abstract: Over the centuries, definite articles in Romance languages have expanded their use to include generic, collective, and abstract nouns, essentially becoming noun markers. This usage is not confined to just a few languages, either, but is found in most, if not all, Romance languages, major and minor. This thesis examines the question of how this came to be, whether through diffusion from one language to all others, or through independent parallel development. I first trace the history of definite articles in three major Romance languages, French, Spanish, and Italian, starting with the emergence of the definite article in Late Latin as it derived from Classic Latin demonstratives. It includes an analysis of the use of definite articles in six works of literature, one in each language from the late thirteenth century, and one in each language from around the year 1500. The results show definite articles were used more frequently than expected in the earlier Spanish work, perhaps hinting at diffusion from Spain. Nevertheless, placing these results in historical context, I argue that this use arose through independent parallel development through the process that gave birth to definite articles in the first place - grammaticalization. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2019

This thesis examines how Taiwan's three English language newspapers covered the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) signed between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People’s Republic of China (China). By gaining an understanding of the discourse structure of how these newspapers reported ECFA will demonstrate the role they play in either trying to create a nationalistic Taiwanese or pan-Chinese identity to their English speaking audience. This identity construction is important because it will add legitimacy to whichever direction Taiwan eventually sets its social and political course towards. Examining how the Taipei Times, The China Post and The Taiwan New use discourse in their headlines, articles and editorials when reporting and interpreting ECFA, the thesis has found that they all use similar strategies to present their respective position. These strategies can be broken down into the omission of only reporting either the pros or cons of the agreement, the exclusion of the public voice, and the dominant voice of the elite who either support or oppose ECFA. The Taipei Times and The Taiwan News appear to both structure their dominant discourses around overlapping themes that ECFA is a highly controversial agreement that will quickly lead an irreversible loss of sovereignty in Taiwan. In contrast, The China Post establishes a dominant discourse around ECFA’s economic benefits, while ignoring the negative aspects of the agreement.

This thesis examined the factors of L1, input frequency and emergent productivity in child L2 acquisition. This thesis is the first study to look at the interplay of L1 and usage factors in children learning a L2. The focus of the thesis was an investigation of these factors in the acquisition of article and auxiliary systems of English, which have been proven to be problematic areas for both L1 and L2 learners. While accounts of L1 transfer in L2 are better developed in generative theory, the roles of input frequency and emergent productivity are better developed in constructivist theory. The thesis assessed these two approaches against the data from L2 children from various L1 backgrounds. The children’s accuracy and error patterns with articles and auxiliaries were investigated. The main findings were as follows. L1 typology facilitated the acquisition of the structure of the NP and VP, but it only extended as far as the awareness of the presence of the functional morpheme (article or auxiliary). L1 transfer effects were observed only in the first 1.5 years of acquisition, which could be due to the unstable L1 knowledge in child L2 learners. The use of articles and auxiliaries was also influenced by their input frequencies and distribution, as more frequent forms were supplied more accurately and were substituted for less frequent forms. Different forms of articles and auxiliaries emerged separately and followed different paths of development. It was argued that they were acquired piecemeal and that productivity with these forms emerged gradually. It was concluded that constructionist theories were better supported by the data, since the findings on input frequency and productivity were not compatible with the generative approach, and L1 transfer was incorporated into the constructionist approach to account for the findings. It was argued that by the onset of acquisition, child L2 learners had established constructions in their L1 that were abstract enough to be transferred to L2 and did not rely on lexically specific information. As all children learned specific morphological forms of L2 piecemeal, in doing so they demonstrated input effects that held across all L1 backgrounds.

El treball reconstrueix la trajectòria professional d’Esteban Salazar Chapela des dels seus inicis fins l’acabament de la guerra civil. L’anàlisi de l’esmentat corpus (ressenyes critiques, articles d’opinió i obres narratives) permet determinar les principals característiques de la seva obra literària i periodística, conèixer les seves conviccions estètiques i ideològiques al llarg de més d’una dècada i precisar la influència que va rebre d’algunes de les figures més rellevants d’aquest període, entre les quals es troba José Ortega y Gasset. L’estudi de la seva vinculació a les principals publicacions periòdiques d’aquell moment, de la seva intervenció als debats públics que van sorgir durant els anys vint i els anys trenta i de les relacions personals i professionals que va mantenir llavors ajuden a situar la seva producció i el seu treball en el context en el qual es van desenvolupar, una època que ha estat revisada a partir del camí recorregut per l’escriptor. / El trabajo reconstruye la trayectoria profesional de Esteban Salazar Chapela desde sus inicios hasta la finalización de la guerra civil. El análisis de dicho corpus (reseñas críticas, artículos de opinión y obras narrativas) permite establecer las principales características de su obra literaria y periodística, así como conocer sus convicciones estéticas e ideológicas a lo largo de más de una década y precisar la influencia que tuvieron en él algunas de las figuras más relevantes del mencionado período, entre las que se encuentra José Ortega y Gasset. El estudio de su vinculación a las principales publicaciones periódicas del momento, de su intervención en los debates públicos que surgieron durante las décadas de los veinte y de los treinta y de las relaciones personales y profesionales que mantuvo entonces ayudan a situar su producción y su trabajo en el contexto en el que se desarrollaron, una época que ha sido revisada siguiendo el camino recorrido por el escritor. / This paper reconstructs the career of Esteban Salazar Chapela from the very beginning until the end of the civil war. The analysis of such corpus (critical reviews, opinion articles and narrative works) allows to establish the main features of his literary and journalistic works and get to know his aesthetic and ideologic convictions along more than a decade. It also allows to specify the influence that some of the most relevant figures of the mentioned period had in him. José Ortega y Gasset is one of these relevant figures. The study of his links with the main periodical publications of that time, of his intervention in the public debates that arose during the twenties and the thirties and of the personal and professional relationships that he had at that time are helpful in order to set his production and his work in the context in which it developed, a time that has been gone through by following the writer’s footsteps.

The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how students distribute their attention while reading academic journal articles under time pressure. Given that most of the reading done in university is commonly time-sensitive and task-dependent, this dissertation explores how students actually shift their attention across the discrete sections of a journal article in the available time to identify and extract task-relevant information. Addressing gaps in the literature, the experiments in this dissertation observe the impact of the following three factors on strategic shifts in attention during study: (1) varied time conditions; (2) the presence/absence of summary information; and (3) the experience of the reader in terms of education level. The experimental methods used in this series of studies are consistent across all three chapters. Participants are given two 5-page academic journal articles to read on cognitive psychology for an impending test. Participants’ eye movement data are analyzed for the total adjusted viewing time the eyes spend in each section of the article, i.e., viewing time in each section was divided by the number of words in each section. The experiments in Chapter 2 examine overt attention when studying with and without a time constraint. Participants were given either 2 minutes of study time or unlimited study time. Analyses of the eye movement data reveal a reduced reading effect both when study time is restricted and unlimited. Specifically, the results showed that as time progresses, participants tend to read less and skim more, with the largest amount of adjusted time being spent on the Abstract. Chapter 3 examines further the apparent importance of the Abstract when reading under time constraint. It investigates whether people allocate more attention to the Abstract relative to other sections of the journal article based on its position or its summary content. Also, Chapter 3 explores whether the presence of an Abstract impacts what people read next in the article. Participants are given a limited time in which to read one of two versions of the articles to read, one version with an Abstract, the other without. The findings show that position, rather than summary content, seems to explain the amount of adjusted viewing time on the Abstract. Additionally, the summary information contained in an Abstract impacts what people read next in the article. Chapter 4 examines the extent to which participants’ education level impacts their use of a skimming strategy for studying. Here, participants form three different groups based on their year of study: graduates, senior undergraduates (3rd and 4th year), and junior undergraduates (1st and 2nd year). Overall, the results suggest that, when studying journal articles under time pressure, skimming behaviour changes from a primarily linear-skimming strategy (reading from beginning to end) to a more targeted-skimming strategy with increased education level. Finally, in the General Discussion in Chapter 5, a summary of the findings of this dissertation is considered in light of the literature on complex factors that impact attention and information-gain. The chapter also outlines hypotheses for future testing of overt attention while reading journal articles under time pressure.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Médecine. Bioinformatique : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

E-LIS is an open access archive for library and information science. With over 5,800 documents as of June 2007 (over 5,000 in February 2007 when the archive was investigated in-depth), E-LIS is the world’s largest archive for LIS. Over half the documents in ELIS are peer-reviewed. E-LIS is particularly strong in English and Spanish language documents, but supports over 22 languages. With this multilingual support and a global team of volunteer editors, E-LIS has significant diversity in content, an advantage over traditional, english-based LIS resources. Not surprising, this tool designed by and for librarians features robust and user friendly search options. Lack of phrase searching, and pointing to a cross-archiving searching tool no longer supported when much better options are available, are identified as areas for improvement.

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Šiame darbe yra pateikiama informacija apie esamų darbų apžvalgą, kuriuose yra minimas panašios bei pasikartojančios informacijos ieškojimas, taip pat aprašoma darbų analizė, kuriuose yra minimas informacijos nuskaitymas iš internetinio portalo bei jos išsaugojimas. Dabartinėje rinkoje egzistuojančių programinių paketų bei karkasų apžvalga, kurių pagalba galima nuskaityti informacija iš internetinio puslapio paverčiant DOM objektais. Po darbų bei sistemų analizės sukurta sistema, kuri sugeba nuskaityti iš „Delfi.lt“ portalo turimo archyvo straipsnius bei komentarus. Pasinaudojant sukurtu programiniu kodu sukurta žinių bazė, kurią sudaro straipsniai ir straipsniams priklausantys komentarai. Žinių bazėje yra sukaupta 10 metų „Delfi.lt“ straipsniai. Atlikus panašiu darbų apžvalgą susijusią su pasikartojančios informacijos paieška įgyvendintas algoritmas, kurį naudojant galima nurodytoje žinių bazėje surasti skirtingus žodžius, suskaičiuoti žodžių reikšmingumą žinių bazę sudarantiems tekstams, bei paskaičiuoti skirtingų dokumentų panašumą. Naudojantis sukurtu programiniu kodu atlikta panašios informacijos paieška bei priimtas sprendimas ar pavyko rasti atsikartojančios informacijos ar ne. / This work describes the overview of the existing works whose has been carried out in the information extraction from the web site and the received information saving. Also describes overview of existing works where are mentioned duplicated information search. In current time ware overviewed existing software packages and frameworks, whose can help retrieve information from web pages and convert all HTML elements to DOM objects. After other existing works overview and systems analysis was created a system which is able to scan „Delfi.lt" portal archive for articles and comments. Using developed program code was created 10 years knowledge base, where are included all articles and articles comments. Also was adapted program code which can find all different words, words counts per documents and documents similarity from created knowledge base, and from results was decided are possible to found duplicated information or not.

controversial since the ratification of the Constitution in 1789. In 1793, the Supreme Court ruled that the states had no sovereign immunity. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this ruling about the Constitution. The Eleventh Amendment itself has also been very controversial. We study the history and development of sovereign immunity jurisprudence from the founding of the United States until the present time.