Les arthropodes hématophages tels que les moustiques, les tiques et les puces ont une importance significative en santé publique en raison de leur capacité à transmettre des maladies majeures aux humains et aux animaux. La lutte anti-vectorielle et la surveillance épidémiologique des vecteurs sont essentielles dans la stratégie de lutte contre ces maladies. Cette dernière n'est réussie que grâce à une identification correcte et précise des vecteurs. Ainsi dans ce travail nous avons mis au point les protocoles pour la préparation des échantillons pour l'identification des moustiques adultes et leur stades aquatiques ainsi que des tiques et des puces par MALDI-TOF MS. Cet outil s'est déjà distingué comme étant fiable pour l'identification des arthropodes. La deuxième partie de notre travail a consisté en l'application de ces protocoles sur des larves de moustiques collectées sur terrain durant une enquête entomologique menée dans la ville de Marseille. Lors de cette étude, la pertinence et la fiabilité du MALDI-TOF MS pour l'identification des larves de moustiques collectées sur terrain a été vérifiée. Enfin, nous avons réalisé l'inventaire des communautés virales de trois espèces de moustiques collectées à Marseille par métagénomique, qui a révélé la présence de nombreux nouveaux virus. L'ensemble des résultats présentés dans cette thèse souligne que l'utilisation d'outils innovants tels que le MALDI-TOF MS et la métagénomique pour étudier les vecteurs et les agents qu'ils portent est une stratégie prometteuse qui contribuera dans la connaissance des cycles de transmission zoonotique et des risques potentiels d'émergence des maladies vectorielles en population humaine. / Hematophagous arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas are of significant importance in public health because of their ability to transmit major diseases to humans and animals. Vector control and epidemiological vector surveillance are essential in the strategy of combating vector-borne diseases. The latter is successful only by a correct and precise identification of the vectors. Thus in this work, we have developed and improved the protocols of samples preparation for the identification of adult mosquitoes and their aquatic stages, ticks, and fleas by MALDI-TOF MS. This tool has been already distinguished as being reliable for the arthropods identification. The second part of our work consisted in the application of these protocols on mosquito larvae collected in the field during an entomological investigation carried out in the city of Marseille. In this study, the relevance and reliability of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of mosquito larvae collected in the field were verified. Finally, we carried out the inventory of the viral communities of three mosquito species collected in Marseille by metagenomics, which revealed the presence of numerous new viruses. All the results presented in this thesis emphasize that the use of innovative tools such as MALDI-TOF MS and metagenomics to study vectors and the agents they carry is a promising strategy that will contribute to the knowledge of zoonotic transmission cycles and the potential risks of the emergence of vector-borne diseases in human populations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 463574 bytes, checksum: 52b88461433a1562228c123de46287af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the increasing species loss, a new question emerged on the rule of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. Thus, this work aimed evaluate if litter species richness affects positively decomposition and nutrient release rates and if this relationship is made by increasing arthropods abundance and/or species richness separated or no into the guilds fungivores, detritivores and predators. So, it was verified the effects of plant richness and composition on arthropods composition. The increase of plant species richness leaded to increase of decomposition and nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and carbon rates. Furthermore, it leaded to increase arthropods abundance at all and of the fungivores guild and this increase leaded to increased decomposition rate. Arthropods composition didn’t differed between samples with different plant species richness, but there was an increase on arthropods composition similarity with the increasing plant composition similarity. These results indicate that plant species richness affects decomposition and nutrient release and that relation is made by the increasing arthropods abundance, mainly fungivores. Fungivores affect decomposition on a positive way. Besides, arthropods seem to be selective, since different species are related to different plant species. / O aumento da perda de espécies tem levado à expansão de um novo questionamento acerca da importância da biodiversidade sobre o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar se a riqueza de espécies de plantas na serapilheira afeta positivamente as taxas de decomposição e de liberação de nutrientes. Além disso, pretendeu-se verificar se esta relação se dá através do aumento da abundância e/ou da riqueza de espécies total de artrópodes, e/ou separados nas guildas de detritívoros, fungívoros e predadores. Também foi verificada a influência da riqueza e da composição de espécies de plantas sobre a composição de artrópodes. A riqueza de espécies de plantas afetou positivamente as taxas de decomposição e de liberação de nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio e carbono. Além disso, influenciou positivamente a abundância de artrópodes como um todo e da guilda de fungívoros. Este aumento da abundância, em ambos os casos, levou a um aumento da taxa de decomposição. A composição de artrópodes não diferiu entre amostras com diferentes riquezas de espécies de plantas, mas houve um aumento da similaridade da composição de artrópodes com o aumento da similaridade de plantas. Estes resultados indicam que as espécies de plantas afetam de modo único a decomposição e a liberação de alguns nutrientes e que esta relação pode se dar através do aumento da abundância de artrópodes como um todo e/ou da guilda de fungívoros. Além disso, sugerem a importância da separação criteriosa das guildas de artrópodes e de sua análise individual. Ainda, os artrópodes parecem ser seletivos, uma vez que diferentes espécies de artrópodes estão relacionadas a diferentes espécies de plantas no substrato.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MardylaSM_DISSERT.pdf: 2228202 bytes, checksum: 0d99d3fdbacf827e4b2ff3cf7919b707 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Arthropods are abundant organisms possess great wealth and diversity representing about 82% of all known animal species. Contribute as a source of biomass and their abundance is an indicator of ecological change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomass and abundance found in the salt marsh environment throughout the year and relate them to the climatic factors (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) that can influence the abundance and biomass of arthropods. The study was conducted at the Centro de Lan?amento de Foguetes Barreira do Inferno, city of Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, in the period February 2011 to January 2012, using pitfall traps, stationary window and beating tray. Among the 26 orders found, the most abundant were: Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Araneae. Taxa Hymenoptera, Blattodea and Orthoptera showed higher biomass volume. Climatic factors did not influence the fall of Arthropods in the traps, however, the lowest abundance during the rainy season the action of raindrops, reduced the activity of these arthropods on vegetation, reducing its capture in traps (pitfall traps and stationary window ) and method of collection(entomological umbrella) / Os Artr?podes s?o organismos abundantes, possuem grande riqueza e diversidade, representando cerca de 82% de todas as esp?cies de animais conhecidas. Contribuem como fonte de biomassa, al?m de sua abund?ncia ser um indicador de altera??es ecol?gicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biomassa e abund?ncia encontrada no ambiente de restinga ao longo do ano, al?m de relacion?-los com os fatores clim?ticos (temperatura, precipita??o e umidade relativa do ar) que podem influenciar na abund?ncia e biomassa dos Artr?podes. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Lan?amento de Foguetes Barreira do Inferno, munic?pio de Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, no per?odo de Fevereiro de 2011 a Janeiro de 2012, com utiliza??o de armadilhas de queda, janela estacion?ria e guarda-chuva entomol?gico. Entre as 26 ordens encontradas, as mais abundantes foram: Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Araneae. Os t?xons Hymenoptera, Blattodea e Orthoptera apresentaram maior volume de biomassa. Os fatores clim?ticos n?o influenciaram na queda de Artr?podes nas armadilhas, no entanto, a menor abund?ncia durante o per?odo chuvoso a a??o das gotas de chuva, reduziu a atividade desses artr?podes na vegeta??o, reduzindo a sua captura nas armadilhas (armadilhas de queda e Janela estacion?ria) e m?todo de coleta (Guarda chuva entomol?gico)

Les effets des activités humaines sur la qualité et le fonctionnement des sols ont été évalués. En complément de biotests effectués au laboratoire, la composition et les changements de structure des communautés d'arthropodes en sols urbains ont été analysés, afin de comprendre l'influence de la contamination métallique sur les organismes du sol. Par ailleurs, une comparaison entre les sols urbains, agricoles, industriels et forestiers a été réalisée, à travers l'analyse de la composition en espèces et des traits fonctionnels des collemboles. Les analyses de la communauté d'organismes du sol a été réalisée deux fois par an pour évaluer le rôle de la saisonnalité. Les différentes activités anthropiques, qui provoquent des changements au niveau de la couverture végétale, de la quantité de matière organique et de l'accumulation d'éléments et de composés dangereux, altèrent principalement les sols agricoles et urbains. En environnement urbain, les abondances d'organismes du sol ont été fortement réduites pour les niveaux élevés de contamination métallique, tandis que la teneur en matière organique et les conditions climatiques ont joué le rôle principal pour les niveaux de contamination faible et intermédiaire. La communauté des collemboles a montré une forte réduction de la diversité en espèces dans les sols agricoles. La distribution des traits fonctionnels des Collemboles a été principalement influencée par la présence et le type de litière et les apports de contaminants. En particulier, le milieu agricole a favorisé les organismes adaptés à la vie en surface, alors que les sols forestiers ont favorisé les organismes présentant des caractéristiques euedaphiques. Les sols industriels et urbains ont montré la présence d'organismes avec des caractéristiques à la fois épiedaphiques et euedaphiques / The effects of human-mediated activities on soil quality and functioning have been assessed. Composition and changes in arthropod community structure and laboratory bioassays were performed on urban soils in order to understand the roles of metal contamination on soil organism activities and distribution. Then, comparison of urban, agricultural, industrial and forest soils were performed, monitoring Collembola species and functional traits composition, in order to assess if the impact of urban environment is greater than other kinds of anthropization. Soil organism community was analysed twice a years for evaluating the role of seasonality on anthropic impacted soils. The different kinds of anthropization firstly affected the abiotic properties of the sites. Agricultural and urban soils were the most impacted soils by human activities, which cause changes in vegetation cover, organic matter amounts and accumulation of hazardous elements and compounds. Soils organisms responded to soil abiotic modifications. In particular, in urban environment soil organisms were strongly reduced at high level of metal contamination, whereas organic matter content and climatic conditions played the main role at low-intermediate soil contamination. Collembola community showed a strong reduction in species richness in agricultural soils, with a consequent domination of few tolerant species. Collembola functional trait distribution was mainly affected by the presence and the type of litter and inputs of contaminants. In particular, agricultural environment favoured organisms with traits adapted to soil life surface, whereas forest soils favoured organisms with euedaphic characteristics. Industrial and urban soils showed organisms with both epiedaphic and euedaphic characteristics

A major concern related to agricultural management systems used by the man lies on the effects on biological processes in the soil, whose action within ecosystems aiming at the farm, modifies the intensity of these processes under use of techniques that exclusively aim to maximize crop yield. One of the challenges of research in soil biology is precisely understand the impacts on the complex interactions of all soil organisms at the community level by the management that are critical in maintaining soil quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of management practices on fruit trees (mango, guava and coconut trees) in the composition and distribution of soil arthropods (edaphic macrofauna, mesofauna) and on microbial biomass, the activity and interaction with the chemical, physical and environmental attributes. The study of soil arthropods began in July 2013 and followed until May 2014, with measurements at four periods. Microbiological soil activities were evaluated by the determination of microbial soil properties (RBS, CBM, NBM, NBM / N, qCO2 and qMIC). It was found that the soil arthropods were sensitive to changes arising from different soil tillage systems, allowing it to be used as an important tool to apply as bio-indicators of the quality of edaphic system. The system with guava cultivation proved to be unstable over time in relation to the structure of the community of soil arthropods. The system with coconut tree cultivation allows for better soil quality, increase in abundance and species richness of invertebrate macrofauna. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (NBM) and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) were the main microbiological soil properties responsible for identifying dissimilarities between areas. Correlations between microbiological and faunal characteristics of the soil were low with significant correlations only between Collembola, NBM and NBM / N. / Uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes relacionadas aos sistemas de manejo agrÃcola adotado pelo homem reside nos efeitos sobre os processos biolÃgicos que ocorrem no solo, cuja aÃÃo dentro dos ecossistemas visando à exploraÃÃo agrÃcola, modifica a intensidade desses processos em virtude do emprego de prÃticas que objetivam exclusivamente a maximizaÃÃo da produÃÃo vegetal. Um dos desafios da pesquisa em biologia do solo à justamente entender os impactos do manejo sobre as complexas interaÃÃes de todos os organismos edÃficos ao nÃvel de comunidade que sÃo fundamentais na manutenÃÃo da qualidade do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a influÃncia dos manejos em cultivos de fruteiras (mangueira, goiabeira e coqueiro) na composiÃÃo e distribuiÃÃo dos artrÃpodes de solo (mesofauna e macrofauna edÃfica) e sobre a biomassa microbiana, sua atividade e interaÃÃo com os atributos quÃmicos, fÃsicos e ambientais. O estudo dos artrÃpodes edÃficos teve inÃcio em julho de 2013 e seguiu atà maio de 2014, com coletas realizadas em quatro perÃodos. As atividades microbiolÃgicas do solo foram avaliadas mediante as determinaÃÃes dos atributos microbianos do solo (RBS, CBM, NBM, NBM/N, qCO2 e qMIC). Constatou-se que os artrÃpodes de solo mostraram-se sensÃveis as alteraÃÃes ocasionadas pelos sistemas de manejos do solo, possibilitando a sua indicaÃÃo como importante ferramenta para aplicar-se como bioindicadores da qualidade do sistema edÃfico. O sistema com cultivo de goiabeiras mostrou-se instÃvel ao longo do tempo em relaÃÃo à estrutura da comunidade dos artrÃpodes de solo. O sistema com cultivo de coqueiros propicia melhores caracterÃsticas do solo e aumento na abundÃncia e riqueza de espÃcies da macrofauna invertebrada. O carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogÃnio da biomassa microbiana (NBM) e o quociente metabÃlico (qCO2), foram os principais atributos microbiolÃgicos do solo responsÃveis por identificar dissimilaridades entre as Ãreas. CorrelaÃÃes entre as variÃveis microbiolÃgicas e faunÃsticas do solo foram baixas, com correlaÃÃes significativas somente entre Collembola, NBM e NBM/N.

Para conseguirem se alimentar com sucesso, os mosquitos hematófagos possuem componentes em sua saliva capazes de regular a hemostasia e modular a imunidade dos hospedeiros. Entretanto, a avaliação das atividades biológicas dessas moléculas no hospedeiro ainda carece de estudos mais aprofundados. No presente projeto, propomos caracterizar as atividades biológicas do produto do transcrito AET-7393, uma serpina presente nas glândulas salivares de fêmeas do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Nossos dados mostram que a serpina AET-7393 recombinante provoca um aumento no sangramento quando inoculada em camundongos, mas aparentemente esse efeito não está ligado à interferência com a cascata de coagulação. Mostramos ainda que a AET-7393 é capaz de inibir a proteinase 3 e aumentar a produção de IL-1b. Por fim, observamos a ausência de capacidade moduladora sobre a ativação de macrófagos ou sobre a inflamação, e que presença de anticorpos específicos contra a serpina no hospedeiro não interfere no ciclo de vida do mosquito. / In order to successfully feed, hematophagous mosquitoes possess salivary components capable of regulating hemostasis and modulate the host immunity. However, the evaluation of the biological activities of the salivary molecules in the host still needs further investigation. In this study, we intend to characterize the biological activities of the AET-7393, a serpin that is present in the saliva of the females Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Our data show that the recombinant AET-7393 serpin increases bleeding when inoculated in mice, but apparently this effect is not due to its interference on the coagulation cascade. In addition, AET-7393 is able to inhibit proteinase 3 and enhance the production of IL-1b. Finally, we observed the absence of modulatory effect on macrophage activation or inflammation, and that the presence of host anti-AET-7393 antibodies does not interfere in the life cycle of the mosquitoes.

Em 1998 iniciou-se no campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto, SP, um projeto recuperação florestal entitulado "Floresta da USP", com o propósito de recompor,numa área de 75 ha, a floresta estacional semidecidual, um dos tipos de vegetação nativa da região. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as principais modificações que se processam neste novo habitat nos primeiros anos seguidos ao plantio, utilizando a comunidade de artrópodos e as relações de herbivoria como bioindicadores. Inicialmente, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros da estrutura do habitat em quatro sub-áreas com idades diferentes, comparando-as com um remanescente de floresta nativa existente nas proximidades. Entre estes mesmos locais, foi comparada a comunidade de artrópodos epígeos através de análise multivariada, buscando relacioná-las com variáveis ambientais. Além disso, numa das áreas foi acompanhada a dinâmica da comunidade de artrópodos associada à seis espécies vegetais (três pioneiras e três tardias), por dois anos consecutivos. Nas mesmas espécies vegetais utilizadas para a amostragem de artrópodos, foram avaliados os níveis de herbivoria e algumas características vegetais que poderiam influenciar na preferência por insetos herbívoros. Ficou demonstrado que as maiores transformações do habitat recomposto ocorrem nos dois primeiros anos seguidos ao plantio. As principais variáveis do habitat relacionadas com a fauna de artrópodos epígeos foram a altura da vegetação, presença de gramíneas invasoras e presença de um terceiro estrato arbóreo, exclusivo da mata nativa. Apesar de muito dissimilares da comunidade da mata, as comunidades das sub-áreas da Floresta da USP mostram uma tendência de se aproximarem da existente na mata de acordo com o tempo transcorrido após o plantio. Em relação à fauna de dossel, embora não se tenha observado diferença na riqueza, abundância e diversidade geral entre os dois anos seguidos ao plantio, foi detectada uma grande dissimilaridade de espécies e uma profunda reestruturação da abundância de organismos dentro das guildas. As formigas, tanto por sua abundância como riqueza, tiveram grande participação dentro das diversas variáveis da comunidade analisadas e, entre elas, as formigas cortadeiras foram também responsáveis por uma grande elevação nos níveis de herbivoria do primeiro para o segundo ano de acompanhamento, tanto em espécies iniciais quanto tardias. / In 1998 a recomposition project named "Floresta da USP" was started at the USP campus in Ribeirão Preto, SP, aiming at recovering a 75 ha area with the regional native vegetation, the seasonal semideciduous forest. This study evaluated the main changes that ocurried in this new habitat during the first years after planting, considering the arthropod community and the herbivory relationships as bioindicators. We measured some habitat structure parameters at four sites of different ages, contrasting them to the same parameters measured at a local forest patch. The epigeous arthropod community was compared among sites using multivariate analysis, including several environmental variables. We also monitored the community dynamics of arthropods, herbivory levels and leaf physical chemical caracteristics of six plant species (3 pioneers and 3 late successional) at one of the sites during two years as well as the main leaf variables that could have some effect on the herbivore preferences. Results indicated great chances in the first years of recomposition. Vegetation height, presence of alien grasses, and presence of a third stratum at the forest patch were the principal habitat features related to the epigeous arthropod community. Despite the high dissimilarity, arthropod community of recomposed sites had a tendency of reducing this dissimilarity over time in relation to the forest. Richness, abundance, and diversity of canopy arthropod community were not different between the two years. However, a high species dissimilarity was detected and a strong guild rearrangement concerning abundance from one year to another. There was a high number of species and individuals. Leaf-cutting ants were important to the ecosystem dynamics due to the high levels of herbivory imposed to several plant species.

O clado de Passeriformes denominado, atualmente, Furnariida é endêmico da região Neotropical e muito diversificado; ele é representado por cerca de 623 espécies alocadas em 134 gêneros, distribuídas nas seguintes famílias: Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae e Rhinocryptidae. As aves deste grupo são, em geral, encontradas em bandos mistos de espécies e/ou podem seguir formigas de correição, fenômenos que são conspícuos entre aves de florestas tropicais. Os representantes de Furnariida são considerados insetívoros, embora possam consumir, ocasionalmente, pequena quantidade de frutos ou sementes e pequenos vertebrados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a dieta de espécies representantes dos Furnariida que ocorrem em diferentes regiões da Amazônia, além de estimar o número de presas e de biomassa bruta consumida. Para tal, foi analisado o conteúdo estomacal de 476 espécimes de aves Furnariida, dos quais 51 pertencem à família Furnariidae, 139 à Dendrocolaptidae, 280 à Thamnophilidae, 3 à Formicariidae e 3 à Conopophagidae. Foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes para avaliar a contribuição da biomassa de presas consumidas pelos Dendrocolaptidae. O método da biomassa parcial apresentou-se muito incerto e, neste estudo, considerou-se a biomassa estimada como o método mais confiável para comparar o número total de itens e sua biomassa correspondente. As principais presas consumidas por estes pássaros foram Coleoptera, Orthoptera e Araneae. No entanto, Orthoptera foi o item que contribuiu com a maior biomassa ingerida, seguido de Coleoptera e Vertebrata. A alta biomassa de Orthoptera no ambiente poderia explicar o maior consumo, ou preferência desses insetívoros por tal item. Os vertebrados foram consumidos por alguns espécimes de Dendrocolaptidae e de Thamnophilidae e a maior parte do material ingerido pelos dendrocolaptídeos corresponde a Gonatodes humeralis, um pequeno lagarto escansorial; já os vertebrados consumidos pelos tamnofilídeos não foram identificados. A predação de vertebrados pode ser ocasional e, em geral, é considerada oportunística. Nas famílias de Furnariida, com número representativo de espécimes, Orthoptera e Araneae tiveram maior frequência de ocorrência em Furnariidae, enquanto Coleoptera e Orthoptera em Thamnophilidae e Coleoptera em Dendrocolaptidae, o que pode estar relacionado aos hábitos de forrageamento das espécies nelas incluídas / The clade Furnariida of the Passeriformes is endemic to the Neotropical region, and is very diverse: it is represented by around 623 species in some 134 genera distributed in the following families: Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae e Rhinocryptidae. Commonly the birds of this group are found in mixed-species flocks and/or as army-ant-followers, features that are common amongst birds of the tropical forests. Members of the Funariida are considered to be insectivores although they may occasionally eat small quantities of fruit or seeds, or small vertebrates. The objective of this study was to describe the diet of representative species of the Funariida that occur in different Amazonian regions, and also estimate the numbers of prey and total biomass consumed. To do this the stomach contents of 476 specimens of the Furnariida were analyzed, of which, 51 belonged to the family Funariidae, 139 to the Dendrocolaptidae, 280 to the Thamnophilidae, and 3 each to the Formaricariidae and Conopophagidae. Two methods were used to evaluate the contribution of the biomass of the preys consumed by the Dendrocolaptidae. The partial biomass method was found to be very unreliable and so, in this study, the estimated biomass method was found to be the most appropriate to compare the total number of items in the corresponding biomass. The main types of prey eaten by these birds were Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Araneae. Nevertheless, Orthoptera were the group that made the biggest contribution to the ingested biomass, followed by Coleoptera and Vertebrata. The high biomass of Orthoptera in the environment would explain the high consumption and preference for these insects as prey. The vertebrates were consumed by some specimens of Dendrocolaptidae and Thamnophilidae, and in the case of the dendrocolaptids these were all the small scansorial lizard Gonatodes humeralis; those consumed by the thamnophilids were not identified. Predation on vertebrates seems to be occasional and is probably opportunistic. In the families of the Furnariida, represented by numbers of specimens, Orthoptera and Aranae had the highest frequency of occurrence in the Funariidae, with Coleoptera and Orthoptera in the Thamnophilidae, and Coleoptera in the Dendrocolaptidae, which can be related to the foraging habits of the species in these families

Les nouvelles technologies de séquençage des génomes ont permis de révéler l’extraordinaire diversité des séquences virales dans des groupes d’hôtes jusque-là largement inexplorés. Ainsi, notre connaissance des virus d’arthropodes, infectant les animaux les plus diversifiés et abondants sur Terre, était jusque-là essentiellement réduite à des espèces d’intérêt économique et médical. Les nouvelles données de diversité virale chez les arthropodes illustrent le besoin d’étendre l’inventaire viral à l’échelle de l’écosystème et d’inclure les virus comme une composante essentielle de leur fonctionnement et de leur évolution.Dans ces travaux de thèse, j’ai développé et appliqué deux approches d’étude de la diversité virale chez des arthropodes, ainsi que de la circulation des virus dans des écosystèmes, en me focalisant sur des espèces d’intérêt agronomique : i) une approche virus-centrée par fouille de bases de données nucléotidiques, en recherchant la présence d’un groupe de petits virus à ADN inféodés aux arthropodes, les densovirus ii) une approche arthropode-centrée, utilisant une méthode séquençage haut débit de génomes viraux (métagénomique virale) pour analyser des communautés virales associées à des arthropodes de différents niveaux trophiques échantillonnés dans des agroécosystèmes.Mes résultats ont permis de :(i) Mettre en évidence que les densovirus sont largement présents dans l’ensemble du règne animal - notamment chez une grande diversité d’arthropodes - et qu’ils sont très diversifiés génétiquement, ce qui a permis de mieux appréhender histoire évolutive de ce groupe de virus ;(ii) Découvrir de nouveaux virus chez certains ravageurs de cultures : le tétranyque tisserand (Tetranychus urticae, Acarien) provenant de populations de laboratoires, ainsi que le puceron vert du pois (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hémiptère), le phytonome de la luzerne (Hypera postica, Coléoptère) et l’armigère de la tomate (Helicoverpa armigera, Lépidoptère) provenant de populations naturelles échantillonnées dans des cultures de luzerne et des prairies. Ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence de viromes spécifiques de chaque espèce d’arthropode et de caractériser la distribution de certains virus dans des communautés d’arthropodes d’un même écosystème. Plus de 60 nouvelles espèces de virus d’arthropodes et de plantes ont été découvertes. Leurs liens évolutifs avec des espèces de virus connues ont été caractérisés par des analyses phylogénétiques.(iii) Enfin, les travaux menés en (ii) ont également permis d’optimiser la méthodologie permettant d’obtenir et d’analyser des viromes obtenus à partir d’échantillons multiplexés, optimisant notamment l’étape d’attribution taxonomique des séquences obtenues par séquençage à haut débit, réduisant ainsi leur proportion en « matière noire » inhérente aux analyses des viromes. / High throughput sequencing technologies have revealed the extraordinary diversity of viral sequences in hitherto largely unexplored host groups. Thus, our knowledge about arthropod viruses, infecting the most diverse and abundant animals on Earth, was hitherto essentially reduced to species of economical and medical interest. New data on viral diversity in arthropods illustrate the need to expand viral inventory at the scale of the ecosystem and to include viruses as an essential component of their functioning and their evolution.In my thesis, I developed and applied two approaches to study the diversity of viruses in arthropods and how virus circulate in ecosystems, focusing on species of agronomic interest: (i) a virus-centered approach by exploring nucleotidic sequence databases, searching for the presence of a group of small DNA viruses infecting arthropods, the densoviruses (ii) an arthropod-centered approach at the scale of the ecosystem, using a viral metagenomic method to analyze viral communities associated with arthropods from different trophic levels from the same agroecosystems.My results showed that:(i) Densoviruses are spread throughout the animal kingdom - particularly in a wide diversity of arthropods - and are highly diverse genetically, which led to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of viruses;(ii) A number of new viruses can be described in pests: the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae, Acari) from laboratory populations, as well as the green pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera), the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica, Coleoptera) and the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera) from natural populations sampled from alfalfa crops and grasslands. These studies also highlighted that specific viromes are associated with each pest species, and I characterized the distribution of some of these viruses in arthropod communities. In total, more than 60 new species of arthropod and plant viruses were discovered. Their evolutionary links with known virus species was characterized by phylogenetic analyzes.(iii) The work realized in (ii) also contributed to optimize a methodology to prepare and analyze viromes from multiplexed samples, that is particularly suitable to optimize the taxonomic allocation of sequences and thus reduce the "dark matter" that is inherent to viral metagenomics analyses.