Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-29T13:05:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Jose Lopes Lobo Leite1.pdf: 4395315 bytes, checksum: b53d4cd96a28b3fab73db2b34d90ace1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T13:05:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Jose Lopes Lobo Leite1.pdf: 4395315 bytes, checksum: b53d4cd96a28b3fab73db2b34d90ace1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-19 / The concept of Arithmetic Mean is quite simple and used in various situations of everyday life. However, the concept that is fundamentally taught is Arithmetic Mean as an equal division, with little reflective usage of the algorithms that calculate such average. The present study extends the concept of Arithmetic Mean for the idea of equilibrium point, studying the potential of the topic and its various applications in mathematics and in other areas of knowledge. Expanding this concept, a proposal for calculating means from its geometric interpretation is presented. Such an interpretation becomes possible after detailed study of the influence of weights in mean position and resulting properties from the expansion of the concept. Learning the essence makes possible the discovery of shortcuts to the resolution of issues associated with the topic. It is emphasized that mental arithmetic and proportional thinking are important means for the exercise of citizenship, since physical or electronic elements to perform such procedures may be unavailable. Moreover, in the end of high school, students who wants to be admitted in university must be submited to Novo Enem proof, in which resolution time of the issues becomes part of the evaluation, given the high number of questions. The paper presents a multipronged and effective approache, able to contribute to students and teachers formation through a significant learning approach. / O conceito de Média Aritmética é bastante simples e utilizado em diversas situações do cotidiano. Porém, a concepção que é fundamentalmente ensinada é a de Média Aritmética como uma divisão igualitária, com ênfase na utilização, pouco reflexiva, dos algoritmos que calculam este tipo de média. O presente trabalho amplia o conceito de Média Aritmética para a ideia de ponto de equilíbrio, estudando as potencialidades do tema e suas mais diversas aplicações na matemática e em outras áreas do conhecimento. Na ampliação desse conceito, apresenta-se uma proposta para o cálculo das médias a partir de sua interpretação geométrica. Tal interpretação se torna possível após estudo detalhado da influência dos pesos no posicionamento da média e nas propriedades decorrentes da ampliação do conceito. A aprendizagem da essência torna possível a descoberta de atalhos para a resolução de questões associadas ao tema. Ressalte-se que o cálculo mental e o pensamento proporcional são importantes meios para o exercício da cidadania, uma vez que elementos físicos ou eletrônicos para realizar tais procedimentos podem estar indisponíveis. Além disso, ao fim do Ensino Médio, os alunos que desejam ingressar na universidade precisam se submeter à prova do Novo Enem, exame em que o tempo de resolução das questões se torna parte da avaliação, dado o alto número de questões. O trabalho apresenta uma abordagem múltipla e efetiva, capaz de contribuir na formação de estudantes e professores através de uma aprendizagem significativa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:59:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Adriana Pagan.pdf: 4063282 bytes, checksum: 2ef49261c808fd4633561d7044023c48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-03 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The objective of this study was to compare the learning gains of three different student groups in first year high school who had contact with elementary concepts of statistics from Mathematics lessons (GM), Geography (GG) and Mathematics lessons applied interdisciplinary (statistics taught from Geography, Biology, Physics and Chemistry contents) (GI). To achieve this aim a study was done on a quasi-experimental basis which consisted of three groups of 35 students each at a public school in the state of São Paulo. It was applied two diagnostic tests (pre and post-test) at the study and the intervention was performed in each group by different teachers composing GM, GG and GI groups. The theoretical framework of this study included the theory of semiotics Records Offices of Raymond Duval (1995) about the change in registration; studies by Curcio (1989) and Wainer (1992) regarding to the levels of reading and interpreting data in graphs and tables respectively and the Literacy, Reasoning and Statistical Thinking with several authors as Cazorla (2002, 2005), Gal (2002), Lopes (2004), Morais (2006), Silva (2007) and Campos (2007). The interdisciplinary aspects were based on Fazenda (1994), Klein (2007) and Lenoir (2007) and the arithmetics in Novaes and Coutinho (2008). The study aimed to answer the following question: "What are the contributions that an educational intervention based on the principles of interdisciplinarity bring to the learning of statistics?" To answer this question the study was based on quantitative analysis of the results obtained in the tests applied to the three groups and a qualitative analysis of results presented by the students in the GI. The analysis showed a gain with the use of educational intervention at the three groups GM, GG and GI on the statistical study (construction, interpretation and arithmetic), but one significant performance was presented by students of the interdisciplinary group after educational intervention. This result allowed inferring that the teaching of Statistics based on an interdisciplinary approach proved its effectiveness as the interest of students in dealing with issues as well as their knowledge were reinforced by their understanding of statistical elements / O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os ganhos de aprendizagem de três grupos de alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio que tiveram contato com conceitos elementares da Estatística a partir das aulas de Matemática (GM), de Geografia (GG) e de aulas de Matemática aplicadas de forma interdisciplinar (Estatística a partir de conteúdos de Geografia, Biologia, Física e Química) (GI). Para atingir este objetivo, foi feito um estudo de caráter do tipo quase-experimental que contou com três grupos compostos de 35 alunos de uma escola da rede pública estadual da cidade de São Paulo. No estudo foram aplicados dois testes diagnósticos (pré e pós-teste) e uma intervenção de ensino ocorrida em cada grupo, realizada por professores distintos que compunham os grupos GM, GG e GI. O quadro teórico do estudo contou com a teoria dos Registros de Representações Semiótica de Raymond Duval (1995) quanto à mudança de registro. Os estudos realizados por Curcio (1989) e Wainer (1992), quanto aos níveis de leitura e interpretação de dados em gráficos e tabelas, respectivamente; o Letramento, Raciocínio e Pensamento Estatístico com diversos autores como Cazorla (2002, 2005), Gal (2002), Lopes (2004), Morais (2006), Silva (2007) e Campos (2007). Quanto a interdisciplinaridade contou com Fazenda (1994), Klein (2007) e Lenoir (2007) e para a média aritmética com Novaes e Coutinho (2008). O estudo propôs-se a responder à seguinte questão: Quais as contribuições que uma intervenção de ensino pautada nos princípios da interdisciplinaridade traz para a aprendizagem da Estatística? Para responder à questão de pesquisa, tomou-se por base as análises quantitativas dos resultados obtidos nos testes aplicados nos três grupos e uma análise qualitativa dos resultados apresentados pelos alunos do grupo GI. As análises mostraram um ganho com a intervenção de ensino nos três grupos GM, GG e GI no que diz respeito aos elementos estatísticos estudados (construção, interpretação e média aritmética), porém um desempenho significativo foi apresentado pelos alunos do grupo da Interdisciplinaridade após a intervenção de ensino. O resultado permitiu inferir que o ensino de Estatística, pautado nos moldes da interdisciplinaridade mostrou-se eficaz quanto ao interesse por parte dos alunos em tratar de assuntos e, também, quanto ao ganho adquirido no que diz respeito ao conhecimento dos elementos estatísticos estudados

This thesis engages various methods of calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation and the evaluation of differences in totals of rainfall in a chosen catchment. The aim of this work was to choose suitable methods for the calculation of areal rainfall and subsequently to create those methods. Most methods were developed in the GIS program. The next objective was to explore differences in monthly precipitation from hydrological years 2006 and 2007 calculated in the catchment by chosen methods. Chosen methods for the calculation of the spatial distribution of precipitation in the catchment were: arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygons, isohyetal method and inverse distance weighting method. (IDW). As a suitable catchment was selected the catchment of the Kopaninský stream where relatively dense rainfall measurement network is installed. During the solution of this thesis the area of interest had to be extended by the area between the used rain gauges which was delimited in the GIS program. The reason for an enlargement was a fact that a decomposition of rain gauges in the catchment of the Kopaninský stream did not permit the creation of isohyetal lines in this whole catchment. During the calculation and the comparison of results of individual methods was found that results of used methods were surprisingly nearly the same. It was also stated that not even sufficient dense rain gauges network does not guarantee 100% exactness for calculating the amount of the precipitation in the selected area because of their extraordinary variability.

This thesis is concerned with the numerical solutions of initial value problems with ordinary differential equations and covers single step integration methods. focus is to study the numerical the various aspects of Specifically, its main methods of non-linear integration formula with a variety of means based on the Contraharmonic mean (C.M) (Evans and Yaakub [1995]), the Centroidal mean (C.M) (Yaakub and Evans [1995]) and the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) (Yaakub and Evans [1993]) for solving initial value problems. the applications of the second It includes a study of order C.M method for parallel implementation of extrapolation methods for ordinary differential equations with the ExDaTa schedule by Bahoshy [1992]. Another important topic presented in this thesis is that a fifth order five-stage explicit Runge Kutta method or weighted Runge Kutta formula [Evans and Yaakub [1996]) exists which is contrary to Butcher [1987] and the theorem in Lambert ([1991] ,pp 181). The thesis is organized as follows. An introduction to initial value problems in ordinary differential equations and parallel computers and software in Chapter 1, the basic preliminaries and fundamental concepts in mathematics, an algebraic manipulation package, e.g., Mathematica and basic parallel processing techniques are discussed in Chapter 2. Following in Chapter 3 is a survey of single step methods to solve ordinary differential equations. In this chapter, several single step methods including the Taylor series method, Runge Kutta method and a linear multistep method for non-stiff and stiff problems are also considered. Chapter 4 gives a new Runge Kutta formula for solving initial value problems using the Contraharmonic mean (C.M), the Centroidal mean (C.M) and the Root-MeanSquare (RMS). An error and stability analysis for these variety of means and numerical examples are also presented. Chapter 5 discusses the parallel implementation on the Sequent 8000 parallel computer of the Runge-Kutta contraharmonic mean (C.M) method with extrapolation procedures using explicit assignment scheduling Kutta RK(4, 4) method (EXDATA) strategies. A is introduced and the data task new Rungetheory and analysis of its properties are investigated and compared with the more popular RKF(4,5) method, are given in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 presents a new integration method with error control for the solution of a special class of second order ODEs. In Chapter 8, a new weighted Runge-Kutta fifth order method with 5 stages is introduced. By comparison with the currently recommended RK4 ( 5) Merson and RK5(6) Nystrom methods, the new method gives improved results. Chapter 9 proposes a new fifth order Runge-Kutta type method for solving oscillatory problems by the use of trigonometric polynomial interpolation which extends the earlier work of Gautschi [1961]. An analysis of the convergence and stability of the new method is given with comparison with the standard Runge-Kutta methods. Finally, Chapter 10 summarises and presents conclusions on the topics discussed throughout the thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rosana_catarina_lima.pdf: 2534416 bytes, checksum: 869010040ed841f3ed56b18fbe50afba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study was to investigate the introduction of arithmetic mean concept based on the use of graphic representations, and with the assistance of computational environement by using the software Tabletop. To reach this purpose, a nearly experimental study has been accomplished with two groups of students, the experimental group GE and the control group GC both fourth graders of a Sao Paulo public school. The research was divided into three phases, namely: Pre-Test, Teaching Interference (experimental factor) and Post-Test. The activities composing the Teaching Interference have been adjusted to the Conceptual Fields Theory proposed by Vergnaud. To develop these activities we based on graphics understanding levels proposed by Curcio and on arithmetic mean properties proposed by Straus & Bichler. The GE has taken part in the three phases of the study seeing that the teaching interference activities, developed within computacional environment, aimed at both, the introduction of arithmetic mean concept and the graphics reading and interpretation development. The GC has also taken part in tests application, but it was left out the experimental factor. The study has intended to answer the following question: Which teaching interference contributions are proposed for the introduction of arithmetic mean concept into fourth graders , by making use of computational environment? To answer this research question, we based ourselves on qualified and quantified analysis of the results obtained from the tests in both groups and on the answers given by GE students to the activities cards of the intervention. By comparing the intergroups post-test results, one verify that the GE students have presented a better performance than the GC one s, specially regarding arithmetic mean concept. On the other hand, the analisys of the results within the groups pointed to an improvement in the post-test performed by the Experimental Group in respect to the pre-test, regarding the reading and interpretation of bar graphics, as well as in arithmetic mean concept. These data permit us to conclude that the introduction to arithmetic mean concept based on graphic representation has been favoured by the use of Tabletop software, since it allows the students to catch the proprieties and relations envolved in Conceptual Field formed by graphic reading and interpretation as well as arithmetic mean / O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a introdução do conceito de média aritmética com base no uso das representações gráficas e com o auxílio do ambiente computacional, dentro do qual foi empregado o software Tabletop. Para se atingir este objetivo, foi feito um estudo quase-experimental com dois grupos de alunos: o grupo experimental GE - e o grupo de controle GC - ambos da 4ª série Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública estadual da cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa dividiu-se em três fases, a saber: Pré-teste, Intervenção de Ensino (fator experimental) e Pós-teste. As atividades constituintes da Intervenção de Ensino ajustaram-se à Teoria dos Campos Conceituais proposta por Vergnaud. Para elaboração das atividades tomou-se como base os níveis de compreensão de gráficos propostos por Curcio e as propriedades de média aritmética propostas por Strauss e Bichler. O GE participou das três fases do estudo, sendo as atividades de intervenção de ensino desenvolvidas em ambiente computacional, visando à introdução do conceito de média aritmética e o desenvolvimento da leitura e interpretação de gráficos. O GC também participou da aplicação dos testes, porém permaneceu isento da aplicação do fator experimental. O estudo propôs-se a responder à seguinte questão: Quais as contribuições da intervenção de ensino proposta para a introdução do conceito de média aritmética em alunos da 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental, com o uso do ambiente computacional? Para responder a esta questão de pesquisa, tomamos por base as análises quantitativa e qualitativa dos resultados obtidos nos testes em ambos os grupos e as respostas dadas pelos alunos do GE às fichas de atividades da intervenção. Na comparação intergrupos dos resultados do pós-teste, constatou-se que os alunos do GE mostraram um desempenho superior aos do GC, sobretudo, quanto ao conceito de média aritmética. Já a análise dos resultados intragrupos apontou uma melhora no desempenho dos alunos do GE no pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste, no que se refere à leitura e interpretação do gráfico de barras, assim como no conceito de média aritmética. Estes dados permitem concluir que a introdução ao conceito de média aritmética baseada na representação gráfica foi favorecida pelo emprego do software Tabletop, visto que este possibilitou ao aluno a descoberta de propriedades e relações envolvidas no Campo Conceitual constituído pela leitura e interpretação de gráficos e média aritmética

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_simone_silva_dias_caetano.pdf: 3425501 bytes, checksum: 0fc727cfd5fbc4fbbfd084519fcd2e28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this dissertation was to investigate 4th grade children's skills in reading and interpreting graphs as well as their conceptions of the statistical measure mean. More specifically, the study addressed the research question: What are the contributions of a teaching intervention based on the use of manipulative materials to the teaching and learning of elementary statistical concepts the primary school? To this end, an interventionist research approach was adopted in a study involving two classes of the fourth year of "Ensino Fundamental" in a public school in São Paulo. One class constituted the control group (GC) and the other the experimental group (GE). The field research was organised in two phases the administration of diagnostic instruments (pre- and post-tests) to both the experimental and control groups; and the teaching intervention, which was applied only with the experimental group. The results from each phase were analysed in relation to two research foci the reading and interpretation of graphs and the concept of arithmetic mean and in relation to the types of graphs used vertical-bar graphs and "two-entry" graphs (as represented in the software Tabletop). Analysis of the results indicated student difficulties in the reading and interpreting of graphs in particular situations, such as graphs with non-unitary scales and/or with null frequency; The reading and interpretation of two-entry graphs was not associated with major difficulties. For the arithmetic mean, an increase of almost 50% in students' performance was observed from comparisons of the pre-and post-test results. On the basis of these results, it appears that the teaching intervention enabled the development of strategies for solving the presented situations as well as favouring the forging of important relations between the two concepts investigated, which influenced the amplification of students' knowledge of Data Handling / O objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar o desenvolvimento da leitura e interpretação de gráficos e o conceito de média aritmética por crianças da 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental, por meio de uma intervenção de ensino com o uso de material manipulativo, a fim de responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Quais as contribuições de uma intervenção de ensino com o uso de material manipulativo para o ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos elementares de Estatística nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental? Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa de caráter intervencionista com alunos de duas classes de 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede pública estadual de São Paulo; uma delas constituiu-se em grupo controle (GC) e a outra em grupo experimental (GE). A pesquisa de campo contemplou duas etapas aplicação dos instrumentos diagnósticos (pré e pós-testes), tanto no GE como no GC e aplicação da intervenção de ensino com uso de material manipulativo apenas no GE. Os resultados obtidos em cada uma dessas etapas foram analisados considerando os dois objetos da pesquisa a leitura e interpretação de gráficos e o conceito de média aritmética bem como os dois tipos de gráficos usados gráfico de barras verticais e gráfico de dupla entrada (extraído do software Tabletop). Os resultados apontaram para as dificuldades dos alunos na leitura e interpretação de gráficos em situações específicas, como gráficos com escalas não unitárias e ou com freqüência nula. A leitura e interpretação do gráfico de dupla entrada não apresentou maiores dificuldades. Quanto à média aritmética, os resultados mostraram um crescimento de quase 50% no desempenho dos alunos do GE, no pós-teste. Tendo por base tais resultados pode-se concluir que a associação da intervenção de ensino com o material manipulativo possibilitou o desenvolvimento de estratégias para a resolução das situações apresentadas e permitiu o estabelecimento de importantes relações entre os dois conteúdos abordados, as quais, por sua vez, influenciaram na ampliação do conhecimento do aluno sobre o Tratamento da Informação

The aim of the workshop is to present and discuss several ideas which relate to technology as well as to creative teaching. Educational experience, common sense and educational research have all proven how important for comprehensive understanding different cognitive representations are. We will present and discuss several elementary mathematical ideas of which mechanical realisations mean ingenius technological inventions (for example: ‘car differential’ and ‘digital sound technology’). Technological insights can provide deep intuitive understanding of otherwise abstract mathematical concepts and therefore yield also better comprehension of mathematics. Besides that we will use and present the technology in the form of dynamic geometry programs to show, provoke and motivate rethinking and deeper understanding of several elementary mathematical concepts.

The diploma thesis titled ``Stock recording and related problems in a selected company dealing with food production{\crq}q analyses the recording, pricing and accounting of stock. The first part of the thesis defines stock and deals with the stock pricing and posting, stocktaking process, mistakes in the stock recording and posting, which can occur in the practice, and it also compares selected sections of stock recording with the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS). The second part of the thesis deals with a particular company and describes its accounting processes. Its stock circulation is demonstrated with a selected sample of purchased goods (material) and a product. The final part of the thesis identifies existing and possible problems related to the stock recording in the company and proposes possible solutions.

Solving problems of production and calibration spindles water supply river armours by the help of method SPC. Analysis capability of gauge by the help of methodists MSA-Cg,Cgk. Evaluation capability of machanical abnd digital outside micrometer. Verification limiting deviation of micrometrical screw in among - calibration interval. Attestation capability of machine and of the process. Construction of regulation diagram. Project of new control instruments. Technically-economic evaluation:savings 110 560,00Kč, profitability 764,85%, economic return 0,13 year. Successful application of methodists SPC attested by document about adjustability of the process.

The aim of the workshop is to present and discuss several ideas which relate to technology as well as to creative teaching. Educational experience, common sense and educational research have all proven how important for comprehensive understanding different cognitive representations are. We will present and discuss several elementary mathematical ideas of which mechanical realisations mean ingenius technological inventions (for example: ‘car differential’ and ‘digital sound technology’). Technological insights can provide deep intuitive understanding of otherwise abstract mathematical concepts and therefore yield also better comprehension of mathematics. Besides that we will use and present the technology in the form of dynamic geometry programs to show, provoke and motivate rethinking and deeper understanding of several elementary mathematical concepts.