Historically, Norwegian settlement archaeology and research has depended on secondary materials, such as graves, non-contextual artefacts, and historical maps, often used in a retrogressive manner. Primary settlement materials were scarce, which to some extent justified the use of such methodologies. However, an increasing amount of rescue and commercial archaeology projects, combined with mechanical topsoil removal, has led to a vast increase in available primary material. This paper examines two sites excavated as part of E18-prosjektet Gulli-Langåker, namely Gulli and Auli, using both primary and secondary materials to illuminate its settlement structure during the late iron age.  The archaeological material suggests that the two settlements performed continuous dwelling activities within a smaller confined area, though not at a fixed point in the landscape, throughout most of the iron age. These settlements did not reside in the landscape, they were the landscape. As external pressure changed, so did the composition of the landscape at any particular point. The nature, and force, of the pressures experienced during the Migration- and early Merovingian period led to significant changes in the interactions with the surrounding landscape. The result was neo-localization and a contraction of the local social sphere, seen by the changed field of inquiry at the new dwelling sites. A need to mark the geographical extent of the social sphere, as well as an act of dedication to the group, communal gravesites were placed on top of the earlier settlements. The road into the social sphere went through the graves, largely consisting of mounds, creating a theatric and symbolic access and exit point. So, to locate more early iron age dwelling sites one must look beyond the sites from the previous period, using knowledge of contemporary challenges and the phenomenology of the landscape as a compass.

Denna text specificerar gotländska kyrkomålningar som föreställer Tjuvmjölkerskor. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för medeltida människors syn på tjuvmjölkerskor och hur de påverkade det medeltida samhället. Studien använder ett ikonografiskt tillvägagångsätt för att studera målningarna och hur tjuvmjölkerskorna framställs. En rumslig analys utförs även för att undersöka målningarnas placering inne i kyrkorummet. Kyrkan under medeltiden såg den kvinnliga sexualiteten som ett hot, ett sätt för henne att manipulera män och utföra onda handlingar. Kyrkan använde tjuvmjölkningsmålningarna som en metod att skrämma och påminna befolkningen om rätt och fel, men även om bestraffningen som skulle åläggas vid samröre med djävulen. Tjuvmjölkerskan avbildades som en vanlig kvinna med vardagliga föremål under medeltiden, vilket ökade rädslan att en tjuvmjölkerska kunde vara vem som helst. Hennes handlingar och bestraffning avslöjar dock hennes identitet. Tjuvmjölkerskan bidrog därför med oro och rädsla i det medeltida samhället. / This text specifies Gotland church paintings depicting milk stealing women. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of medieval people's view of milk stealing women and how they influenced the medieval society. The study uses an iconographic approach to studying the paintings and how the milk stealing women are depicted. A spatial analysis is also used to examine the location of the paintings in the church room. The medieval church saw female sexuality as a threat, a way for women to manipulate men and perform evil deeds. The church used the thief milking paintings as a method of scaring and reminding the population of right and wrong, but also of the punishment that would be imposed when associating with the devil. The milk stealing woman is depicted as an ordinary woman with everyday objects in the Middle Ages, which increased the fear that a milk stealing woman could be anyone. However, her actions and punishment revealed her identity. The milk stealing woman therefore contributed to anxiety and fear in middle age society.

Denna studie undersöker relationen mellan landskap, miljö och placeringen av boplatser från neolitikum och bronsålder i Ystadområdet. Uppsatsen åstadkommer detta genom maximal entropi modellering av boplatsernas placering i relation till flera variabler i landskapet och miljön. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk utgår från en antagen koppling mellan variabler i miljön och placeringen av boplatser. Resultatet av modelleringen översätts till tabeller som visar vilka variabler i miljön och landskapet som är viktiga i relation till placeringen av boplatser under dessa perioder, och till kartor som visar vilka delar av Ystadområdet som har rätt kombination av dessa variabler. Dessa används sedan för att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultaten av studien visar en stark koppling mellan kvartärsjordarten kärrtorv och närvaron av boplatser. Variablerna som föredrogs vid placeringen av boplatser visar också en viss variation mellan tidsperioderna. Utöver detta bedömdes modellen av historisk miljö från Ystadprojektet vara användbar. / This study examines the relationship between landscape, environment, and the placement of settlements during the neolithic and bronze age periods in the Ystad area. The study accomplishes this through maximal entropy modeling of the placement of settlements in relation to several variables in the landscape and environment. The theoretic framework of this study centers around a presumed connection between variables in the environment and the location of settlements. The results are translated into tables that show which of these variables were important in relation to the placement of settlements during the above-mentioned periods. The results are also translated into maps that show which areas of Ystad have the right combination of variables that were determined to be important by the model. These tables and maps are then used to produce an answer to the main questions of this paper. The results of this study show a strong connection between the quaternary soil type bog peat, and the presence of settlements. The preferred conditions also show some variation between time periods. Furthermore, the model of historic environment from the Ystad project was deemed to be useful.

Den här studien är en utforskning av dubbeleggade miniatyryxor av bärnsten som hittas i neolitiska gravar. Tre gravplatser har presenterats: ett flatmarksgravfält i Borgeby, flatmarksgravar i Ajvide på Gotland, och tre gånggrifter i Danmark. Dubbeleggade miniatyrer av bärnsten hittas i alla. Genom att använda praktikteori och begreppet habitus är syftet att uppsatsen ska ge insikt i varför miniatyrerna uppträder i Borgeby, och vad de kan ha haft för betydelse i samhället. En komparativ metod har använts för att jämföra gravplatserna, för att undersöka om det finns några likheter eller skillnader mellan dem. Resultatet visar att människorna i Borgeby hade kontakter med omvärlden. Bärnstenen var importerad från Danmark eller inspirerad av den danska trattbägarkulturen, och gravskicket i sig är inspirerat av den gropkeramiska kulturens gravar. / The study is an examination of double-edged miniature amber axes found in neolithic graves. Three different gravesites stand at the center of the essay: a flat grave field at Borgeby in Skåne, flat graves at Ajvide on Gotland, and three different megalithic passage graves in Denmark. Double-edge miniatures in amber appear in all of them. Using practice theory and the conceptof habitus the essay aims to give an insight in why they appear at Borgeby, as well as what double-edged axes might have meant to the people depositing them in graves. A comparative analysis of the above-mentioned gravesites will also be made, to examine whether any obvious similarities or differences exist between them. The results show that people in Borgeby had connections to the surrounding world. The miniature amber objects seem to be imported from Denmark or inspired by Danish shapes, whereas the graves themselves seem to be inspired by pitted ware culture.

Uppsatsen utforskar användandet av interpretatio romana i de romerska verken De Bello Gallico och Germania. Genom olika exempel diskuterar studien också huruvida begreppet även kan appliceras på andra aspekter inom det romerska samhället utöver religion. Begreppets roll inom den romerska historieskrivningen och dess bidrag till kulturell appropriering av rum kommenteras slutligen. / The paper explores the use of interpretatio romana in the Roman works De Bello Gallico and Germania. Through various examples, the study also discusses whether the concept can also be applied to other aspects of Roman society besides religion. The role of the concept in Roman historiography and its contribution to the cultural appropriation of space is finally commented on.

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In this essay the author analyses four works in the historical fiction genre: George Shipways’ Imperial Governor (1968), Lindsay Davis’ The Silver Pigs (1989), Simon Scarrow’s The Eagle’s Conquest (2001), and Adrian Goldsworthy’s Vindolanda (2017). All these works feature elements of the conquest and rule of Britain by the Roman empire. The study seeks to ascertain how the novels depict Roman imperialism and compare this to contemporary academic theoretical discourse, mainly post-colonialism and its influence on ancient studies and ancient archaeology. In this way, the study shows how the novels reflect British historical culture and the cultural memory of the Roman empire. The study has been conducted with the use of a qualitative text analysis. The results have been compared to the contemporary academic theoretical discussion. The result of this study indicates that historical fiction prior to the 1990s were mostly influenced by terminology and theoretical perspectives that are heavily tied to the 19th century British imperial projects. Postcolonial discourse, introduced in classical studies during the 1990’s, resulted in a change in perspective and the voices of the conquered peoples were considered far more frequently. The Roman imperial perspective was handled with more nuance and criticism. The result also indicates that the literary works, in line with their academic contemporary discourse, relate the discussion of ancient Roman imperialism to modern imperialism, especially British imperialism, thus affecting the British cultural memory and identity.

Folksägen har haft en djup kulturell betydelse under mänsklighetens historia. Som en form av muntligt och litterärt historieberättande som användes för att presentera olika typer av kunskap och förmedla livsläxor till människor som lever i olika kulturer som ständigt utvecklas. Syftet med denna undersökning är att utifrån verket Metamorphoses av Apuleius göra en undersökning av hur känslor så som skräck och rädsla presenteras i mötet mellan romare och banditer samt djur under slutet av det första århundradet e.Kr. Metoden som kommer att användas är en form av närläsning utav texten Metamorphoses. Utöver denna metod så kommer undersökningen utgå från den så kallade medlande skolan inom forskningen av känslor i ett historiskt perspektiv. Medlande skolans perspektiv är att det finns vissa kulturella aspekter som går att medan att inte bortse från att det finns vissa biologiska komponenter till vad som utgör känslor som psykologer anser är den primära aspekten i känslor.  Undersökningen kommer fram till att romare hade en öppen rädsla för banditer och djur som hade kulturella kopplingar till även natten. Skillnader i hur de agerade kunde skilja sig åt mellan grupperingar vilket tyder på att det inte fanns en universell ideal om hur en romare skulle bemöta denna rädsla. / Folklore has had a deep cultural significance throughout human history. As a form of oral and literary storytelling that was used to present different types of knowledge and convey life lessons to people living in different cultures that are constantly evolving. The purpose of this research is to, based on the work Metamorphoses by Apuleius, make an investigation of how emotions such as terror and fear are presented in the meeting between Romans and bandits and animals during the end of the first century AD. The method that will be used is a form of close reading from the text Metamorphoses. In addition to this method, the investigation will be based on the so-called mediating school within the research of emotions in a historical perspective. The perspective of the mediating school is that there are certain cultural aspects that go while not ignoring that there are certain biological components to what constitutes emotions which psychologists consider to be the primary aspect in emotions. The research concludes that Romans had an open fear of bandits and animals that had cultural connections to the night as well. Differences in how they acted could differ between groups, suggesting that there was no universal ideal of how a Roman should respond to this fear.

Den här texten fokuserar på fem mossliksfynd från förromersk järnålder i Danmark. Med dessa fallexempel undersöktes också vilken betydelse mossen som en våtmark i sig kan överbevarandet av forntida människokroppar och vilka forskningsresultat som presenterats underde senaste åren. Utifrån dessa avgränsningar ämnade frågeställningarna att jämföra de fem fynden, undersöka möjliga orsaker till varför offren dött samt vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som fyndmaterialet har idag. Tanken kring teori var att se hur mossar kunde fungera som speciella platser under järnålder för mänskliga handlingar av deponeringar. Resultatet blev att där finns likheter och skillnader mellan mossliken, att en mängd orsaker kunde förklara deponeringar i mossar, och att där finns både positiva möjligheter med fortsatt forskning men att fyndmaterialet också är begränsat på flera sätt. / This paper focuses on five bog bodies from Denmark, from the pre-roman Iron Age. With these case examples, the importance of the bog as a wetland in itself in preserving ancient human bodies was also investigated and which research results have been presented in recent years. Based on these boundaries, the question intended were to compare the five case examples, investigate possible reasons for why the victims died and what opportunities and limitations the find material has today. The idea behind the theory was to see how bogs could have functioned as special sites for human depositions during the Iron Age. The results were that there are similarities and differences between bog bodies, that a number of reasons could explain depositions, that there are both positive opportunities with continued research but that the material found is also limited in several ways.

This bachelor thesis provides a study of two individuals from Buttle Änge, Gotland and the data of their health at the time of death. Possible profession or status of each individual has been discussed in correlation to the form of burial and then summated into a possible explanation. Individual 1, the buttle warrior, was determined a man with an age between 30-35 years and a stature of 180 centimetres. Individual 2, the armless individual, was determined a man with the age of 20-25 years and a stature of 175 centimetres. The analyse of the human skeletal material and excavation reports gave a context to how these two individuals were buried. The offerings or lack of offerings, in the grave gave an insight to the status of the burial for each individual. The Buttle Warrior gave indication on impact or change in the vertebrae which probably came from the way of movement he had in life. The lack of grave offerings in the grave of the armless individual have been discussed and formed a possible explanation that the armless individual lack skeleton of the arms because of a probable remove just before or short after burial. The two human remains origins from the Roman iron age, a period from 0 to 400 AD, both individuals was dated to a period of 0-150 AD.