German) investigation into specific textual elements of academic articles – those phrases or passages that we call ‘text commentaries’ or, more accurately and using speech act terminology, ‘text commenting speech actions’. Our empirical investigation is based on two corpora – a German corpus, comprising at present 19 research articles, and an English corpus with 17 research articles. The articles have been taken from academic journals of many disciplines.

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Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Mary T. Copple / The English article system is one of the most difficult and subtle structural elements for EFL learners, and even advanced learners make errors in article use. This research analyzes patterns of use of English articles (a/an, the, zero) in guided conversations with Afghan Dari speakers who are intermediate or advanced English learners and who do have an article system in their primary language, Dari. In this research, six intermediate and six advanced learners participated by discussing similar topics (their first impressions of the USA, their life in Manhattan, their classes, and their future plans). These conversations were recorded and transcribed. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of referentiality, information status, and various properties of nouns. The results indicate that the participants were most accurate in their production of the indefinite article ‘a/an’ in referential and non-referential contexts with new information, the definite ‘the’ in referential contexts with known information, while the zero ‘Ø’ was difficult for both ELP (intermediate) and Post-ELP (advanced) learners mostly in referential contexts.

Identification and definition of the Bank's Articles and practical analysis of two effective Bank's articles. The aim of this thesis was to emphasize the special treatment of banking statutes and to point to the importance of requirements for the banking statutes of the Commercial Code and Law on Banks. Due to the fact that banks are subjects with a strict state regulation, articles of association are also influenced by the secondary legal acts issued by CNB. The thesis is further focused on effective banking statutes of the two banks in order to estimate the statutory requirements accomplishment. The work consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusion, appendices and bibliographies. In the introduction the author briefly introduces the reader to the problems and outlines the reasons why she chose the topic as the goals which should be achieved in the thesis. The first chapter deals with the definition and general characteristics of the Articles of Association with the emphasis on mandatory requirements of the Commercial Code. The second chapter is focused on a brief description and definition of the concept and status of banks in the Czech Republic. In the third chapter the author describes the mandatory requirements of the banking statutes according to the needs of the Commercial Code as...

Upproren i arabvärlden och Västeuropa har haft olika tillvägagångssätt och olika utfall. Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa att David Kilcullens teori kring upprorsbekämpning är tillämpig oavsett konfliktens natur eller geografiskt läge. Uppsatsen vill illustrera detta genom att pröva teorin mot en annan konflikt än, konflikten på Östtimor och i Irak, ur vilken Kilcullen dragit sina erfarenheter och slutsatser. Min förhoppning är att det inte finns någon skillnad och att teorin därför är fullt tillämplig och därmed även kan användas i ett större perspektiv. Den fråga uppsatsen därmed eftersträvar att svara på är i vilken omfattning är David Kilcullens teorier kring upprorsbekämp-ning tillämpliga på en inomeuropeisk, inomstatlig konflikt likt Nordirland. Uppsatsen avser att använder en teoriprövande metod med en jämförande, mest lika design. Det innebär att den utgår från ett redan bestämt värde på den beroende variabeln och arbetar sig så att säga bakåt genom teorin. Teorin är i högsta grad tillämpbar och enligt uppsatsens analys påvisas att den har en styr-ka. Tack vare att det påvisats att när agerandet i större omfattning överrensstämmer med teorin blir utfallet mer fördelaktigt. Detta gäller även i ett, för vilken teorin inte utvecklades, annat geogra-fiskt område. När insatser varit framgångsrika har det varit en högre frekvens av de önskvärda beteenden som beskrivs i Kilcullens teori. Där insatser varit mindre framgångsrika, eller rent av direkta misslyckanden, kan konstateras att frekvensen av de önskvärda beteendena har varit betyd-ligt lägre och i många fall till och med direkta motsatser till dessa. Detta oavsett geografiskt områ-de är teorin tillämpbar. / The uprisings in the Arab world and Western Europe have had different approaches and different outcomes. The purpose of this essay is to show that David Kilcullens theory of counterinsurgency is irrespective of the conflicts natural or geographical location. The essay intends to illustrate this thesis by examining the theory against another conflict then, the conflict in East Timor and in Iraq, out of which Kilcullen has drawn his experiences and conclusions. My hope is that there is no difference and that the theory is therefore fully applicable and therefore can be used in a wider perspective. The question the essay seeks to answer is how far David Kilcullen regarding counter-insurgency theory is applicable to an intra-European, intra-state conflict like Northern Ireland. The essay intends to use a theory challenging approach with a comparative, most similar system de-sign. This means that it assumes a pre-specified value on the dependent variable and works its way backwards, so to speak, by theory. The theory is highly applicable to and in accordance with the essay analysis demonstrated that it has strength. Thanks to the detection of when the conduct of counterinsurgency units is in line with the theory the outcome becomes more favourable. This also applies to a, for which the theory was not developed, different geographical area. When efforts have been successful, it has been a higher frequency of desirable behaviours as described in Kil-cullens theory. Where efforts have been less successful, or even direct failures, it can be observed that the frequency of the desired behaviours have been much lower and in many cases even the direct opposites of the desired. Regardless of the geographic area the theory is applicable.

Aktieägaravtal är ett frekvent använt sätt att mellan delägare i ett aktiebolag reglera frågor avseende det gemensamma aktieägandet. Aktieägaravtalet reglerar många gånger frågor som även i bolagsordningen reglerats. Vid ingående av ett aktieägaravtal riskerar en normkollision uppstå: är det bolagsordningsnormen som ska gälla eller är det aktieägaravtalet? Då rättsläget rörande sådana normkollisioner är oklart, är det av intresse att undersöka om en jämförelse mellan bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal kan klargöra rättsläget. Analysen har möjliggjorts genom insamling av historiska argument rörande bolagsordningens likhet med aktieägaravtal. Dessa argument härleds sedan till nu gällande rätt i den mån det är möjligt. Analysen baserar sig även på en beskrivning av aktieägaravtalet samt vissa avtalsrättsliga aspekter rörande tolkning. Resultatet av framställningen är att bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal uppvisar sådana likheter att en jämförelse kan göras för att lösa normkollisioner genom tillämpning av vissa avtalsrättsliga aspekter rörande tolkning. Vad som härvidlag framkommer är för det första att bolagsordningen genom dess tvingande normer begränsar vad som med aktiebolagsrättslig verkan kan föreskrivas i aktieägaravtal. För det andra, när alla aktieägare inte är part till aktieägaravtalet får parterna istället göra vad de kan för att söka uppfylla avtalets innehåll. Slutligen kan lojalitetsplikt användas för att fastställa hur aktieägaravtalet ska tillämpas för att så långt som möjligt undgå normkollisioner mellan bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal. / Shareholders agreements are a frequently used form for regulating issues arising as a result of a common interest as owners in a joint-stock company. The shareholder agreement often regulates issues already regulated in the articles of association. When entering into a shareholders agreement standard collisions may occur: shall the articles of association or the shareholders agreement supersede? As the legal situation as regards such standard collisions is unclear, it is of interest to find out if a comparison between the articles of association and shareholders agreement can clarify the legal situation. The analysis has been made possible by looking at the history. In the retrospective, arguments regarding the similarity of the articles of association and shareholders agreement are identified. Then these arguments are derived to current law to the extent possible. The analysis is also based of a description of the shareholders agreement and certain contractual aspects of interpretation. The result of the thesis is that the articles of association and shareholders agreements are similar to that extent that a comparison between the two can be conducted in order to solve standard collisions through an application of certain contractual aspects of interpretation. In this respect, firstly, the articles of association limit through its mandatory standards the issues that can be legally regulated in a shareholders agreement. Secondly, if not all shareholders are part to the shareholders agreement the parties have to do what they can to make sure the agreement is fulfilled. Finally, the duty of loyalty can be applied to determine an application of shareholders agreement that avoid standard collisions between the articles of association and the shareholders agreement.

Thesis (M.A.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-119). Also available on the World Wide Web.

In today’s society a large portion of the worlds population get their news on electronicdevices. This opens up the possibility to enhance their reading experience bypersonalizing news for the readers based on their previous preferences. We have conductedan experiment to find out how accurately a Naïve Bayes classifier can selectarticles that a user might find interesting. Our experiments was done on two userswho read and classified 200 articles as interesting or not interesting. Those articleswere divided into four datasets with the sizes 50, 100, 150 and 200. We used a NaïveBayes classifier with 16 different settings configurations to classify the articles intotwo categories. From these experiments we could find several settings configurationsthat showed good results. One settings configuration was chosen as a good generalsetting for this kind of problem. We found that for datasets with a size larger than 50there were no significant increase in classification confidence.

While the original focus of pragmatics was spoken conversation, this approach has been increasingly used in the analysis of written and monological texts, e.g. advertisements (Tanaka, 1994), as a means of explaining how the meanings within them are generated and recovered through context. The range of texts subjected to pragmatics has thus far been somewhat limited and there is scope for applying pragmatics in other genres. The research for this essay was designed to explain the generation of implicatures in newspapers by relating a sample of articles to theoretical approaches offered within pragmatics, such as Relevance Theory and deixis. A number of semantic and stylistic devices are used in such articles, such as anaphora, metaphor and metonymy. These depend upon an expectation of reader familiarity with them and they are thus able to contribute to brevity and comprehension. While newspapers have been examined by scholars to some extent, the focus of these studies has been on headlines and not on entire articles. In this current study, three articles from different British tabloid papers were examined. The examination showed that the articles had many features in common and what was the most salient was that they require the reader to rely heavily on encyclopaedic knowledge. It turned out that writers keep their articles brief by withholding details or clarifying information from the reader, as they assume the reader are familiar with the phenomena mentioned. Anaphora is frequently used in tabloid newspaper articles as it also enables the writers to keep their articles brief, but also because it makes the articles more varied and less repetitive. Additionally, reader familiarity with metonymy, metaphor and deixis is necessary if the reader is to make sense of what an article means.

This thesis focuses on Swedish soldiers and their crimes against God within the Swedish army. In the late seventeenth century, the Swedish army reformed. Earlier wars had proven the old military system of enrolment and jurisdiction ineffective, stressing the fact that new articles of war were needed. In the new statutory framework no less than the first 22 articles determine the conditions of religion and its practice, proclaiming apostasy and heresy as the worst crimes within the army. Nonetheless, research has shown an over-representation of soldiers, or former soldiers committing these types of crimes, addressing the origin of these crimes to the military profession and the military environment. However, the knowledge about this is limited, and how the military adjudication dealt with these matters is highly neglected. By using the theoretical concepts of place and space (in Swedish plats and rum) alongside a theoretical culture perspective, this study aims to examine the contents of military legislation and how the military adjudicated these crimes, and will show that crimes, such as making a deal with the Devil, was a part of the military culture.