Weed infestation was carried out in the vegetation of oilseed rape and winter wheat in the operating conditions. The aim was to observe a difference between between autumn and spring in the weed species composition in individual crops. Species Chenopodium strictum and Thlaspi arvense were identified in the vegetation of oilseed rape in autumn and species Capsella bursa-pastoris and Tripleurospermum inodorum during spring. Species Euphorbia cyparissias, Stelaria media and Rumex crispus were found in winter wheat during autumn. Results, which are not statistically significant, show that there is a relation between the density of winter crop vegetation and the weed species composition. Species Chenopodium strictum, Thlaspi arvense, Triticum aestivum and Tripleurospermum inodorum occurred in sparse population of oilseed rape. Species Lycopsis arvensis and Polygonum arenastrum were found in denser vegetation of oilseed rape. Species Avena fatua, Stelaria media and Thlaspi arvense were observed in sparse population of winter wheat and in denser species Geranium dissectum and Erodium cicutarium.

Invasive plants can alter pollination dynamics in invaded communities by disrupting patterns of pollinator visitation, pollen transfer dynamics (conspecific [CP] and heterospecific [HP]), and reproductive success. The direction of invasive effects (competitive, neutral, and facilitative) may be partially determined by spatial scale and species’ floral traits. Here, we investigated pollinator visitation, CP and HP receipt, and pollen tube growth for species in a C. arvense present community and non-present community at two scales. At the community-level, the effect of C. arvense on pollinator visitation varied among species. Floral symmetry seemed to explain this variation. At the floral neighborhood-level, we found competitive effects for pollinator visits and mixed effects on CP deposition. The overall structure of plant-plant HP deposition networks was slightly altered. We observed lower average centrality across shared species in the C. arvense present community suggesting C. arvense had subverted their roles as pollen donors.

En el sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, la diversificación en los sistemas productivos sumado a un ambiente impredecible, hacen que el escenario ambiental de producción agrícola-ganadera difiera año a año. El éxito de las malezas depende, en gran medida, de su adaptación a dichos cambios. Las mismas constan de diferentes estrategias, como ser el efecto materno: cambios fenotípicos transgeneracionales consecuentes de las condiciones ambientales imperantes durante el ciclo de vida de la planta madre, especialmente en el desarrollo seminal. Las variaciones morfo-fisiológicas que se generan en la descendencia, se expresan principalmente en los estadios iniciales contribuyendo al establecimiento de la plántula. Comprender los efectos ambientales sobre la ecología de las malezas es de gran utilidad para diseñar estrategias de manejo y control más efectivas. Buglossoides arvensis es una maleza anual facultativa de invierno de creciente expansión en el sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los objetivos generales del presente trabajo de tesis consistieron en: i) comprender las diferencias en el nivel de dormición de semillas de B. arvense provenientes de madres con ambientes contrastantes y dilucidar el control hormonal y ii) determinar cambios en las características morfo fisiológicas de las semillas y plántulas vinculadas a diferentes ambientes, a los fines de comprender mejor la estrategia de adaptación al medio. Con la finalidad de cumplir con dichos objetivos se realizaron experimentos que contaron con una fase inicial de generación de las plantas madres bajo condiciones contrastantes de niveles nitrogenados y/o hídricos en el suelo y un gradiente de intensidad lumínica. Los ensayos de la descendencia incluyeron i) evaluaciones en plancha de gradiente térmico con el fin de modelar la dormición y poder predecir su dinámica en función del ambiente experimentado por la planta madre, ii) ensayos en laboratorio con hormonas y sus inhibidores para entender variaciones en la dormición a nivel fisiológico y iii) cuantificación de la emergencia en cámaras de crecimiento y medición de atributos morfológicos de las plántulas resultantes a fin de correlacionarlos con ventajas adaptativas en los primeros estadios de vida. Una mayor fertilización nitrogenada, una menor disponibilidad hídrica y una baja intensidad lumínica generaron una descendencia con mayores porcentajes de emergencia e hipocótilos más largos. El menor nivel de dormición de las semillas provenientes de madres fertilizadas y de las sometidas a estrés hídrico se explica por una mayor temperatura media máxima permisiva de germinación. Las semillas provenientes de plantas fertilizadas mostraron similar sensibilidad al ácido abscísico y giberélico, principales hormonas reguladoras de la dormición, y similar comportamiento ante el agregado de los inhibidores de síntesis hormonal. Los resultados manifiestan la importancia de los efectos maternos en la adaptación al ambiente de B. arvensis. Una germinación temprana da ventajas competitivas en la toma de recursos ante los competidores. El conocimiento de los cambios en el nivel innato de dormición y en la emergencia de la maleza proporciona indicios para la predicción de la emergencia en cohortes permitiendo optimizar el momento de control. / In the southwest zone of Buenos Aires’ province, an unpredictable ambience plus the vast array of cultivation systems determines that the environmental situation for farming & livestock change year by year. The success of the weeds depends, to a great extent, on their adaptation to the mentioned changes. Weeds count with different strategies, such as the mother effect: transgenerational phenotypic changes consequent to the prevailing environmental conditions during the mother plant’s life cycle, particularly in the seminal development. The morpho-physiological variations generated in the offspring are expressed mainly in the initial stages contributing to the settlement of the seedling. Understanding the environmental effects on the ecology of the problematic weeds is of great help to design more effective management and control strategies. Buglossoides arvensis is an annual winter facultative weed species of growing expansion in the area of the study. The general objectives of this thesis consisted of: i) understanding of the differences in the dormancy level of B. arvensis due to the maternal environment and study of the hormonal control and ii) determination of the maternal influence on morpho-physiological characteristics of the offspring in seed and seedling state with the aim of better understanding the strategy of adaptation to the environment. In order to achieve such objectives experiments with an initial stage in which mother plants were obtained under contrasting conditions of nitrogen and water levels in the soil and with a light intensity gradient were performed. The offspring’s test included i) evaluations on thermic plate to model dormancy and to predict its dynamic according to the environment experienced by the mother plant, ii) laboratory experiments with hormone imbibition and inhibitors to understand dormancy variations at a physiological level and iii) emergence quantification in a growing chamber and measurement of the morphologic traits of the seedlings. More nitrogen fertilization, less hydric availability and a low light intensity increases emergence percentages and produced longer hypocotyls. The lower dormancy level of the seeds originated from fertilized and water stressed parent plants is explained by higher maximum of medium germination-permissive temperature. Seeds originated in fertilized plants showed similar sensitiveness to abscisic and gibberellic acids, which are the main hormones in regulating dormancy and similar behavior after the addition of the hormonal synthesis inhibitors. This results show the importance of maternal effects on the environmental adaptation of B. arvensis. Early germination provides superior competitive advantage in resources capture. Knowledge of innate dormancy levels, and hence plant emergence, contributes to prediction of the emergence cohorts, optimizing the moment for the weed control.

No description available.

La intensificació agrícola a escala de camp i de paisatge ha comportat la disminució de la riquesa de les comunitats vegetals i canvis en la composició florística. Per tal de revertir aquesta pèrdua de diversitat dels sistemes agrícoles i poder desenvolupar programes de gestió eficients, és important entendre l’efecte de la intensificació a ambdues escales sobre la diversitat vegetal i la manera com interactuen. En aquesta tesi s’ha abordat el paper de la intensificació agrícola a diferents escales espacials (paisatge i camp) sobre la diversitat vegetal dels conreus de cereals de secà de Catalunya en diferents posicions del camp (centre, vora i marge) que difereixen en la intensitat de la pertorbació i en la proximitat als hàbitats adjacents. Amb aquesta finalitat, s’ha mostrejat 29 camps de cereals d’hivern amb gestió ecològica i 29 amb gestió convencional situats en un gradient de complexitat del paisatge. A més, s’ha estudiat experimentalment l’efecte de les pràctiques agrícoles (control de la flora arvense i la fertilització) sobre la diversitat vegetal de les vores dels conreus. L’anàlisi de la diversitat vegetal s’ha realitzat des del punt de vista de l’estructura i la composició de les comunitats vegetals. L’estructura s’ha estimat a partir de la riquesa d’espècies de la vegetació aèria establerta i del banc de llavors del sòl, la biomassa aèria i el nombre de llavors del sòl. La composició s’ha avaluat a partir de les similituds florístiques entre els inventaris i les característiques morfològiques (formes biològiques i de creixement) i funcionals (pol•linització i disseminació pel vent) de les plantes. Els nostres resultats evidencien que la distribució de la vegetació, pel que fa a la riquesa d’espècies, la seva abundància i composició, està fortament influenciada per la posició dins del camp. A més, la complexitat del paisatge també afecta les comunitats vegetals, tot i que la seva influència disminueix a mesura que ens endinsem en el cultiu. També hem constatat que la gestió afecta de forma notòria la diversitat vegetal dels agrosistemes estudiats, però la seva importància es complementària a la del paisatge. Aquests patrons els atribuïm al diferent impacte de las pràctiques agrícoles i del paisatge a cada una de les posicions. La gestió s’intensifica des del marge cap al centre dels cultius, dificultant la viabilitat de moltes espècies, mentre que la importància dels hàbitats adjacents com a font de diàspores disminueix a mesura en endinsar-nos cap a l’interior del camp. Pel que fa a l’efecte de las pràctiques agrícoles sobre las comunitats vegetals dels cultius, hem constatat que els herbicides exerceixen un paper fonamental en el control de la flora arvense i que l’origen de la sembradura es també un determinant principal de la riquesa i abundància d’aquestes comunitats. A més, quan els nivells d’infestació d’arvenses són baixos, ni la grada de pues flexibles ni la fertilització no tenen un efecte significatiu sobre la flora arvense. Finalment ressaltar el paper positiu, tot i que moderat, de les rotacions complexes sobre el banc de llavors, ja que redueixen la densitat de llavors del sòl, i per tant futurs problemes d’infestacions de males herbes, sense afectar la riquesa de espècies. Com a conclusions principals podem destacar la necessitat de minimitzar la intensificació agrícola, tant a escala de camp com de paisatge, per preservar la biodiversitat dels agrosistemes. Tot i així, cal tenir en compte la necessitat de gestionar més adequadament la flora arvense per evitar futures infestacions i els problemes que en deriven. En aquest sentit, cal millorar les tècniques de neteja de llavors quan es reutilitza la pròpia collita i potenciar la rotació de cultius. / Agricultural intensification, at field and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in weed richness and changes in species composition. This study assessed the effects of agricultural intensification at different scales (landscape and field) on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields, to propose management practices that help mitigating the loss of biodiversity in such agroecosystems. To this end, 29 organic and 29 conventional fields distributed along a gradient of landscape complexity were surveyed. We focused on plant assemblages at three contrasted field positions (centre, edge and boundary), analysing species richness, floristic similarities and the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species). Seedbank size and species richness at the edges and centres were also assessed. Moreover, we experimentally evaluated the effects of weed control practices and fertilisation on weed flora and on crops at crop edges. Our results show that plant distribution is strongly affected by field position. Moreover, plant communities also respond to landscape complexity and field management, although their importance in different positions changes: landscape effect decreases while entering in the field and management plays a complementary role. These patterns respond to the limited dispersal range of seeds from nearby areas and increasing management intensity from the boundary to the centre of the fields. With regards to the effects of specific management practices on weed flora, our results highlight that the main factor shaping weed communities are herbicides, and that seed origin also strongly affects weed richness and abundance, whereas under low weed levels fertilisation and weed harrowing have little effect on diversity. Moreover, complex rotations are a good tool for seedbank management, because they do not affect species richness while they reduce seed abundance. Our study indicates that if we want to preserve agricultural biodiversity it is equally important to prevent agricultural intensification at landscape and field scale. Besides, more accurate weed management is needed to avoid weed infestations, e.g. improving seed cleaning procedures and performing complex rotations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_jr_me_sjc.pdf: 1011850 bytes, checksum: 0914206b09a47699d72d4dc7cfb6450f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e citotoxicidade dos extratos vegetais de Equisetum arvense L. (cavalinha), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (alcaçuz), Punica granatum L. (romã) e Stryphnodendron barbatimam Mart. (barbatimão). A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais foi analisada em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata e Candida tropicalis, sendo uma ATCC e nove clínicas, através do teste de microdiluição em caldo, contudo para se determinar a Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos foram feitas semeaduras do conteúdo dos poços das placas de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade das CMM dos extratos naturais foi verificada pelo método colorimétrico MTT e pela quantificação da produção de citocinas IL-1β e TNF-α pelo teste ELISA, para tanto, foram utilizadas culturas celulares de macrófagos de camundongos (RAW 264.7). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA complementado por Tukey, com significância de 5%. Para o extrato de cavalinha, romã e barbatimão foi determinada como CMM efetiva para todas as cepas a concentração de 50 mg/mL e para o extrato de alcaçuz 100 mg/mL. Quanto à citotoxicidade destas concentrações, pelo método MTT, foi observada redução significativa da viabilidade celular (p≤0,05), em relação ao grupo controle, para 48% no grupo tratado com cavalinha, 79% para alcaçuz, 76% para romã e 86% para barbatimão. Em relação à quantificação de IL-1β, os grupos tratados com extratos de alcaçuz e cavalinha exibiram semelhanças ao grupo controle (p≥0,05) com produção de 1,99 e 1,32 pg/mL respectivamente, contudo o grupo tratado com extrato de barbatimão produziu 3,98 pg/mL (p<0,05) e o grupo que recebeu tratamento com extrato de romã a produção foi de 7,72 pg/mL (p<0,01), diferindo... / The objective of this study was to verify the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Equisetum arvense L. (horsetail), Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice), Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) and Stryphnodendron barbatimam Mart. (barbatimam) glycolic extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was analyzed in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis strains, being one ATCC and nine clinics through the method of microdilution in broth according to NCCLS. It was realized sowing of the contents from the well of microdilution plate, after incubation, for determination of MMC of the natural extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated for MTT assay, having as an experimental model cultivation of mice macrophages (RAW 264.7), and through the ELISA test, for cytokyne quantification IL-1β and TNF-α produced by the cellular cultivation after a period of 24 hours exposed to the extracts MMC. The results were subordinated to statistical analisys (ANOVA and Turkey test), with p≤0,05. Related to the antimicrobial activity, the natural extracts of horsetail, pomegranate and barbatimam eliminated all the strains to the concentration of 50 mg/mL and the natural extract of licorice promoted the eliimination of 100 mg/mL. Regarding to the cellular viability of the active MMC for the 100% of strains, it was observed meaningful reduction (p<0,01) in all the natural extracts compared to the control group, and, as a result, horsetail exhibited an average of 48%; licorice, 79%; pomegranate, 76%; e barbatimam, 86%. As the production of cytokyne the pomegranate extract presented production of IL-1β (7,72 pg/mL) significantly superior to the other groups, including the control (p<0,05). The barbatimam extract exhibited an intermediate average value of IL-1β (3,98 pg/mL), being statistically... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Medicinal plants have been used in popular medicine for centuries, a practice that has been practiced between generations. They are rich in active substances, which can lead to the discovery of a new herbal remedy and even the discovery of a new drug. The Equisetum arvense, popularly known as horsetail and present in RENISUS is a plant rich in silicon and also consisting of polyphenols and tannins, being used in therapy as diuretic, but also has a healing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action. Considering the current panorama of microbial resistance, studies that are proposed to evaluate antimicrobial activity, as well as cytotoxic, are of great relevance. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial activity and the cytotoxicity of the extract and fractions of E. arvense. The gross extract was obtained by maceration of the horsetail in ethanol, while the fractions were by maceration of the horsetail in solvents of different polarities (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol), and then concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The phenolic profile was composed by the phenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids and identification of phenolic substances by HPLC with UV-DAD detector; the antioxidant activity was verified by DPPH; the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was verified by the disc diffusion method using ATCC strains of S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa; and, cytotoxicity was performed on J774 lineage macrophages and determined by the Elisa assay at 530 nm using MTT as the cell death indicator. The results obtained showed the presence of phenolic compounds in the horsetail, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, resulting in a good content of phenols and flavonoids in its extract and fractions and also in a high antioxidant activity, being this greater than 90% for the ethyl acetatel fraction. In relation to the antimicrobial activity, the ethyl acetate fraction was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, while the chloroform fraction was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli as well, being this concentration dependent inhibition of the fraction. As for cytotoxicity, the hexane and methanol fractions of the plant presented LC50 of 67,66 and 74,33 μg/mL, respectively, these fractions being the most cytotoxic for J774 lineage macrophages, whereas gross ethanolic extract and fractions chloroform and ethyl acetate showed LC50 greater than 100 μg/mL. Therefore, the ethyl acetate fraction was highlighted, being the fraction with higher content of phenols and flavonoids, resulting in a high antioxidant activity, besides being able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa when used in concentration of 500 mg / mL, and did not present significant cytotoxicity, without significantly damaging the cells. It is emphasized, then, that the horsetail has bioactivity with pharmacological function depending on its concentration, however it is a plant and due to the great diversity of its constituents may also exhibit certain toxicity. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As plantas medicinais são, há séculos, usadas na medicina popular, prática essa passada entre gerações. São ricas em substâncias ativas, que podem levar a descoberta de um novo fitoterápico e até mesmo a descoberta de um novo fármaco. A Equisetum arvense, conhecida popularmente por cavalinha e presente na RENISUS, é uma planta rica em silício e constituída também por taninos e polifenóis, sendo utilizada na terapêutica como diurética, porém também tem ação cicatrizante, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e antimicrobiana. Considerando o atual panorama da resistência microbiana, estudos que se propõem a avaliar atividade antimicrobiana, como também citotóxica, são de grande relevância. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o perfil fitoquímico, a atividade antimicrobiana e a citotoxicidade do extrato e frações de E. arvense. O extrato bruto foi obtido através da maceração da cavalinha em etanol, enquanto que as frações foram por meio da maceração da cavalinha em solventes de diferentes polaridades (hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol), e em seguida concentrados em evaporador rotatório. O perfil fenólico foi composto pelo teor de fenóis por Folin-Ciocalteu, flavonóides totais e identificação de substâncias fenólicas por CLAE com detector UV-DAD; a atividade antioxidante foi verificada por DPPH; a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi verificada pelo método de difusão em disco, usando cepas ATCC de S. aureus, E. coli e P. aeruginosa; e, a citotoxicidade foi realizada em cultura de macrófagos de linhagem J774 e determinada pelo ensaio de Elisa a 530 nm, usando como indicador de morte celular o MTT. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a presença de compostos fenólicos na cavalinha, como ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides, resultando em um bom teor de fenóis e flavonóides em seu extrato e frações e também em uma alta atividade antioxidante, sendo esta maior que 90% para a fração acetato de etila. Em relação a atividade antimicrobiana, a fração de acetato de etila foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, enquanto que a fração clorofórmica foi capaz de inibir também o crescimento de E. coli, sendo esta inibição dependente da concentração da fração. Quanto a citotoxicidade, as frações de hexano e metanol da planta apresentou CL50 de 67,66 e 74,33 μg/mL, respectivamente, sendo estas frações as mais citotóxicas para os macrófagos de linhagem J774, enquanto que o extrato bruto etanólico e as frações clorofórmica e de acetato de etila apresentaram CL50 maior que 100 μg/mL. Logo, a fração acetato de etila se destacou, por ser a fração com maior teor de fenóis e flavonóides, resultando em uma alta atividade antioxidante, além de conseguir inibir o crescimento de S. aureus e P. aeruginosa quando utilizado em concentração de 500 mg/mL, e não apresentar citotoxicidade significativa, não lesando significantemente as células. Ressalta-se, então, que a cavalinha possui bioatividade com função farmacológica a depender de sua concentração, entretanto é uma planta e devido a grande diversidade de seus constituintes também pode exibir certa toxicidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_av_dr_botfca.pdf: 1549773 bytes, checksum: 84b4a67f035a5e2a2ded161bbf59589c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Outra / O bioma Cerrado e uma das regioes mais ricas do Brasil no tocante a diversidade de plantas medicinais, sendo atualmente, considerado uma area ghotspots h devido o alto grau de endemismo das especies e a velocidade de degradacao que vem sofrendo. Anemopaegma arvense, Mandevilla illustris e Mandevilla velutina, sao plantas medicinais endemicas do cerrado, muito utilizadas na medicina popular devido suas propriedades terapeuticas. A coleta indiscriminada realizada pela populacao, como tambem por laboratorios farmaceuticos para a fabricacao de medicamentos, tem colocado essas especies em risco de extincao. Ferramentas biotecnologicas como a tecnica da micropropagacao e biologia molecular para analise do DNA, tem sido amplamente usadas para a producao, conservacao e analise da diversidade genetica de especies nativas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a variabilidade genetica em diferentes populacoes de M. velutina por meio do marcador molecular RAPD e estabelecer a conservacao em bancos de germoplasma in vitro; desenvolver protocolos eficientes de enraizamento in vitro para A. arvense, M. illustris e M. velutina; verificar a ocorrencia e identificar especies de micorrizas, avaliando a colonizacao em raizes de plantas de diferentes populacoes e variedades de A. arvense. Para os estudos de enraizamento in vitro, as brotacoes foram submetidas a acao de diferentes substancias que apresentam efeito sobre a formacao de raizes adventicias, sob variadas condicoes. Para a analise da diversidade genetica, utilizou-se a tecnica de Polimosfirmo de DNA Amplificado ao Acaso (RAPD) e para os estudos micorrizicos, realizou-se a avaliacao da infeccao micorrizica nas raizes e a identificacao de especies de fungos micorrizicos extraidos do solo. As especies comportaram-se de maneira diferente quanto a inducao de raizes adventicias in vitro, mostrando a influencia direta do genotipo no processo de enraizamento. Para as especies M. illustris / The Bioma Cerrado is one of the richest regions in Brazil due to the variety of native medicinal plants, and nowadays it is considered a hotspot area because of the high degree of endemism of the species and the speed of degradation that it has been submitted. Anemopaegma arvense, Mandevilla illustris and Mandevilla velutina, are medicinal plants endemic of Cerrado very used in the popular medicine due to their therapeutic properties. The indiscriminate collection accomplished by the population, as well by pharmaceutical laboratories for the formulation of medicines, has put those species in risk of extinction. Biotechnological tools as the technique of micropropagation and molecular biology for the analysis of the DNA, have been widely used for the production, conservation and analysis of the genetic diversity of native species. In this context, the current work was investigate the genetic variability in different populations of M. velutina by means of molecular marker RAPD and to establish a protocol for in vitro conservation in germplasm bank; to develop efficient protocol of in vitro rooting for A. arvense, M. illustris and M. velutina; to verify the occurrence and to identify species of mycorrhiza, colonizing plant roots of different populations and varieties of A. arvense. For the studies of in vitro rooting, the plantlets were exposed to the action of different exogenous substances that a effect the formation of adventious roots, under several conditions. For the analysis of genetic diversity, it was used the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA at (RAPD) and for the studies on influence of mycorrhizal infection on root development and identification of species of fungi present in the soil. The species behaved in a different ways of induction of adventious roots in vitro. For the species M. illustris and A. arvense, 73,3% e 50% of plantlets rooted after fifteen days in treatment with 1 and 2 mg.L-1 of NAA, respectively. For M.

Orientador: Ana Maria Soares Pereira / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Fernando Broetto / Banca: José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto / Banca: Suzelei de Castro França / Resumo: O bioma Cerrado e uma das regioes mais ricas do Brasil no tocante a diversidade de plantas medicinais, sendo atualmente, considerado uma area ghotspotsh devido o alto grau de endemismo das especies e a velocidade de degradacao que vem sofrendo. Anemopaegma arvense, Mandevilla illustris e Mandevilla velutina, sao plantas medicinais endemicas do cerrado, muito utilizadas na medicina popular devido suas propriedades terapeuticas. A coleta indiscriminada realizada pela populacao, como tambem por laboratorios farmaceuticos para a fabricacao de medicamentos, tem colocado essas especies em risco de extincao. Ferramentas biotecnologicas como a tecnica da micropropagacao e biologia molecular para analise do DNA, tem sido amplamente usadas para a producao, conservacao e analise da diversidade genetica de especies nativas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a variabilidade genetica em diferentes populacoes de M. velutina por meio do marcador molecular RAPD e estabelecer a conservacao em bancos de germoplasma in vitro; desenvolver protocolos eficientes de enraizamento in vitro para A. arvense, M. illustris e M. velutina; verificar a ocorrencia e identificar especies de micorrizas, avaliando a colonizacao em raizes de plantas de diferentes populacoes e variedades de A. arvense. Para os estudos de enraizamento in vitro, as brotacoes foram submetidas a acao de diferentes substancias que apresentam efeito sobre a formacao de raizes adventicias, sob variadas condicoes. Para a analise da diversidade genetica, utilizou-se a tecnica de Polimosfirmo de DNA Amplificado ao Acaso (RAPD) e para os estudos micorrizicos, realizou-se a avaliacao da infeccao micorrizica nas raizes e a identificacao de especies de fungos micorrizicos extraidos do solo. As especies comportaram-se de maneira diferente quanto a inducao de raizes adventicias in vitro, mostrando a influencia direta do genotipo no processo de enraizamento. Para as especies M. illustris / Abstract: The Bioma Cerrado is one of the richest regions in Brazil due to the variety of native medicinal plants, and nowadays it is considered a hotspot area because of the high degree of endemism of the species and the speed of degradation that it has been submitted. Anemopaegma arvense, Mandevilla illustris and Mandevilla velutina, are medicinal plants endemic of Cerrado very used in the popular medicine due to their therapeutic properties. The indiscriminate collection accomplished by the population, as well by pharmaceutical laboratories for the formulation of medicines, has put those species in risk of extinction. Biotechnological tools as the technique of micropropagation and molecular biology for the analysis of the DNA, have been widely used for the production, conservation and analysis of the genetic diversity of native species. In this context, the current work was investigate the genetic variability in different populations of M. velutina by means of molecular marker RAPD and to establish a protocol for in vitro conservation in germplasm bank; to develop efficient protocol of in vitro rooting for A. arvense, M. illustris and M. velutina; to verify the occurrence and to identify species of mycorrhiza, colonizing plant roots of different populations and varieties of A. arvense. For the studies of in vitro rooting, the plantlets were exposed to the action of different exogenous substances that a effect the formation of adventious roots, under several conditions. For the analysis of genetic diversity, it was used the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA at (RAPD) and for the studies on influence of mycorrhizal infection on root development and identification of species of fungi present in the soil. The species behaved in a different ways of induction of adventious roots in vitro. For the species M. illustris and A. arvense, 73,3% e 50% of plantlets rooted after fifteen days in treatment with 1 and 2 mg.L-1 of NAA, respectively. For M. / Doutor

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