The unpropertied, also known as subaltern people, were a social class that lived during the 18th, 19th, and 20th century in Sweden. They were a social class that hade very few rights and had torely on the closest farmer and his lands to get by. But also, other jobs, for example as a farm maiden or as a shoemaker. In archaeology, remains after the unpropertied are still visible in the cultural landscape they once created. Despite this, the interest and effort in keeping the memory of the unpropertied alive is very little. This is what this essay aims to discuss. This essay will, through a case-study, show how remains after the unpropertied are still visible in the cultural landscape. The casestudy will examine how and where the unpropertied is found in the landscape. The limitation will be at the border between Vena and Målilla parish. It also aims to examine the status of the remains and if the area where the remains are located have been preserved with the intention to focus on the history it holds. The essay also includes multiple historical maps and church archives with the purpose to put a relative date on the objects that has been examined. Later, the author will discuss why the history of the unpropertied is important to preserve and enlighten to the public. This will be discussed with the case-study and other archeological reports from excavations as a foundation, but also other articles regarding the subject in matter.

This study is about archaeological knowledge production. It is also about what kind of impact such knowledge may have on an antiquarian/archaeological practice as well as on society as a whole. The work focuses broadly on Stone Age archaeology and specifically on the middle-Mesolithic Age in the county of Blekinge in the South East of Sweden. Until the late 1990’s, large-scale archaeological excavations in this region were rare. In particular, there were significant gaps in early- and middle-Mesolithic archaeology of other regions. In particular, the study brings up the relationship with the defined Kongemose culture's settlements in Southern Scandinavia. From a knowledge perspective the study discusses how different kinds of methodological practices are important for both archaeology and society, to be able to see and understand a more complete historical picture. Based on this, the focus shifts the role of museums within regional archaeology. The study here argues for a more strategically executed dissemination and presentation of archaeological knowledge towards different stakeholders.

A relatively unexplored phenomena of the Nordic Bronze Age is the occurrence where monumental cult houses of stone foundation are discontinued, instead smaller cult houses are constructed in wood. This change occurred during the middle of the Bronze Age, a time werethe Nordic society experienced extensive contact and trade with cultures on mainland Europe. Cult houses were misunderstood for the majority of the 20th Century and it was not until recent they were acknowledged, and this shift noticed. This paper will examine the mentioned change in cult houses with the hypothesis that they were of symbolic importance and use of the elites. It will be discussed whether the cult houses form is attached to the elites display of power and is dependent on a grander ideology in how the elites legitimize their privileged position in society. In essence the paper aims to investigate the two types of cult houses and see to what extent they can be derived to underlying institutions, set up by the elite as a strategy to stay in power.

This essay examines the Proto-Indo-European motif of the Divine Twins, as it has been interpreted in Scandinavia during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Because of the difference in opinion between archaeological researchers regarding when the Divine Twins disappeared, an examination of the material culture that has been connected to this motif is undertaken. Duality as a concept is used to discuss the relationship of mythological twins to, on one hand, likeness and closeness, and, on the other, opposing personalities, contrasting aspects and animosity. Based on the analysis of the Scandinavian material culture, it is concluded that the Divine Twins as a motif survived the debated Bronze Age collapse. Furthermore, the inclusion of Nordic ethnographic accounts from the 19th and 20th century may imply that the Divine Twins survived, at least in popular beliefs, well into the 1900s.

I denna magisteruppsats kommer strategiska lägen och boplatsers relation till gravar att studeras. Arbetet riktas in på Arnäs och Själevad socken i Örnsköldsvik kommun som ligger in Västernorrlands län. Mer specifikt så är det järnåldersboplatser i Skommarskatan, Gene, Vågnäs and Sörvåge som inkluderas i uppsatsen. Terrängmodellerings kartor, viewsheds, landhöjnings kartor och historiska kartor, litteratur samt fältinventering används för att komma fram till vilket sätt boplatser blev strategiskt belagda och vilken rumslig relation det finns mellan boplatser och gravar. Det visar sig att gravar verkar vara anlagda nära boplatser, men resultatet tyder på att man inte nödvändigtvis ser gravarna från boplatserna på boplatslokalerna. Resultaten visar att viewsheds inte alltid stämmer med det man ser i fält.Resultatet antyder på att terräng, relation till vatten, närhet till färskvatten, kommunikation möjligheter, handelsmöjligheter, resurstillgångar, huskonstruktion och på vilket sätt människorna livnärde sig på har en inverkan på vilket sätt boplatser anlades. Tidigare så har mycket fokus varit lagt på hur RAÄ 22:1 i Gene var strategiskt lagd inom arkeologisk forskning, men i den här uppsatsen har fokus legat på andra typer av boplatser och andra delar av landskapet med hänsyn till fler lokaler. Denna studie har demonstrerat att tidigare studier av järnåldersboplatser i Arnäs och Själevad socken har varit begränsad i sin syn att belysas boplatsers relation till landskapet. Tidigare forskning var fokuset på en lokal och det har visat sig vara en brist när man jämför med landskaps studiemetoder använda i denna studie. Nu har agrara, jägare-samlare och säljägare boplatser studerats och vidgat perspektivet på boplatser strategiska lägen inom studieområdet.

I Jönköping finns idag tre synliga bronsåldersgravar fortfarande stående. I början av1900-talet var detta numret 10. Vissa fynd från bronsåldern i området som Sagaholmshögenhar fått mycket uppmärksamhet av forskare, men få landskapsanalyser har utförts över dettaområdet. På andra håll har landskapsanalyser av gravhögar ofta utförts över betydligt störreområden, och dessa har fått tolkningar som bland annat territoriemarkörer baserat påmonumentens visuella aspekt. Uppsatsen analyserar bronsålderslandskapet i Jönköping utifrånsiktlinjer med hjälp av GIS, och med syftet att undersöka relationen mellan de monumentalagravarna och andra synliga aspekter av landskapet för att försöka nå varför dessa uppfördesdär de står. Resultaten av analysen visar att synlighet troligen inte var en särskilt betydandefaktor för uppförandet av gravarna, men att ett samband i intervisibiliteten mellan dessa kananas, samt belyser uppsatsen några källkritiska problem med tillgängliga strandlinjemodelleroch digital fornminnesdata. / In Jönköping there exists today three visible and still standing barrows from the bronze age.In the beginning of the 20th century these numbered 10. Some findings från the bronze age inthis area like the Sagaholm-barrow have garnered a lot of attention by researchers, but fewlandscape analyses havebeen performed over the area. In other parts of the country landscapeanalyses have been performed across much larger areas, and these have gotten interpretationssuch as markers of territory based on the visual aspects of these monuments. This thesisanalyses the bronze age landscape in Jönköping based on sightlines with the aid of GIS, andwith the goal to explore the relationship between the monumental graves and other visibleaspects of the landscape in order to try and reach an understanding as to why these arestanding where they are. The results of the analysis show that visibility likely wasn’t anespecially important factor in raising the graves, but that a correlation regarding intervisibilitycan be suspected. Furthermore the thesis shines light on a few sources of critique with theavailible shoreline models, as well as the digital data on ancient remains.

Den här studien analyserar den moderna paleodieten genom en postmodernistisk teori och observerar om de aktörer som förespråkar den moderna paleodieten har ett nyanserat och problematiserande förhållningsätt till paleodieten. Studien baseras på fyra källor skrivna av tre aktörer, två böcker av arkeologen Göran Burenhult. Ytterligare en källa är The Paleo Solutionav Robb Wolf, den fjärde källan som förespråkar paleodieten är Swedish Paleo, ett företag som marknadsför paleodieten samt AIP-dieten online. Marlene Zuk är i sin bok Paleofantasymotståndare till paleodieten och hennes argument står i kontrast till de andra källorna. Honräknas dock inte som en huvudaktör och granskas inte av studien. Istället används hon endast för att analysera det positiva metanarrativet kring paleodieten. Studien kommer fram till att förespråkare för den moderna paleodieten ofta exkluderar information som motsäger den bildav dieten som de vill presentera. / This study analyses the modern paleodiet through a postmodernist lens and tries to find out if the proponents of the diet have a honest approach to archeological science. The study is based on four sources written by three individuals, two books by the archeologist Göran Burenhult, another source is The Paleo Solution by Robb Wolf. The fourth positive source to the paleodiet is Swedish Paleo, a company which markets the paleodiet and AIP-diet online. Marlene Zuk in her book Paleofantasy is an opponent to the paleodiet and her arguments are in opposition to the other sources. She is not however considered to be a main actor to be analyzed in this study, instead her arguments are only meant to analyze the positive metanarrative which proponents of the paleodiet advocates. The result of the study is that the modern paleodiet often excludesinformation which contradicts the image of the paleodiet the proponents of the diet wants to present.

This study presents mitochondrial genome sequences from 22 Egyptian house cats with the aim of resolving the uncertain origin of the contemporary world-wide population of Domestic cats. Together with data from earlier studies it has been possible to confirm some of the previously suggested haplotype identifications and phylogeny of the Domestic cat lineage. Moreover, by applying a molecular clock, it is proposed that the Domestic cat lineage has experienced several expansions representing domestication and/or breeding in pre-historical and historical times, seemingly in concordance with theories of a domestication origin in the Neolithic Middle East and in Pharaonic Egypt. In addition, the present study also demonstrates the possibility of retrieving long polynucleotide sequences from hair shafts and a time-efficient way to amplify a complete feline mitochondrial genome.

Faience objects were first produced in Egypt in the pre-Dynastic era and were since then deeply connected with ancient Egyptian material culture and everyday life. Faience has been used for vessels, jewellery and for religious objects and the techniques and trends have evolved over time. There is a great amount of faience objects excavated from Naukratis making it a suitable location for this study. This study has used a catalogue with objects excavated in Naukratis to identify trends, Greek and Egyptian faience, and the market for faience in Naukratis. By first introducing the location of Naukratis in the Late Period, the study then provides an overview over faience production techniques both from Egypt and Naukratis. This was then applied to the objects to distinguish reoccurring features and potential cultural influence on the faience production and demand. The aim was to show the exchange of production techniques between Greek and Egyptian faience which can be exemplified by the Greek technique for polychromatic faience showing up in Egyptian faience objects with traditionally Egyptian motifs. The objects revealed a demand for handcrafted faience with Egyptian motifs of animals, fertility gods and a design for both suspension and as standing decoration. This supports later day findings that the city of Naukratis was a city not only dedicated to Greek citizens but had a mixed population. It also showed that while the origin of a faience object is difficult to determine, influences of technique can still be seen. / Fajansobjekt var först skapade i Egyptens fördynastiska tid och har sedan haft en stark samanhörighet med gammal Egyptens materialkultur och vardag. Fajans har använts till att tillverka krukor, smycken och religiösa objekt och teknikerna samt trender från Naukratis har utvecklats över tiden. Det finns en stor del fajansobjekt utgrävda från Naukratis, vilket gör staden en lämplig stad för denna studie. Studien har använt en katalog med objekt utgrävda i Naukratis för att kartlägga trender, grekisk och egyptisk fajans, och marknaden för fajans i Naukratis. Det var sedan applicerad på objekten för att utskilja återkommande egenskaper och möjliga kulturella inflytanden på fajansens produktion och efterfrågan. Syftet var att visa utbyte av produktionstekniker för flerfärgad fajans som uppkommer i egyptisk fajans med traditionellt egyptiska motiv. Objekten visade en efterfrågan för handgjord fajans med egyptiska motiv av djur, fertilitetsgudar och en design som passar både för stående dekorationsobjekt men som också kan hängas upp. Detta stödjer nya diskussioner om att Naukratis inte bara var en stad dedikerad till grekiska medborgare men att staden hade en blandad befolkning. Det visar också att medan fajansobjektens ursprung var svårt att hitta, så kunde inflytande av tekniker fortfarande urskiljas

The questions that are answered in this essay are to assess if the competition within the Swedish system of contract archaeology work as it is formulated in the law, Historic Environment Act (SFS 1988:950), and in accordance with the preparatory work, as well as if the processing and decisions in contract archaeological matters take place according to basic general procurement principles, which could be found in the act on public procurement.This essay shows that the requirement for the procurement of archaeological investigations according to the Historic Environment Act (SFS 1988:950) is not met, as most of the archaeological assignments are procured through direct selection and under lack of transparency.In the market of contract archaeology there is a demand for increased transparency by the investigators, i.g. to avoid that investigators are selected based on distance to the investigation. A national overview of the distribution of assignments in the Sweden is also requested, by the investigators, both from an economic and qualitative perspective. The investigators believe that this type of statistics shall be provided by the central authorities the Swedish National Heritage Board.The result of the analysis showed that competition in Swedish contract archaeology does not work, as it is formulated in the law Historic Environment Act (SFS 1988:950), in accordance with the preparatory work and according to general procurement principles. The Swedish National Heritage Board has not succeeded in demonstrating that the task of promoting increased competition and efficiency within the contract archaeological system in Sweden has been achieved.