The purpose of the research was to explore the experiences of educators regarding the training for the implementation of inclusive education in a Full Service school. A qualitative research design was chosen, using a case study. Three methods of gathering data were used, namely individual interviews, focus group interviews and observations. The study was conducted in a primary schools in the North West province that was converted into a fullservice school in 2008. The findings indicated that educators demonstrated misunderstanding of the Screening, Identification, Assessment and Support strategy. The misunderstanding can be ascribed to the kind of training educators received. The training lacked in–depth content and practical demonstration. Recommendations on the content and the dynamics of the training process are made. The overarching recommendation on the dynamics of the training indicated that the training should be revisited for improved methods of training. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The purpose of the research was to explore the experiences of educators regarding the training for the implementation of inclusive education in a Full Service school. A qualitative research design was chosen, using a case study. Three methods of gathering data were used, namely individual interviews, focus group interviews and observations. The study was conducted in a primary schools in the North West province that was converted into a fullservice school in 2008. The findings indicated that educators demonstrated misunderstanding of the Screening, Identification, Assessment and Support strategy. The misunderstanding can be ascribed to the kind of training educators received. The training lacked in–depth content and practical demonstration. Recommendations on the content and the dynamics of the training process are made. The overarching recommendation on the dynamics of the training indicated that the training should be revisited for improved methods of training. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Presented thesis examines possible environmental impact of the genetically modified (GM) maize expressing insecticidal Cry proteins. The impact was assessed from differences in the communities of the ground and above-ground arthropods in plots sown with the standard and the GM maize, respectively. The results revealed that neither the abundance nor the species richness of arthropods was affected. Laboratory experiments were used to study effect of maize expressing several types of Cry proteins on the arthropod predators. Despite the proven exposure of the predators to Cry proteins in the food, no Cry proteins accumulation and deleterious effects on predators were observed. The results confirm the importance of predators in insect resistance management using the GM maize seed blends method.

This diploma thesis deals with the arthropod strain as a suitable taxon model in learning about the nature at the first grade of a primary school. The methodological analysis of using the animal strain explains the reasons why the arthropods are used in teaching natural science lessons and provides specific characteristics and manifestations of living organisms, which are possible to be demonstrated on it. The second part of the literature review presents the status of learning about the nature according to the Framework educational program and representation of arthropods in czech textbooks of the natural sciences. The thesis is a collection of newly created exercises for a first degree pupils of primary education, using the selected representatives of arthropods. These tasks use the methods of the direct study of nature and the elements of contemporary popular research-oriented teaching.

A fauna edáfica em ecossistemas naturais é grande e variada, envolvendo em escala considerável os ácaros. Dentre os vários grupos de ácaros presentes no solo, destaca-se a Ordem Mesostigmata, por compreender um grande número de espécies, muitas das quais predadoras de outros artrópodes edáficos. Diversas pragas agrícolas, como espécies de ácaros, tripes e dípteros da família Sciaridae vivem no solo ou nele passam parte do seu ciclo. Tem-se verificado em outros países que algumas dessas pragas são atacadas e podem em certos casos ser controladas por predadores Mesostigmata. Entre os predadores mais estudados deste grupo estão os pertencentes à família Laelapidae. O Brasil tem sido citado como um país de "mega-diversidade" biológica. Compete aos pesquisadores despenderem esforços no sentido de detectar a possibilidade de uso prático desta diversidade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a elaboração de um catálogo com informações taxonômicas para espécies de Laelapidae pertencentes às subfamílias Hypoaspidinae e Melittiphinae que ocorrem no mundo, a identificação dos gêneros de ácaros Mesostigmata edáficos e das espécies de ácaros da família Laelapidae coletados em trabalhos anteriores e que permaneciam não identificados na coleção acarológica do Laboratório de Acarologia da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"-Universidade de São Paulo, a descrição de espécies novas de Laelapidae encontradas naquele material; a elaboração de chaves taxonômicas para auxiliar na distinção dos gêneros mencionados no catálogo elaborado e das espécies determinadas neste estudo, a avaliação preliminar do uso prático de predadores encontrados naturalmente no Estado de São Paulo para o controle de pragas edáficas e o desenvolvimento de um método para a produção massal de uma espécie daquele grupo. Foram realizadas buscas em bancos de dados para a detecção de bibliografia para a elaboração do catálogo, o qual é de grande utilidade para o desenvolvimento de trabalhos com a família Laelapidae, reunindo informações taxonômicas e referências a gêneros e espécies dispersos na literatura internacional. Esse catálogo contém informações sobre 792 espécies que constituem as subfamílias Hypoaspidinae e Melittiphinae. Com base nas características dos ácaros coletados e na literatura, foram elaboradas chaves taxonômicas, fundamentais para pesquisadores que trabalham com Mesostigmata de solo do Estado de São Paulo. Foram coletados ácaros predadores da família Laelapidae em áreas naturais para a realização de testes que indicaram seu potencial de uso em programas de controle biológico de pragas edáficas de várias culturas. Cosmolaelaps sp. n. e Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) mostraram um bom potencial como agentes de controle biológico sobre pragas de solo. Estimulados pelos resultados obtidos por pesquisadores em outros países com o uso de ácaros Laelapidae no controle de pragas edáficas, e em função da presente demanda de agricultores paulistas, desenvolveu-se também neste trabalho um método de criação massal de um daqueles predadores, Stratiolaelaps scimitus. / The edaphic fauna in natural ecosystems is large and diverse, involving the mites in large scale. Among the groups of soil mites, the Order Mesostigmata is of great importance, because it contains a large number of species, many of which are predators of other edaphic arthropods. Several agricultural pests, as mites, thrips and Sciaridae flies, live in the soil or spend part of their cycles in it. It has been verified in other countries that some of these pests are attacked and in some cases can be controlled by Mesostigmata predators. Some of the best studies predators of this group are species of Laelapidae. Brazil has been cited as a country of " biological megadiversity" . It is expected that the Brazil?s researchers dedicate efforts to detect the possible practical use of this diversity. The objectives of this work were the publication of a catalog with taxonomic information on the world species on the subfamilies Hypoaspidinae and Melittiphinae (Laelapidae), the identification of the genera of edaphic Mesostigmata and of the species of laelapids collected in previous works and remaining unidentified in the acarology collection of the Acarology Laboratory of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" -Universidade de São Paulo, the description of new species of Laelapidae found in that material, the construction of taxonomic keys to assist in the separation of the genera mentioned in the catalog and of the species determined in this study, the preliminary evaluation of the practical use of predators naturally occurring in the State of São Paulo for the control of edaphic pests and the development of the mass production of a species of that group. Literature searches were conducted to detect publications to be included in the catalog, which is of great importance for the development research on Laelapidae, for putting together taxonomic information and references on the genera and species of this family that is disperse in international literature. Based on the characteristics of the collected mites and literature information, taxonomic keys, fundamental tools for researchers that work with edaphic Mesostigmata of the State of São Paulo, were prepared. Laelapid species were collected in natural areas to test their potential use in programs of biological control of edaphic pests. Stimulated by the results of authors of other countries in relation to the use of laelapid mites in the control of edaphic pests, and because of the present demand of growers of the State of São Paulo, a method of mass production of those predators was also developed in this work.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o parasito de maior importância econômica para a produção bovina. Há suspeita de resistência disseminada a ivermectina (IVM), droga amplamente utilizada para seu controle e seu diagnóstico preciso se faz necessário. Neste trabalho foram padronizados testes diagnósticos in vitro que, ao serem aplicados a campo no Brasil, diagnosticaram a resistência em 18 de 30 populações testadas. A resistência in vitro foi confirmada por teste in vivo. Testes com sinergistas sobre cepa resistente isolada indicaram que a destoxificação enzimática tem papel secundário na resistência. Não foram encontradas mutações associadas à resistência no trecho analisado do gene GluCl. Informações obtidas sobre evolução da resistência a campo e em laboratório poderão ser úteis para o uso de IVM no controle de R. (B.) microplus. Os estudos conduzidos sobre mecanismos de resistência podem servir para o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares diagnósticos de resistência a IVM. / Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most economically important parasite for cattle production. There is suspicion of widespread resistance to ivermectin (IVM), a drug widely used for their control and being necessary its accurate diagnosis. In this study were standardized in vitro diagnostic tests that, when applied to the field in Brazil, diagnosed resistance in 18 of 30 populations tested. The in vitro resistance was confirmed by a field trial. Tests with synergists on an isolated resistant strain indicated that enzyme detoxification has a secondary role in resistance. There were no mutations associated with resistance in the analyzed fragment of the gene GluCl. Information obtained about the evolution of resistance in field and laboratory may be useful for the use of IVM in the control of R. (B.) microplus. The conducted studies on resistance mechanisms may serve for the development of diagnostic molecular markers of resistance to IVM.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carolina_mascarenhas.pdf: 23937030 bytes, checksum: 4ede460c8b3f9046c6af286984b4b306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-22 / Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal) occurs only of South America. The species is not in danger of extinction, but it is appreciated by the illegal trade in wild animals. His parasite fauna is little known and has been recorded only one Nematoda and three Phthiraptera. The diet is mainly based greasses seeds, but can consume small fruit and insects. The study aimed to identify helminths and arthropods associated with red-crested cardinal and for that were examined wild birds, captives and of undetermined origin, totaling 40 specimes. The wild birds and undetermined origin were the most parasitized. The helminthfauna was composed of Aproctella carinii, Dispharynx nasuta, Capillaria sp. Diplotriaena sp. (Nematoda); Tanaisia oviaspera, Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia sp., Prosthogonimus ovatus (Trematoda); Orthoskrjabinia sp. (Cestoda); Mediorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala). Tanaisia sp. was most prevalent (10%) and more abundant (0.48), D. nasuta and Orthoskrjabinia sp. occurred with greater mean intensity of parasitism (5 helminths/host). The arthropodfauna was represented by Myrsidea coronatae, Philopterus sp. and Brueelia sp. (Phthiraptera); Ptilonyssus sairae and Sternostoma pirangae (Gamasida), where M. coronatae and P. sairae were the most prevalent with 65% and 50%, respectively. All helminths are reported for the first time in P. coronata, Orthoskrjabinia sp. is recorded for the first time in Brazil; A. carinii, Diplotriaena sp., T. valida, T. oviaspera and Mediorhynchus sp. are cited for the first time in the Rio Grande do Sul state. The helminthfauna found in P. coronata, indicates that the species is omnivorous eating habits. Among the arthropods, Philopterus sp., Brueelia sp., P. sairae and S. pirangae have your first record infecting P. coronata; M. coronatae is recorded for the first time in Brazil, this report marks the first occurrence of S. pirangae in Brazil and the first of P. sairae in the Rio Grande do Sul state. / Paroaria coronata (cardeal) ocorre apenas na América do Sul. A espécie não está em perigo de extinção, mas é visada pelo comércio ilegal de animais silvestres. Sua fauna parasitária é pouco conhecida, tendo sido registrado somente um Nematoda e três Phthiraptera. A dieta desta ave baseia-se principalmente em sementes de gramíneas, mas pode consumir pequenos frutos e insetos. O estudo teve por objetivo identificar os helmintos e artrópodes associados à P. coronata e para tal foram examinadas aves silvestres, cativas e de origem indeterminada, totalizando 40 espécimes. As aves silvestres e de origem indeterminada foram as mais parasitadas. A helmintofauna esteve composta por Aproctella carinii, Dispharynx nasuta, Capillaria sp. Diplotriaena sp. (Nematoda); Tanaisia oviaspera, Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia sp., Prosthogonimus ovatus (Trematoda); Orthoskrjabinia sp. (Cestoda); Mediorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala). Tanaisia sp. foi mais prevalente (10%) e mais abundante (0,48), D. nasuta e Orthoskrjabinia sp. ocorreram com maior intensidade média de parasitismo (5 helmintos/hospedeiro). A artropodofauna esteve representada por Myrsidea coronatae, Philopterus sp. e Brueelia sp. (Phthiraptera); Ptilonyssus sairae e Sternostoma pirangae (Gamasida), onde M. coronatae e P. sairae foram os mais prevalentes com 65% e 50%, respectivamente. Todos os helmintos são relatados pela primeira vez em P. coronata, Orthoskrjabinia sp. é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil; Aproctella carinii, Diplotriaena sp., Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia oviaspera e Mediorhynchus sp. são citados pela primeira vez no Rio Grande do Sul. A helmintofauna encontrada em P. coronata, indica que a espécie tem hábito alimentar onívoro. Entre os artrópodes, Philopterus sp., Brueelia sp., P. sairae e S. pirangae são citados pela primeira vez parasitando P. coronata; M. coronatae é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil; este relato caracteriza a primeira ocorrência de S. pirangae no Brasil e a primeira de P. sairae no Rio Grande do Sul.

La lutte anti-vectorielle est l’un des volets le plus important de l’entomologie médicale et nécessite une identification précise des vecteurs. Cette dernière décennie, la technique du MALDI-TOF MS a prouvé son potentiel comme outil rapide et efficace pour l'identification des arthropodes hématophages adultes. Dès lorsNous nous sommes intéressés à la mise au point d’un protocole d’identification des stades aquatiques de moustique par MALDI-TOF MS d’une part. D’autre part la détection d’un pathogène dans un arthropode n’implique pas forcement sa capacité à transmettre. L’incrimination d’un arthropode comme vecteur respecte certaines règles allant de la suspicion à la démonstration de sa compétence vectorielle au laboratoire. Afin de mieux comprendre l’épidémiologie de R. felis nous avons d’abord participé à une investigation conduite à l’Ile de la Réunion, en testant des puces, les seuls vecteurs biologiques connus jusqu’à présent. Ensuite Nous avons démontré le rôle potentiel des moustiques en particulier d’Anopheles gambiae à transmettre Rickettsia felis. Enfin nous avons utilisé le MALDI-TOF MS pour la détermination du statut infectieux d’Anopheles gambiae à R. felis. Nous proposons également un cycle probable de transmission de R. felis à l’homme incluant les psoques et les moustiques. / Vector control is one of the most important aspects of medical entomology and requires accurate identification of vectors. Within the past decade, the MALDI-TOF MS technique has proven its potential as a fast and effective tool for identification of adult blood-sucking arthropods. From then on we were interested in the development of an identification protocol of aquatic stages of mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS. On the other hand, the detection of a pathogen in an arthropod does not necessarily mean its ability to transmit. Incrimination of an arthropod as vector follows certain rules ranging from suspicion to demonstrate its vector competence in the laboratory. To better understand the epidemiology of R. felis we first participated in an investigation conducted in Reunion, testing fleas, the only biological vectors known to date. We demonstrated the potential role of the mosquito particularly Anopheles gambiae, in the transmission of R. felis. Finally, we used the MALDI-TOF MS for the determination of the Anopheles gambiae infection status to R. felis. We also offer a probable transmission cycle of R. felis to man including psocids and mosquitoes.

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