Bakgrund: Under de senaste årtiondena har ett stort antal väpnade konflikter ägt rum på olika platser i världen. De väpnade konflikterna har fått till följd att Sverige tagit emot många asylsökande. En asylsökande är en person som kommit till ett land för att söka skydd men som ännu inte fått besked om uppehållstillstånd. När asylsökande behöver vård ska de i första hand vända sig till primärvården där det första mötet ofta handläggs av sjuksköterskor/distriktssköterskor. Sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan har en viktig uppgift i att tillhandahålla rätt vård och hänvisa asylsökande till rätt hälso-och sjukvårdsinstans. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans/distriktssköterskans erfarenheter av mötet med asylsökande inom primärvården. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ induktiv ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tre distriktssköterskor och sju sjuksköterskor deltog. En kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre kategorier. Att möta andra kulturer beskrev erfarenheten av tillfredställande möten, kulturella aspekter samt tillvägagångssätt i mötet. Förutsättningar som krävs för mötet beskrev hur sjuksköterskans/distriktssköterskans förhållningsätt och kompetens inverkade på mötena samt hur samarbeten erfors kunna underlätta mötena. Utmaningar i mötet beskrev att frustration, tidsbrist kommunikation och patientsäkerhet var utmaningar som sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan ställdes inför. Slutsats: Mötet med asylsökande erfors vara positivt och givande men kunde skapa frustration och samvetsstress hos sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan. Tydligare riktlinjer, utbildning i transkulturell omvårdnad och samarbete med andra aktörer kan underlätta mötet med asylsökande. För att säkerställa kommunikationen och patientsäkerheten bör tolk användas. / Background: In recent decades a large number of armed conflicts occurred in the world. As a consequence of the armed conflicts Sweden has received many asylum seekers. An asylum seeker is defined as a person who has arrived to a country to seek protection but have not yet received a residence permit. When asylum seekers need care they often turn to primary health care where the first meeting often is handled by nurses/district nurses. The nurses/district nurses have an important role in providing the right care and refer asylum seekers to the appropriate health care facility. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to illustrate the nurses/district nurses experiences of meeting asylum seekers in primary health care. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative inductive approach with semi-structured interviews. Three district nurses and seven nurses participated. A qualitative manifest content analysis was used as the analytical method. Result: The study resulted in three categories. Meeting other culture described the experience of satisfactory meetings, cultural aspects and approaches in the meeting. Conditions required in the meeting described how the nurses/district nurses attitudes and skills affected the meeting and how cooperation was perceived to facilitate the meeting. Challenges in the meeting described that frustration, lack of time, communication and patient safety were challenges that the nurses/district nurses faced. Conclusion: The meetings with the asylum seekers were experienced as positive and rewarding but could create frustration and stress of conscience of the nurses/district nurses. Clearer guidelines, training in transcultural nursing and cooperation with other actors can facilitate the meeting with asylum seekers. To ensure communication and patient safety, interpreters should be used.

This thesis engages and scrutinizes critiques of rights developed in Critical Legal Studies scholarship and critical international law theory, specifically as formulated in the works of prominent and influential legal theorists Duncan Kennedy and Martti Koskenniemi, and draws on them to grapple with the changes that Swedish refugee and asylum policy went through during the fall/winter of 2015 and 2016. During this period, a series of drastic and far-reaching restrictions were enacted. Despite this, the Swedish government could still, albeit under immense criticism, claim a status for their policies as respecting human rights and adhering to the principles of international law. Against this background, the purpose of this study is to examine anew, using works of Kennedy and Koskenniemi, the relationship between the concept of human rights on the one hand and politics on the other, and how this relationship can be observed to have been (re)negotiated during the policy shift in Sweden. The thesis also raises the question of whether any general or uniform assessment of rights discourse is available in the works of the chosen theorists, and if so, of what this consists. The results show that the indeterminacy and contingency of rights frameworks, which is pointed to by both theorists, provides a suitable perspective from which to view the flexibility of the discourse, but this perspective is also seen as partially inadequate and in need of being supplemented with an account of what, or who, effects actual policy outcomes and thus determines the social meaning and contents of human rights. The theoretical tools developed by Koskenniemi help explain how the structural biases of the deciding institutions, the Swedish government and the EU, contribute to the re-definition of the content of refugee rights. Further, it is argued that both theorists have some difficulty in expounding in any clear and unambiguous way just what consequences their critiques might have for how rights discourses can and should be approached. An engagement with asylum and refugee rights from a critical legal theory perspective was thus shown as offering both problems and possibilities.

This paper explores the individual meanings behind the patterns of residential mobility of former asylum seekers in Sweden. While there are numerous studies of residential segregation and migration patterns amongst natives and immigrants alike, fewer have asked the actual patternmakers what driving forces lie behind their decisions to resettle. This study aims to put light on former asylum seekers’ specific experiences of their resettlements and whether the asylum process in itself affect later migration patterns during the life-course. Through in-depth interviews seven respondents told their life stories with focus on how and why they resettled during their time inSweden. The study showed how the structural factors that initiated their general migration patterns of frequent resettlements gave way over time to less frequent moves where life-course events were the main factors. The results indicate that the asylum process may indeed affect subsequent resettlements in so far that the first own accommodation type of area seem to be important to future residential area choices throughout the life-course. The findings should be of interest for further studies on a greater scale and to policy makers trying to counteract segregation in the metropolitan areas of Sweden in a time of increased refugee flows.

Bakgrund: Det stora antalet familjer som söker asyl påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete inom barnhälsovården. I Sverige erbjuds alla barn mellan 0-6 år att göra regelbundna hälsokontroller, vilket även omfattar barn som söker asyl. Sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande och förbyggande vård omfattar barns hälsa utifrån det fysiska, psykiska och sociala välbefinnandet. Det hälsofrämjande arbetet utvecklar empowerment hos familjerna där målet är en god hälsa. Flykt och trauman påverkar familjer som söker asyl och många lider av psykisk ohälsa. Sjuksköterskors arbete kräver speciella och individuella insatser i mötet med dessa familjer. Syfte: Var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetet inom barnhälsovården med familjer som söker asyl. Metod: Intervjustudien har en kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Femton sjuksköterskor från sex olika kommuner deltog i studien. Samtliga med erfarenhet av arbete med asylsökande familjer inom barnhälsovård. Insamlad data analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre kategorier: Familjers behov och stöd påverkar arbetet, Yttre faktorer påverkar arbetet, Komplexiteten i mötet med familjerna påverkar arbetet. Slutsats: Studien visar att sjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården anpassar arbetet efter asylsökande familjers behov och förutsättningar. Sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter och utbildning är grunden för hens kompetens. Den psykiska ohälsan och en social komplex situation för familjerna som söker asyl medför en utmaning för sjuksköterskorna i det hälsofrämjande arbetet. / Background: The large number of families seeking asylum affect nurses work in child health care. All children in Sweden between 0-6 years, do regular check-ups, including children seeking asylum. Nurses health promotion and preventive care covers childrens health based on the physical, mental and social well-being. Health promotion develops empowerment of families where the goal is good health. Escape and trauma affect families seeking asylum and many suffer from mental illness. Nurses work requires special and individual efforts in meeting with families. Purpose: To describe nurses experience of work in child health care with families seeking asylum. Method: The interview study had a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Fifteen nurses from six different municipalities participated in the study, all with experience working with asylum-seeking families in child health care. Collected data were analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed three categories: Families needs and support affect the work, External factors affect the work, The complexity of the meeting with the families affect the work. Conclusion: The study shows that nurses in child health care adapts work to asylum seeking families needs and circumstances. Nurses experience and education is the foundation of his or her skills. Mental illness and a socially complex situation for families seeking asylum is a challenge for nurses working with health promotion.

Due to the increased number of the amount of asylum-seekers that have migrated to Sweden lately, the topic has received increased attention. This has contributed to housing shortage and policy reforms for new migrants to arise in order to ensure that everybody gets housing. Asylum seekers often experience more difficult patterns to housing, and for LGBT asylum seekers especially since they are such a marginalised group in our society already. Housing is an important part in the initial settlement stage and good housing enables successful resettlement and that will help with the integration process. The aim of this thesis is to look at LGBT asylum seekers mobility and what constrains and opportunities they face in that process. To answer these questions qualitative method and semi-structured life story interviews have been performed with twelve LGBT asylum seekers. The result of these interviews has been presented around four different concepts that were factors contributing to their mobility. These four concepts that were found in the interviews was forced migration, homophobia, social network and freedom. These findings should be of interest for further studies in order for LGBT asylum seekers mobility patters to become more safe and secure.

<p>The aim of this essayis to show how the issues of asylum and immigration have been formulated as security issues in EU policy by applying a discursive approach to policy analysis and securitization, analyzing selected policy texts produced by the European Commission and the Council for Justice and Home Affairs from 1999 to 2006. The positioning of these issues in the policy domain of 'Freedom, Security and Justice' has facilitated a linkage between these issues and issues like terrorism and organised crime and has enabled a formulation of asylum and immigration according to a logic of securitization. The analysis of policy texts aims at investigating how linkages between issues are represented, how these linkages shape issues, and how the policy, in formulating threats and responses, also represent the EU in very specific ways. Policy from this perspective is not the rational answer to an unambigous reality but rather, highly implicated in its production. An important part of this analysis is drawing out the implications of the policy, in terms of further policy development, as well as how the policy implicates particular ways of dealing with those represented as for instance 'illegal immigrants' or 'illegitimate asylum seekers'.</p>

Unaccompanied children that arrives in Sweden are usually placed in homes for care and residence, called HVB. It is the municipality's responsibility to provide adequate care and protection for the children. The aim of the study is to examine how a workgroup on a HVB home for unaccompanied children is working to meet the needs of the children, and how the workgroup improves the children’s integration process. The study also aims to examine the emotional labour of the workgroup, which illustrates how they can manage their own emotional behavior when working with the unaccompanied children. The study is based on a qualitative approach with detailed descriptions of five semi-structured interviews with the workgroup and assistant managers. The study relieved that the workgroup of the HVB home are able to cater to the individual needs of the unaccompanied children based on difficulties and their past experience. The result shows that the professional approach of the workgroup differs when working with the unaccompanied children’s needs and integration process. The results also relieved that the overall goal of the studied HVB home – to make the unaccompanied children completely independent and responsible young adults, is not completely fulfilled. In order to further improve the children's development in their new environment, previous studies have found that it is important to not only understand the importance of a professional approach but also to collaborate with others. This in order to contribute to the children’s development in the new society.

There have been many studies of Victorian asylums and their inmates, but the Edwardian asylum, and child inmates, have been largely unrepresented. This thesis attempts to redress these imbalances and contribute to the history of mental deficiency by describing the innovations, developments, and practices within the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum (WRPLA) and its annexe, Stanley Hall. As part of the Poor Law system Stanley Hall took in idiot and imbecile boys as young as three years, where, as part of the response of alienists towards mentally deficient children, an attempt was made to educate them to a degree of self- sufficiency. In this way Stanley Hall was an institution that went beyond its perception as a custodial establishment and practised new approaches to care, at a time when these boys were defined within the Poor Law under the universal category of 'lunatic'. This study focuses on the role of William Bevan Lewis, the Medical Superintendent of the WRPLA (1884-1910), and the 163 idiot and imbecile boys admitted to Stanley Hall between 1901 and 1910. Consideration is given to the early dissemination of knowledge from this asylum and its influence through the teaching and training of medical students and asylum medical officers. The function and operation of Stanley Hall and the 'experiences' of the inmates is explored through institutional records and the evidence of Bevan Lewis to the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded (1905-1908). Stanley Hall pre-dated other mental deficiency colonies and anticipated the conclusions of the Royal Commission which recommended specialised care for mentally deficient children. Issues of care for this group were intensely debated during the Edwardian period leading to the Mental Deficiency Act (1913) that defined this group and influenced their care for almost another fifty years. The records of Stanley Hall demonstrate the individuality of the boys, and allow the analysis of the involvement of their families in the committal of their children. The subsequent involvement (or lack thereof) in the care of their children is also examined. The ultimate fates of the boys are considered, and an attempt made to bring the regime at Stanley Hall 'back to life'.

Den här undersökningen gjordes för att ta reda på om svensk flyktingrapportering ändrades efter det att Sverige införde gränskontroller den 12 november 2015. Syftet var att se om rapporteringen ändrades när det politiska läget och opinionen ändrades, men även att generellt se hur flyktingrapporteringen ser ut. Både kvantitativ och kvalitativ undersökning gjordes. I den kvantitativa undersökningen jämfördes 50 artiklar från september 2015 med 50 artiklar från januari 2015. Variablerna togs fram bland annat med hjälp av gestaltningsteorin och orientalism, som båda är delar av undersökningens teoretiska ramverk. Sedan undersöktes artiklarna kvalitativt genom en kombinerad diskurs- och framinganalys för att på ett djupare plan ta reda på hur flyktingfrågan och flyktingar beskrivs. Resultaten ger en indikation på att det skett en förändring mellan september 2015 och januari 2016. Flyktingarna beskrevs bland annat mer frekvent som passiva, och mer sällan som individer. Mer generellt visar resultaten att flyktingarna oftast beskrevs som en grupp utan någon identitet. Adjektiv som kan väcka identifikation användes sällan för att beskriva flyktingarna. De beskrevs istället med adjektiv som ensamkommande och asylsökande. Den mest förekommande benämningen på flyktingar var just ordet flyktingar, följt av flyktingbarn och asylsökande. Flyktingarna beskrivs ofta som passiva i artiklarna, och de citeras sällan. De som citeras mest i artiklarna är myndighetspersoner och politiker. Dessa resultat pekar på att svenska journalister, omedvetet eller medvetet, skapar en bild av verkligheten där orientalismens mönster av världen finns kvar. Det skapas en gräns mellan ”vi svenskar” och ”de där flyktingarna”. Denna gräns förstärktes efter gränskontrollernas införande. / The aim of this study was to find out whether Swedish news reports on refugees changed after border controls were enforced on the 12th of November 2015, and thereby investigate if the changed political policies had any effect in the news reporting. Another aim was to study the general patterns in the news. Both qualitative and quantitative researches were made. Regarding the quantitative research, 50 articles from September 2015 were compared with 50 articles from January 2016. The variables were designed by means of framing theory and orientalism, both being parts of the theory framework of this study. Then the articles were analyzed qualitatively with a combined discourse and framing analysis to find out on a deeper level how refugees and the refugee situation in Sweden were described. The results indicate that there has been a change in the reporting between September 2015 and January 2016. The refugees were more frequently described as passive, and more seldom as individuals. More general, the results illustrated that, in most cases, refugees are described as a group without an identity. Identity-generating adjectives were sporadically used to describe them. Instead, they were associated to adjectives like ensamkommande (unaccompanied) and asylsökande (~asylum seeker). The most common word to describe refugees was flyktingar (refugees), followed by flyktingbarn (refugee children) and asylsökande (asylum seekers). Most frequently quoted people in the articles were government officials as well as politicians. These results indicate that Swedish journalists, consciously or not, are creating a picture of the world were the lines of orientalism still persist. A demarcation line between “us swedes” and “those refugees” is created. This line became more distinct after border controls were enforced.

This essay studies the European Union and the European asylum system from Max Webers authority theory. The EU considers to be an area of freedom and human rights, but recent events have shown inadequacies in the asylum system that was established by the Dublin Regulation 2003. The Hungarian government is one of the member countries of the EU that has refused and declined their obligations towards the EU. The aim of this study is to see why the EU have failed in implementing a functioning asylum policy and how the lack of authority have resulted in an insufficient asylum system for an international organization. The conclusion in this essay is that the Union is allowing member countries to not be cooperating with the European laws and the absence of authority and efficiency has led to some of the member countries to take advantage of it.