Depuis le début des années 90, des collectifs d'architectes mettent en avant des démarches alternatives au processus traditionnel d'élaboration du projet architectural ou urbain. Ils privilégient des interventions sur les petites échelles permettant une implication plus importante des habitants sur le projet dans le cadre d'actions engageant peu de moyens. A la fois proches des artistes « activistes » ou de pratiques d'éducation populaire, ces architectes proposent des méthodes alliant pédagogie de la création et participation démocratique. Le militantisme et la coproduction avec le public semblent ainsi dessiner les contours de modèles d'action qui, bien que marginaux, participent au changement des valeurs traditionnelles du champ de l'architecture. Une nouvelle socialisation de l'activité des architectes semble alors être à l'oeuvre à travers ces formes d'engagements professionnels. La thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première présente un état des lieux de la socialisation de l'architecture à travers deux entrées principales : l'histoire sociale de la profession et le mouvement de la démocratisation de l'architecture. La deuxième chapitre vise à expliciter les formes de professionnalités développées par des collectifs à partir d'une description de fonctionnements associatifs et de divers champs d'action (interventions sociales et artistiques ou actions pédagogiques et participatives). Enfin, la troisième partie explore les modalités selon lesquelles des architectes et des artistes façonnent de nouvelles compétences construites à partir de déplacements relatifs à leurs champs de référence / Since the early 1990s, architects' collectives have placed emphasis on alternative approaches to the traditional process used to develop architectural or urban projects. These collectives privilege small scale interventions that permit a greater involvement of local residents in the project through actions requiring few means. Simultaneously close to “activist” artists and community education practices, these architects propose methods that ally the teaching of creativity and democratic participation. As a result, the activism and joint production with the public seems to outline the contours of action models that, although marginal, are contributing to changing traditional values within the field of architecture. A new socialisation of the activity carried out by architects seems to be taking shape through these forms of professional commitment. The thesis is organised into three parts. The first presents an assessment of the socialisation of architecture through two particular aspects: the social history of the profession and the movement towards the democratisation of architecture. The second chapter aims to clarify the forms of professionalism developed by the collectives through a description of the associative operational methods and the various fields of action (social and artistic interventions or educative and participative actions). Finally, the third part explores the methods through which architects and artists develop new skills by expanding their specific fields of reference

O trabalho toma como ponto de partida a realização de um conjunto de ações com o nome pausa,. A idéia é pensar a ocupação temporária de espaços, feita pela interação imagem x som. Tem interesse no tipo de ocupação destes espaços, desenvolvendo a noção de vazamento entre um e outro. A eleição destes espaços parte de elementos que oscilam entre dados reconhecíveis e comuns e por isso coletivos , e identificações particulares, num movimento pendular entre ambos. / This work takes as its starting point a set of actions named pausa, [pause,]. The idea is to reflect upon the temporary occupation of spaces, carried out by means of the interaction between images and sound. It has an interest in the type of occupation of these spaces, developing the notion of leakage between one and another. The choice of these spaces is grounded in elements that oscillate between recognizable, common and hence, collective data, and private identifications, in a pendular movement between the two.

O trabalho toma como ponto de partida a realização de um conjunto de ações com o nome pausa,. A idéia é pensar a ocupação temporária de espaços, feita pela interação imagem x som. Tem interesse no tipo de ocupação destes espaços, desenvolvendo a noção de vazamento entre um e outro. A eleição destes espaços parte de elementos que oscilam entre dados reconhecíveis e comuns e por isso coletivos , e identificações particulares, num movimento pendular entre ambos. / This work takes as its starting point a set of actions named pausa, [pause,]. The idea is to reflect upon the temporary occupation of spaces, carried out by means of the interaction between images and sound. It has an interest in the type of occupation of these spaces, developing the notion of leakage between one and another. The choice of these spaces is grounded in elements that oscillate between recognizable, common and hence, collective data, and private identifications, in a pendular movement between the two.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Permeating analog and digital processes, this project addresses a poetic production in visual arts in the field of art and technology, which is a proposal for interventions in urban areas, with the thematic territory and inner cities elements. The study, in this regard, seeks to approach the public and urban art of rural communities, places that are, in many instances, on the fringes of contemporary artistic manifestations, usually concentrated in the major urban centers. Thus, such public artistic actions, proposals to be shared collectively and collaboratively with the group involved, with respect to its constitution as a project, they are created from the interaction and collaboration of participants, allowing that the experenciados processes instigate new modes of subjectivity of the individual in his relationship with art in the present context. / Permeando processos analógicos e digitais, o presente projeto abarca uma produção poética em artes visuais, no campo da arte e tecnologia, que se constitui como uma proposta de intervenções em superfícies urbanas, tendo como temática o território e elementos de cidades interioranas. O estudo, neste sentido, busca aproximar a arte pública e urbana das comunidades do interior, locais que ficam, em muitos momentos, à margem das manifestações artísticas contemporâneas, usualmente concentradas nos maiores centros urbanos. Desta maneira, tais ações artísticas públicas, propostas para serem partilhadas de maneira coletiva e colaborativa com o grupo envolvido, no que tange a sua constituição como projeto, são criadas a partir da interação e colaboração dos participantes, possibilitando com que os processos experenciados instiguem novos modos de subjetivação do indivíduo em sua relação com a arte no contexto atual.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Sobral Rocha.pdf: 4441074 bytes, checksum: 8dd0df829998b202d831f49a11924879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-30 / This research consists of reflecting on the production methods of Contemporary Art, specifically, on the study of the creation process used by the artist Joseph Beuys. We will discourse on some specific features of the Visual Arts in this context, attempting to understand how much the interfaces among means shape the communication in certain contemporary art works and make that communication possible. The constructive procedure that is seen in Beuys works, in the adherence of means and in the continuity of his actions, leads to the adoption of a critical perspective that focuses on the creation process, in other words, the criticism of the process as it has been developed by Cecília Almeida Salles. We will use the general theory of creation based on semiotics as an analytical tool, reflecting on the creation as a network that is being built and emphasizing the question about the mobility of the creative process, in which the art work is the process and the process is the art work. Based on Charles S. Peirce s semiotics theory, it is intended to enlarge the study by focusing on the meaning of communication in aesthetic contemporary movements. The dynamism in the sign process allows the interrelation between several artistic demonstrations and the interface among means of action. Through discrimination, analysis and comparison of genetic elements that are established in videos, interviews and photographic registers of Beuys production, we will reflect on the interfaces between means or supports and the interaction of the public as basic elements of his process of production. One of the most relevant elements was to observe the presence of several demonstrations, to what extent they are inseparable and merge in Contemporary Art. Even though a clipping in the Visual Arts may exist, the interface between means is evidenced in a intersemiotic process. Being so, we will think the artist s actions throughout his journey as a continuous process of communication. As we deal with contemporary artistic events, we realize his expressive and communicative qualities that generate questions and invite the public to be and take part of the art work. In the artists actions, the body is a means and a support for the artistic and communicative process. Considering the perceptive experience in this process, we will resort to Norval Baitello s theory and Dietmar Kamper s philosophy, allowing further study on the body and its image. In this non-linear process, Beuys' own actions and the public s actions are elements that lead to other actions, producing new possibilities about the production process in his movement and allowing new networks to be built, shaping the tendency of the artist s poetic project in a dynamic action and not in a static product / Esta pesquisa consiste em refletir sobre os modos de produção na Arte Contemporânea, especificamente, no estudo do processo de criação do artista Joseph Beuys. Discorreremos sobre algumas especificidades das Artes Visuais nesse contexto, objetivando compreender em que medida as interfaces entre meios configuram e possibilitam a comunicação em certas obras contemporâneas. O procedimento construtivo presente na obra do artista, na aderência entre meios e na continuidade de suas ações, levam à adoção de uma perspectiva crítica que enfoca os processos de criação, ou seja, a crítica de processo, assim como vem sendo desenvolvida por Cecília Almeida Salles. Utilizaremos a teoria geral da criação de base semiótica como instrumento de análise, refletindo a criação como rede em construção e enfatizando a questão da mobilidade do processo criativo, no qual a obra é o processo e o processo é a obra. Com base na teoria semiótica de Charles S. Peirce, pretende-se ampliar o estudo focando o sentido da comunicação nos movimentos estéticos contemporâneos. A dinamicidade no processo sígnico permite a inter-relação das diversas manifestações artísticas e a interface entre os meios de ação. Por meio da discriminação, análise e comparação dos elementos genéticos que se estabelecem entre vídeos, entrevistas e registros fotográficos da produção do artista, refletiremos sobre as interfaces entre meios ou suportes e a interação do público como elementos fundamentais do seu processo de produção. Um dos elementos de maior relevância foi observar a presença das diversas manifestações , o quanto são inseparáveis e se fundem na Arte Contemporânea. Por mais que exista um recorte para as Artes Visuais, constata-se a interface dos meios em um processo intersemiótico. Sendo assim, pensaremos as ações do artista em todo seu percurso como um contínuo processo sígnico de comunicação. Ao tratarmos das manifestações artísticas contemporâneas, percebemos suas qualidades expressivas e comunicativas que geram questionamentos convidando o público a ser e fazer parte da obra. Nas ações do artista, o corpo é meio e suporte do processo artístico e comunicativo. Considerando a experiência perceptiva nesse percurso, recorreremos a teoria de Norval Baitello e a filosofia de Diétmar Kamper, possibilitando um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o corpo e sua imagem. Nesse processo sígnico não linear, as próprias ações do artista e do público são elementos que levam à outras ações, gerando novas possibilidades nos processos produtivos em seu movimento e permitindo que novas redes se construam, configurando a tendencialidade do projeto poético do artista em uma ação dinâmica e não em um produto estático

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la France, affaiblie politiquement et économiquement, développe une politique culturelle extérieure qui utilise les manifestations artistiques, et en particulier les tournées théâtrales, pour assurer le rayonnement de sa culture et de sa langue. Par l’intermédiaire de l’Association française d’action artistique (AFAA), elle envoie de par le monde ses plus grandes compagnies, la Comédie-Française, le Théâtre national populaire de Jean Vilar, et la Compagnie Renaud-Barrault qui devient théâtre national en 1959. Dans un monde façonné par la Guerre Froide, les tournées les plus prestigieuses ont lieu aux États-Unis, en Union Soviétique et en Amérique latine. Le but de cette thèse est de déterminer dans quelle mesure les compagnies théâtrales, instrumentalisées par la diplomatie culturelle française, utilisent aussi ces tournées pour leur propre statut dans le champ culturel français, pour leur économie, ou pour l’affermissement de leur propre identité. La première partie explore les origines et le développement du cadre politique et institutionnel qui a permis la naissance de tournées théâtrales subventionnées et fait du théâtre français un produit d’exportation. Le deuxième mouvement se concentre sur la caractérisation de ce théâtre envoyé à l’étranger, sur son économie et son répertoire. Le troisième temps analyse les différents impacts du déplacement du théâtre à l’étranger. Quelles sont les conséquences possibles de cette situation sur la représentation elle-même et les attentes du public étranger ? Au-delà de la question de la réception, c’est la dimension politique, l’impact esthétique et le rôle symbolique des tournées qui seront mis en lumière. / After World War II, a politically and economically weakened France develops a cultural foreign policy that uses artistic manifestations, and in particular theatrical tours, in order to ensure the influence of its culture and language. Thanks to the French Association for Artistic Action (AFAA), which was directly supported by the ministry of Foreign Affairs, France sends its greatest theatre companies all over the world, the Comédie-Française and the National Popular Theatre of Jean Vilar, as well as the Renaud-Barrault Company that becomes a national theatre in 1959. In a world shaped by the Cold War, the most prestigious tours take place in the United States, the Soviet Union, and Latin America. This thesis aims at determining to what extent these theatrical companies are not only exploited by the French government for cultural diplomacy, but manage themselves to benefit from the touring system, be that for their own status within the French cultural field, for their own economic solvency, or for the strengthening of their own identity. The first part explores the origins and development of the political and institutional frame that enabled the birth of this system of subsidized, international theatrical tours that made an export out of French theatre. The second part focuses on the characterization of French theatre abroad, on its economy and its repertory. The third section analyses the different impacts of the displacement of theatre abroad. What are the possible consequences on the performance itself and on the expectations of the international audience? Beyond the question of reception, the thesis will shed light on the political consequences, the aesthetic impact and the symbolic role of the tours.

Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, pédagogues et pouvoirs publics attendent des élèves musiciens étrangers formés à Paris qu’ils deviennent, selon une expression d’Henri Rabaud, directeur du Conservatoire, « les plus utiles propagateurs de la culture française » : par leurs déplacements, ces musiciens voyageurs assureraient la diffusion internationale de techniques musicales et de partis pris esthétiques français. Nous confrontons ce transfert culturel désiré à sa réalisation. La correspondance des institutions avec les pouvoirs publics souligne d’abord les enjeux que recouvre la venue de ces élèves en France. Les archives des écoles de musique, partiellement inédites, alimentent ensuite une base de données prosopographique identifiant les apprentis étrangers. La presse musicale et les récits de vie témoignent enfin de l’insertion de ces jeunes artistes dans la vie musicale parisienne et internationale, et permettent d’évaluer l’efficacité des mesures prises en faveur des élèves étrangers. / During the interwar years, foreign music students trained in Paris are expected from teachers and public authorities to become « the most useful propagators of French culture », according to director of Conservatoire, Henri Rabaud’s words : through moving abroad, those traveler musicians shall spread musical techniques and French aesthetical bias all over the world. We are confronting this cultural transfer to its fulfilment. First, the correspondence between institutions and public authorities emphasizes issues caused by these students coming to France. Then, the partly unpublished archives of music schools form a prosopographic data base identifying foreign young musicians. Musical press and life stories finally attest that these young artists are integrated in parisian as well as international musical life, and allow also to estimate the effect of measures in favour of foreign students.