Contemporary theories on frequency processing have been developed in different sub-disciplines of psychology and have shown remarkable discrepancies. Thus, in judgment and decision making, frequency estimates on serially encoded events are mostly traced back to the availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973). Evidence for the use of this heuristic comes from several popular demonstrations of biased frequency estimates. In the area of decision making, these demonstrations led to the conclusion that frequency judgments were generally error-prone. On the other hand, in memory literature detailed computational memory models are used to explain frequency estimates. Although these models to some degree differ evidently in their specific representational assumptions, they all arrive at the basic prediction that frequency estimates should usually be quite accurate but regressed. This prediction was confirmed in numerous studies. However, up to now there have been no systematic efforts in memory literature to identify factors that cause biases in frequency judgments and to explain the demonstrations of erroneous estimates in the area of decision making. The two studies presented in this thesis pursue the questions whether memory models are able to explain errors in frequency judgments and to generate new predictions about biasing factors. In the focus of the first series of experiments is the "famous-names effect": If participants are presented with a list of names of female and male persons, then the frequency of that sex is overestimated that was represented with more famous names on the list. As more famous names are additionally recalled better, this effect was usually explained with the availability heuristic. An alternative account was suggested within the framework of the associationist-model PASS (Sedlmeier, 1999) and the multiple-trace model MINERVA-DM (Dougherty et al., 1999). According to this, the effect is primarily caused by the different pre-experimental frequencies of famous and non-famous names. If this is correct, the famous-names effect should generalize to any stimulus material. This hypothesis was tested in four experiments. The predictions of the memory models were compared with the predictions of a recall-estimate version of the availability heuristic (e.g. Watkins & LeCompte, 1991). Contrary to the predictions of all tested approaches, the participants were mostly able to judge the frequencies of the presented categories approximately correctly. The results indicate furthermore that systematic biases only occurred if the participants based their judgments at least partially on the recall-estimate strategy. However, as the participants only did this in exceptional cases the entire result pattern is explained best within a multiple strategy perspective (Brown, 2002). A re-analysis of the data from all four experiments suggests that the size of the sample of retrieved exemplars is the crucial factor for the (additional) use of the recall-estimate strategy. In the second study new predictions about the influence of associations on frequency estimates are derived from the PASS-model and tested. In two experiments words that were either strongly or weakly associated with each other were presented to the participants. Predictions of the PASS model for the frequency estimates about this stimulus material were gained by means of simulations. In a first step PASS acquired associations between the stimulus words from a large text corpus. Subsequently, the model encoded the experimental study lists. PASS expects higher frequency judgments for associated than for non-associated words. The size of this effect should be independent of the actual presentation frequencies of the words. Finally, the model expects that the frequencies of associated words are discriminated slightly worse than the frequencies of non-associated words. These predictions were largely confirmed in both experiments. The decision times required by the participants to generate their estimates indicate here that they did not base their judgments on the recall-estimate strategy. The results thus strengthen the assumption that the encoding and representation of frequency information are based on associative learning. / Aktuelle Theorien zur Häufigkeitsverarbeitung wurden in unterschiedlichen Teilgebieten der Psychologie entwickelt und weisen erstaunliche Diskrepanzen auf. So werden Häufigkeitsschätzungen über seriell enkodierte Ereignisse in der Urteils- und Entscheidungsforschung zumeist auf die Verfügbarkeitsheuristik (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973) zurückgeführt. Evidenz für die Verwendung dieser Heuristik stammt aus einigen populären Demonstrationen fehlerhafter Häufigkeitsschätzungen. Diese Demonstrationen führten in der Entscheidungsforschung zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass Häufigkeitsurteile generell fehleranfällig seien. Demgegenüber wurden in der Gedächtnispsychologie detaillierte, computerimplementierte Gedächtnismodelle benutzt, um Häufigkeitsschätzungen zu erklären. Obwohl sich diese Modelle in ihren spezifischen Repräsentationsannahmen zum Teil deutlich unterscheiden, kommen sie alle zu der grundlegenden Vorhersage, dass Häufigkeitsschätzungen in der Regel recht genau, aber regrediert sein sollten. Diese Vorhersage wurde in zahlreichen Untersuchungen bestätigt. In der gedächtnispsychologischen Forschung hat es jedoch bisher kein systematisches Bemühen gegeben, Faktoren, die zu Verzerrungen in Häufigkeitsschätzungen führen, zu identifizieren und die Demonstrationen fehlerhafter Schätzungen aus der Entscheidungsforschung zu erklären. Die zwei in der vorliegenden Arbeit präsentierten Studien verfolgen die Fragestellung, inwieweit Gedächtnismodelle in der Lage sind, Fehler in Häufigkeitsurteilen zu erklären und neue Vorhersagen über verzerrende Faktoren zu generieren. Im Mittelpunkt der ersten Serie von Experimenten steht dabei der "Famous-Names Effekt": Nach der Präsentation einer Liste mit Namen weiblicher und männlicher Personen wird die Häufigkeit desjenigen Geschlechts überschätzt, das mit berühmteren Namen auf der Liste vertreten war. Da berühmtere Namen zudem besser erinnert werden, wurde dieser Effekt gewöhnlich auf die Verfügbarkeitsheuristik zurückgeführt. Eine Alternativerklärung wurde sowohl im Rahmen des assoziationistischen PASS-Modells (Sedlmeier, 1999) als auch innerhalb des Exemplarmodells MINERVA-DM (Dougherty et al., 1999) vorgeschlagen. Demnach wird der Effekt primär durch die unterschiedliche prä-experimentelle Häufigkeit berühmter und nicht-berühmter Namen verursacht. Ist diese Annahme korrekt, so sollte der Famous-Names Effekt auch auf anderes Stimulusmaterial generalisieren. Diese Hypothese wurde in vier Experimenten überprüft. Dabei wurden die Vorhersagen der Gedächtnismodelle mit den Vorhersagen einer "Recall-Estimate" Version der Verfügbarkeitsheuristik (z. B. Watkins & LeCompte, 1991) verglichen. Entgegen den Vorhersagen aller getesteten Ansätze waren die Teilnehmer in der Regel in der Lage, die Häufigkeit der verwendeten Kategorien recht gut einzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen zudem dafür, dass systematische Fehler in den Häufigkeitsurteilen nur dann auftraten, wenn sich die Teilnehmer bei der Generierung ihrer Schätzungen zumindest teilweise auf die Recall-Estimate Strategie stützten. Da die Teilnehmer dies jedoch nur in Ausnahmefällen taten, kann das gesamte Ergebnismuster am besten innerhalb einer "Multiple Strategy Perspective" (Brown, 2002) erklärt werden. Eine Reanalyse der Daten aus allen vier Experimenten legt dabei die Schlussfolgerung nahe, dass die Stichprobengröße erinnerter Exemplare ausschlaggebend für die (zusätzliche) Verwendung der Recall-Estimate Strategie ist. In der zweiten Studie werden neuartige Vorhersagen über den Einfluss von Assoziationen auf Häufigkeitsschätzungen aus dem PASS-Modell abgeleitet und getestet. In zwei Experimenten wurden den Teilnehmern Wörter präsentiert, die untereinander entweder stark oder schwach assoziiert waren. Die Vorhersagen des PASS-Modells über die Häufigkeitsschätzungen zu diesem Stimulusmaterial wurden mit Hilfe von Simulationen gewonnen. In einem ersten Simulationsschritt erwarb PASS aus großen Textkorpora Assoziationen zwischen den Stimuluswörtern. Anschließend enkodierte das Modell die experimentellen Stimuluslisten. PASS erwartet, dass assoziierte Wörter höhere Schätzungen erhalten als nicht-assoziierte Wörter. Die Größe dieses Effekts sollte von der Präsentationshäufigkeit der Wörter unabhängig sein. Schließlich erwartet das Modell, dass die Häufigkeit assoziierter Wörter geringfügig schlechter diskriminiert wird als die Häufigkeit nicht-assoziierter Wörter. Diese Vorhersagen wurden in beiden Experimenten weitgehend bestätigt. Die Verwendung einer Recall-Estimate Strategie konnte dabei mit Hilfe von Reaktionszeitmessungen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Ergebnisse stützen damit die Annahme, dass die Enkodierung und Repräsentation von Häufigkeitsinformation auf assoziativem Lernen basiert.

Este trabajo de suficiencia profesional, busca sustentar dos expedientes pertenecientes a las dos principales ramas del derecho. Por un lado, un expediente de derecho público, correspondiente a una controversia de protección al consumidor y, por otro lado, un expediente derecho privado, que busca determinar la naturaleza de un acto jurídico celebrado en el marco del derecho civil. El primero de los expedientes, se trata de la controversia iniciada por la señora Denise Marissa Buckley Soto contra Lan Perú S.A. por la presunta infracción al deber de idoneidad del servicio, el cual habría sido afectado debido al retraso en el vuelo LA 2706 en la ruta Lima-Madrid. El segundo caso bajo análisis, es la controversia entre José Luna García y su cónyuge, y la empresa Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, sobre de la naturaleza del acto jurídico que celebraron de forma verbal durante el primer trimestre el año 1997. La posición de los señores Luna es que el acto jurídico celebrado fue un contrato de compraventa del Inmueble, mientras que la empresa Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, considera que se celebró un contrato de naturaleza asociativa, en el que los señores José Luna y su cónyuge, participaron en una asociación para el desarrollo de un proyecto inmobiliario. / This work of professional sufficiency seeks to support two files belonging to the two main branches of law. On one hand, a public law file, that corresponds to a consumer protection dispute and, on the other hand, a private law file, which seeks to determine the nature of a legal act executed within the framework of civil law. The first of the files is the controversy initiated by Mrs. Denise Marissa Buckley Soto against Lan Perú S.A. for the alleged violation of the duty of suitability of the service, which would have been affected due to the delay in flight LA 2706 on the Lima-Madrid route. The second case under analysis is the controversy between José Luna García and his spouse, and the company Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, about the nature of the legal act that they celebrated verbally during the first quarter of 1997. The position of Mr. Luna is that the legal act was a contract for the sale of the property, while the company Organización Peruana de Exportaciones Industriales S.A. – OPIESA, considers that an agreement of an associative nature was executed, in which Mr. José Luna and his spouse participated in an association for the development of a real estate project. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

This masters thesis has a few objectives. One of them is to acquaint with the problems of genome engineering, especially with fragmentation of DNA, the macromolecule DNA, the methods for purification and separation of the nucleic acids, the enzymes used for modification of these acids, amplification and get to know with cluster and gradient analysis as well. The next aim is to peruse the existed application and compare it to the layout of the proposed application, that is the third aim. The last one from the objectives is the implementation and the report how was the application tested by the real data. The results will be discussed as well as the possibilities of the further extension.

Automated solid modeling, integrated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and optimization of a 3D jet turbine engine has never been accomplished. This is due mainly to the computational power required, and the lack of associative parametric modeling tools and techniques necessary to adjust and optimize the design. As an example, the fluid domain of a simple household fan with three blades may contain 500,000 elements per blade passage. Therefore, a complete turbine engine that includes many stages, with sets of thirty or more blades each, will have hundreds of millions of elements. The fluid domains associated with each blade creates a nearly incomprehensible challenge. One method of organizing and passing geometric and non-geometric data is through the utilization of knowledge based engineering (KBE). The focus of this thesis will be the development of a set of techniques utilizing KBE principles to analyze an assembly which includes multiple fluid domains. This comprehensive system will be referred to as the Parametric Optimization Design System (PODS).

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению оценочного содержания нового для русского языкового сознания концепта «бодипозитив». Работа содержит обобщение социологических, психологических и лингвистических исследований бодипозитива. Описана оценочная интерпретация феномена бодипозитива на основе метаязыковых комментариев, дефиниционных предложений и предложений другого типа. В газетных и журнальных контекстах со словом бодипозитив доминирует негативная оценка. На основе результатов анкетирования студентов УрФУ выявлено психологически реальное значение слова бодипозитив, составлено ассоциативное и паремиологическое поле концепта, отражающие противоречивое отношение к данному явлению. / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the evaluative content of the concept " body positivity", which is new for the Russian language consciousness. The work contains a generalization of sociological, psychological and linguistic studies of body positivity. An evaluative interpretation of the body positivity phenomenon based on metalanguage comments, definitional sentences and other types of sentences is described. In newspaper and magazine contexts, the word «body positivity» is dominated by a negative assessment. Based on the results of a survey of UrFU students, the psychologically real meaning of the word «body positivity» was revealed, an associative and paremiological field of the concept was compiled, reflecting a contradictory attitude to this phenomenon.

[ES] En Ecuador, los emprendimientos productivos asociativos vinculados a la economía social y solidaria han aumentado en número en los últimos años, mostrando una importante oportunidad laboral para pequeños productores y personas excluidas del mercado de trabajo formal. Este tipo de iniciativas de la economía social tradicional, como cooperativas y asociaciones, surgen principalmente como respuesta a la falta de trabajo y actúan en el mercado con una débil capacidad de gestión empresarial, lo que pone en riesgo su sostenibilidad organizacional, generando además una divergencia de criterios de desempeño organizacional bajo dimensiones sociales y empresariales que son debatidas en la literatura existente. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una metodología de gestión para empresas asociativas de economía social y solidaria, bajo una técnica de decisión multicriterio que priorice y sistematice criterios sociales y empresariales para promover la sostenibilidad organizativa de estas iniciativas. La revisión bibliográfica reveló la importancia del paradigma de la gestión estratégica participativa, los sistemas de medición del desempeño y las técnicas de decisión multicriterio en la gestión empresarial, lo cual, sumados a los factores de éxito en emprendimientos asociativos de economía social publicados en importantes investigaciones, brindaron suficiente sustento teórico para el diseño de la propuesta metodológica. La propuesta se diseñó a partir de la combinación de la metodología de gestión Balanced Scorecard (BSC), que proporciona una estructura sistémica hacia el logro de la visión organizacional, y la técnica de decisión multicriterio Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), permitió definir y priorizar indicadores de gestión según factores de éxito, bajo análisis de contenido y criterio experto. Los resultados muestran el valor representativo de la perspectiva social y de aprendizaje en la gestión de emprendimientos asociativos, donde los indicadores de gestión de integración laboral, liderazgo participativo y capacitación técnica se presentan como los principales impulsores para mejorar la situación productiva, comercial y financiera, que sistémicamente lograron mejorar las condiciones de sostenibilidad organizacional. La aplicación y validación de la propuesta metodológica ratifica la factibilidad de integrar criterios sociales y empresariales en la gestión de emprendimientos sociales, donde se prioriza la perspectiva social y de aprendizaje para incidir en la eficiencia productiva, la expansión comercial y la disponibilidad de recursos financieros, generando valor económico y social que impulsa la sostenibilidad organizacional de estos emprendimientos. En conclusión, se puede señalar que la priorización e integración de indicadores de gestión empresarial y social bajo criterios sociales y empresariales impulsaría la sostenibilidad organizativa de los emprendimientos asociativos, donde la perspectiva social sería el principio y fin de este tipo de empresas, ya que estas iniciativas surgen y se sostienen principalmente por el valor social que pueden aportar a sus asociados, que es el de generar trabajo digno e inclusivo. La novedosa y útil combinación metodológica BSC-AHP con criterios sociales y empresariales, que revela el estudio, brinda la oportunidad de diseñar nuevos modelos y metodologías de gestión para proyectos o emprendimientos sostenibles, donde la importancia que el estudio otorga a la perspectiva social abre la oportunidad de generar nuevos estudios sobre gestión social en emprendimientos o proyectos sostenibles, y también invita a definir indicadores de sostenibilidad organizacional en diferentes sectores económicos. / [CA] A l'Equador, les emprenedories productives associatives vinculats a l'economia social i solidària han augmentat en número en els últims anys, mostrant una important oportunitat laboral per a xicotets productors i persones excloses del mercat de treball formal. Aquest tipus d'iniciatives de l'economia social tradicional, com a cooperatives i associacions, sorgeixen principalment com a resposta a la falta de treball i actuen en el mercat amb una feble capacitat de gestió empresarial, la qual cosa posa en risc la seua sostenibilitat organitzacional, generant a més una divergència de criteris d'acompliment organitzacional sota dimensions socials i empresarials que són debatudes en la literatura existent. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és desenvolupar una metodologia de gestió per a empreses associatives d'economia social i solidària, sota una tècnica de decisió multicriteri que prioritze i sistematitze criteris socials i empresarials per a promoure la sostenibilitat organitzativa d'aquestes iniciatives. La revisió bibliogràfica va revelar la importància del paradigma de la gestió estratègica participativa, els sistemes de mesurament de l'acompliment i les tècniques de decisió multicriteri en la gestió empresarial, la qual cosa, sumats als factors d'èxit en emprenedories associatives d'economia social publicats en importants investigacions, van brindar suficient manteniment teòric per al disseny de la proposta metodològica. La proposta es va dissenyar a partir de la combinació de la metodologia de gestió *Balanced *Scorecard (*BSC), que proporciona una estructura sistèmica cap a l'assoliment de la visió organitzacional, i la tècnica de decisió multicriteri *Analytic *Hierarchy *Process (*AHP), va permetre definir i prioritzar indicadors de gestió segons factors d'èxit, sota anàlisi de contingut i criteri expert. Els resultats mostren el valor representatiu de la perspectiva social i d'aprenentatge en la gestió d'emprenedories associatives, on els indicadors de gestió d'integració laboral, lideratge participatiu i capacitació tècnica es presenten com els principals impulsors per a millorar la situació productiva, comercial i financera, que sistèmicament van aconseguir millorar les condicions de sostenibilitat organitzacional. L'aplicació i validació de la proposta metodològica ratifica la factibilitat d'integrar criteris socials i empresarials en la gestió d'emprenedories socials, on es prioritza la perspectiva social i d'aprenentatge per a incidir en l'eficiència productiva, l'expansió comercial i la disponibilitat de recursos financers, generant valor econòmic i social que impulsa la sostenibilitat organitzacional d'aquestes emprenedories. En conclusió, es pot assenyalar que la priorització i integració d'indicadors de gestió empresarial i social sota criteris socials i empresarials impulsaria la sostenibilitat organitzativa de les emprenedories associatives, on la perspectiva social seria el principi i fi d'aquest tipus d'empreses, ja que aquestes iniciatives sorgeixen i se sostenen principalment pel valor social que poden aportar als seus associats, que és el de generar treball digne i inclusiu. La nova i útil combinació metodològica *BSC-*AHP amb criteris socials i empresarials, que revela l'estudi, brinda l'oportunitat de dissenyar nous models i metodologies de gestió per a projectes o emprenedories sostenibles, on la importància que l'estudi atorga a la perspectiva social obri l'oportunitat de generar nous estudis sobre gestió social en emprenedories o projectes sostenibles, i també convida a definir indicadors de sostenibilitat organitzacional en diferents sectors econòmics. / [EN] In Ecuador, associative productive enterprises linked to the social and solidarity economy have increased in number in recent years, showing an important labour opportunity for small producers and people excluded from the formal labour market. Initiatives of this kind in the traditional social economy, such as cooperatives and associations, arise mainly as a response to the lack of work and act in the market with a weak business management capacity, which puts their organisational sustainability at risk, also generating a divergence of organisational performance criteria under social and business dimensions that are debated in the existing literature. The aim of this thesis is to develop a management methodology for associative enterprises of social and solidarity economy, under a multi-criteria decision technique that prioritises and systematises social and business criteria to promote the organisational sustainability of these enterprises. The bibliographic review revealed the importance of the paradigm of participatory strategic management, performance measurement systems and multi-criteria decision techniques in business management, which, added to the success factors in associative ventures in social economy published in important research, provided sufficient theoretical support for the design of the methodological proposal. The proposal was designed from the combination of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) management methodology, which provides a systemic structure towards the achievement of the organisational vision, and the multi-criteria decision technique, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which allowed management indicators to be defined and prioritised according to success factors, under content analysis and expert criteria. The results show the representative value of the social and learning perspective in the management of associative enterprises, where management indicators of labour integration, participative leadership and technical training are presented as the main drivers to improve the productive, commercial and financial situation, which systemically managed improve the conditions of organisational sustainability. The application and validation of the methodological proposal ratifies the feasibility of integrating social and business criteria in the management of social ventures, where the social and learning perspective is prioritised to influence productive efficiency, commercial expansion and availability of financial resources, generating economic and social value that drives the organisational sustainability of these enterprises. In conclusion, it can be noted that the prioritization and integration of business and social management indicators under social and business criteria would boost the organizational sustainability of associative ventures, where the social perspective would be the beginning and end of this type of enterprises, since these initiatives arise and are sustained mainly by the social value they can provide to their associates, which is mainly to generate decent and inclusive work. The novel and useful BSC-AHP methodological combination with social and business criteria, which the study reveals, provides the opportunity to design new management models and methodologies for sustainable projects or ventures, where the importance that the study gives to the social perspective opens up the opportunity to generate new studies on social management in sustainable ventures or projects, and also invites the definition of organisational sustainability indicators in different economic sectors. / Guananga Quishpe, LA. (2024). Diseño y validación de una metodología de gestión para emprendimientos asociativos basada en la Técnica de Decisión Multicriterio AHP [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203891

The reading of selected literary texts in this thesis traces the changes from a divinely ordered world of stability (Thomas Mann's Bud<lenbrooks) to surroundings characterized by insecurity (William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury) to an unstable environment giving rise to largely futile attempts at finding answers to seemingly illogical questions (Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49). As a product of the accelerated speed of technological progression and the information revolution in the twentieth century, man is more often than not incapable of adjusting to changed circumstances in a seemingly hostile environment. Indeed, instability and unpredictability are external factors determining the sense of insecurity and uncertainty characterising the 'world' depicted in the literary texts under consideration. For this reason judicious use will be made of philosophical and psychoanalytical concepts, based, amongst others, on Nietzschean and Freudian theories, to explain the disintegration of families, the anguish experienced by individuals or, indeed, the shifting identities informing the portrayal of character in selected literary texts. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)