishes are important components of the herbivore and detritivore guilds of tropical and subtropical reefs. These fishes are protogynous hermaphrodites which change colour and sex, from initial phase females or males (IP) to terminal phase males (TP). The foraging of Sparisoma amplum, S. axillare and S. frondosum was studied at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical West Atlantic, where these parrotfishes are syntopic. The three species differed in substrate selection and preference, but IP and TP individuals of the same species preferred the same substrate type, except for S. amplum. Feeding rates of IP individuals were higher than those of TP ones but the distribution of feeding frequencies throughout the day of IP and TP individuals of the same species was similar. Initial phase individuals of all three species foraged in groups at shallow sites, whereas terminal phase ones defended territories there. Terminal phase individuals of S. amplum and S. frondosum were recorded foraging in groups at deeper sites. The suggestion is made that for TP individuals, shallow sites are mostly reproductive areas and deeper sites are foraging areas. The three parrotfish species also associate with other reef species, such as the Noronha-wrasse (Thalassoma noronhanum), a fish that follows the scarids during the foraging and cleans them when they interrupt momentarily their feeding. At the study site, the parrotfishes are also cleaned at fixed cleaning stations of gobies, wrasses and shrimps. Initial individuals were followed more often by the Noronha wrasse and posed at fixed cleaning stations less frequently than the terminal ones. Initial phase fishes probably are followed more often by the Noronha wrasse because they forage more than the terminal ones. Since the IP individuals were cleaned by T. noronhanum while foraging, they have no need to stop this activity to pose at cleaning stations as the TP individuals have to do / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur logiverksamheter i Stockholms skärgård har recenserats på hemsidan TripAdvisor samt hur resesidans recensionsverktyg är utformat. Den metod som tillämpades var en innehållsanalys av 152 omdömen vid TripAdvisor. Vidare genomfördes observationer av hemsidan samt av dess poängsystem TripCollective. Fyra artiklar valdes som teoretisk utgångspunkt för denna uppsats. De två första artiklarna diskuterar hur konsumenter väljer att agera utifrån recensioner online. Vidare diskuteras i de två senare artiklarna vilka komponenter som är mest förekommande i omdömen om hotell. Undersökningen resulterade i ett empiriskt material som påvisar att TripAdvisors recensionsverktyg är utformat utifrån ett antal riktlinjer och förslag att följa. Om riktlinjer inte följs av hemsidans skribenter är det inte möjligt att publicera ett omdöme. De områden som var mest förekommande i omdömen om hotell och vandrarhem i Stockholms skärgård var följande: Restaurang (18 %), Logi (16 %), Värdskap (15 %) samt Miljö (14 %). Framtida konsumenter kan påverkas av skribenters förmedlade omdömen genom hemsidans poängsystem och dess recensionsverktyg TripCollective. / The aim of this study was to investigate how hotels and hostels in the archipelago of Stockholm has been reviewed on the website TripAdvisor. Another aim was to analyse how TripAdvisor’s review system is constructed. The used method for this study was content analysis of 152 reviews collected from TripAdvisor. Moreover, observations of TripAdvisor's review system and its point system TripCollective were executed. Four articles were chosen as the theoretical framework for the study in which the authors of the first two articles discuss how consumers choose to act based on reviews online. The authors of the second two articles discuss which components are most frequent in reviews about hotels. The study resulted in an empirical material which demonstrated that TripAdvisor's review system is designed with regards to a number of guidelines and suggestions. These guidelines and suggestions can, or have to be, followed in order to create and publish a review. The most frequent themes in the reviews regarding hotels and hostels in the archipelago of Stockholm were Restaurant (18 %), Accommodation (16 %), Hostship (15 %) and Environment (14 %). Future consumers can be influenced by the writers reviews due to TripAdvisors review system and point system TripCollective.

In Antarctica, diatoms inhabit multiple limno-terrestrial habitat types, which may each individually offer unique ecological information for use in biomonitoring, paleoecology, and biogeography. However, we are still at the initial exploration stage of documenting the diversity among habitat types from different Antarctic regions, which is necessary to serve as baseline data for the aforementioned scientific disciplines, and ultimately inform conservation decisions. To gain insight into the spatial and habitat controls on Antarctic diatom communities, the importance of habitat type and island aspect was investigated by studying diatoms living in ponds, mosses, streams, and seepage areas on two opposite sides Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula. A diverse flora of 136 taxa belonging to 31 genera was revealed, which was dominated by the genus Nitzschia, and suggests that the flora of Vega Island is biogeographically influenced by both continental and Maritime Antarctic bioregions. Habitat type was found to be a crucial factor for diatom community composition, and was stronger than the influence of island aspect. In ordination analyses, moss samples were separated primarily by their abundances of the diatom Chamaepinnularia krookiformis, while pond samples were separated by Nitzschia paleacea and stream...