A Reforma Psiquiátrica, atual política de saúde mental, redireciona os recursos da assistência psiquiátrica para o modelo de base comunitária, substituindo o modelo asilar. A abordagem proposta pela Reforma Psiquiátrica procura conjugar o esforço teórico e prático para a construção da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. O presente trabalho objetivou desvelar concepções e práticas de trabalhadores da saúde mental, construídas na práxis de suas trajetórias profissionais e contextos de vida, em relação à incorporação do modelo de atenção psicossocial ou manutenção de princípios asilares, caracterizadores da tradicional prática profissional em saúde mental. Objetivou também identificar pontos de tensão, que caracterizam interesses de diferentes naturezas, como obstáculos e desafios à implementação da Reforma Psiquiátrica. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, contou com 10 entrevistas de profissionais atuando na área, baseada na técnica de depoimento oral e em roteiro do tipo temático, sendo 3 enfermeiros, 3 psicólogos, 3 psiquiatras e 1 terapeuta ocupacional. Os relatos dos profissionais foram organizados em categorias gerais e específicas tendo em vista a interpretação das narrativas à luz da literatura especializada. Através dos discursos dos profissionais do campo da saúde mental é possível observar que um tensionamento ideológico marca fortemente o espaço da saúde. Alguns profissionais relataram a busca por construir práticas em equipe interdisciplinar, pautadas pelo modelo psicossocial; porém, referem à resistência de outros profissionais da equipe. Praticamente todos os profissionais apresentam discursos de humanização no campo da saúde mental, mas alguns não enunciam visões críticas aos modelos asilares. Alguns trabalhadores revelam a crença na possibilidade de coexistência integrada entre o Modo Asilar e Modo Psicossocial. Para estes trabalhadores de CAPS, é desejável a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos e é possível a humanização dos mesmos. Essa questão indica, ao que parece, que as práticas em saúde mental ainda operam sobre premissas epistemológicas diferenciando sujeitos que podem ou não circular no meio social. A existência dos hospitais psiquiátricos, considerados como instituições totais, é problematizada e questionada pela Luta Antimanicomial, indica a permanência da lógica asilar que respalda a continuidade dos hospitais, exclusivamente psiquiátricos, entre os serviços de atendimento, com o apoio de parte dos profissionais da rede de saúde mental. Concordantes com a possibilidade de coexistência do modelo asilar e modelo psicossocial, estes profissionais permitem-nos demonstrar que mesmo uma visão clínica pretensamente humanizadora, que defenda em seu discurso um tratamento digno, pode operar no modelo teórico-metodológico positivista e não está necessariamente vinculada a uma postura política de sujeitos de direitos e de cidadania. Os profissionais que apresentaram em suas narrativas a não concordância com a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos, defendem que as transformações sejam clínicas e políticas nos saberes e nas práticas em Saúde Mental. Estes trabalhadores já fizeram ou fazem parte de movimentos sociais, apontados como lugares de reflexão crítica sobre ideias instituídas contribuindo, ao que parece, para o processo de desnaturalização de concepções construídas culturalmente e orientadoras de práticas profissionais. Diante de tais constatações podemos indagar e refletir se a desinstitucionalização, concreta e simbólica, encontra-se no horizonte de uma política pública de atenção em Saúde Mental que realmente tenha como projeto a sua real implementação e se a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos e das comunidades terapêuticas estaria descaracterizando as propostas iniciais da construção da Atenção Psicossocial, considerando os interesses privados e a manutenção da lógica asilar, contrários aos princípios do SUS. / The Psychiatric Reform, current mental health policy, redirect the resources from psychiatric assistance to the community-based model, replacing the shelter model. The approach proposed by th Psychiatric Reform seeks to combine the theoretical and practical effort to construct the Psychosocial Attention Web. This work aimed to unveil concepts and practices of mental health workers built during their professional careers and life contexts, regarding the incorporation of the psychosocial care model or maintenance of asylums principles, which characterize the professional practice in mental health. It also aimed to identify points of tension that characterize interests of different natures, such as obstacles and challenges to the implementation of the psychiatric reform in the Brazilian context and in particular in the context of greater São Paulo, in which the survey was conducted. The qualitative research included ten interviews, based on oral testimony technique and theme type script, of which three were professional nurses, three psychologists, three psychiatrists and one occupational therapist. The professional reports were organized into general and specific categories, in view of the interpretation of the narratives in the light of the literature. Using the speech of mental health professionals, it is possible to see that an ideological tension is present at the health production space. Some professionals report the quest for constructing multidisciplinary team practices, guided by the psychosocial model; but they refer to the resistance of other professionals of the team. Practically all the professionals present speeches of humanization of the mental health practice camp, but some of them don´t enunciate critics to the shelter model. Some professionals reveal the belief on the possibility of integrated coexistence between the Shelter Mode and Psychosocial Mode. For these professionals from Psychosocial Attention Centres (CAPS), it is desirable the psychiatric hospitals existence and it is possible the humanization of these hospitals. This issue indicates, as it looks, that the practices at mental health still operate over epistemological premises differing subjects that can or cannot circulate at social enviroment. The existence of psychiatric hospitals, considered as total institutions, is problematized and questioned by the Anti-Asylum Fight, indicates the permanence of the asylum logic that endorse the permanence of the hospitals, exclusively psychiatric, among the health attention services, with part of the mental health professionals support. Agreeing with the coexistance possibility of the shelter model and the psychosocial model, these professionals allow us demonstrate that even a clinical vision supposedly humanizing, that defends in its course a worthy treatment, it can operate at the theoretical-methodological positive model and it is not necessarily attached to a political stance of right and citizenship subjects. The professionals that showed the disagreement with the permanence of the psychiatric hospitals in their speeches defend that the transformations need to be clinical and political at the knowledge and the practices in Mental Health. These workers were and are part of social movements, appointed as critical reflection places about institutionalized ideas contributing, as it looks, to the denaturalization process of conceptions culturally constructed and that orientate the professionals practices. Given these findings we can ask and think if the concrete and symbolic deinstitutionalization is at the horizon of a public policy of Mental Health Attention that really have its real implementation as project and if the permanence of the psychiatric hospitals and therapeutic communities would be decharacterizing the initial proposal of the Psychosocial Attention construction, considering the private interests and the maintenance of the asylum logic, against the SUS principles.

This thesis examines the Safe Third Country Agreement between Canada and the United States from the perspective of Canada's obligations vis-a-vis asylum seekers under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Safe Third Country Agreement requires asylum seekers to lodge their refugee claims in the first country of arrival, as between Canada and the United States. Asylum seekers on the United States side of the border who are seeking to enter Canada for the purpose of claiming refugee status will be deflected to the United States to lodge their claims there. By deflecting asylum seekers in this manner, Canada effectively conscripts the United States to carry out its obligations under the Charter to furnish procedural and substantive protections to asylum seekers. This thesis examines certain features of the United States asylum system to which asylum seekers deflected under the Safe Third Country Agreement would be subjected, in order to determine whether, according to relevant Charter jurisprudence, deflection constitutes a deprivation of security of the person under section 7 of the Charter and whether such deprivation can be justified under section 1.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of the uniform way of interpretation from the Swedish asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board, of asylum investigations for asylum seekers who claim sexual orientation as reason of refuge. The interviews with the officers were analyzed in relation to the policy document with investigation- guidelines and methodology. The results of the study showed that there was a uniform way to conduct asylum investigations and interpret the policy document, this despite that the document was found to be ambiguous in certain aspects. The uniform interpretation of the asylum officers was explained by the knowledge and understanding that exists within institutional organizations. This because the asylum officers at the Swedish Migration Board might have similar experience, knowledge and also the demands related to asylum investigations. The uniform interpretation demonstrated a strong similar common understanding of investigative work within the agency. This suggests a certainty that the investigations are carried out in a similar way regardless of which asylum officer within the institution conducting the investigation which indicates a well-functioning “rule of law” for the asylum seekers. / Syftet med studien var att analysera graden av samstämmighet av Svenska Migrationsverkets asylhandläggares tolkning utav asylutredningar för de som åberopat flyktingstatus för deras sexuella läggning. Intervjuerna med handläggarna analyserades i relation till Migrationsverkets styrdokument med riktlinjer och metodpunkter till utförandet av utredningen. Resultatet i studien visade att det fanns ett enhetligt sätt att utföra asylutredningar och tolka styrdokumentet trots att styrdokumentet visats vara tvetydigt i vissa punkter. Den samstämmiga tolkningen förklarades genom den kunskap och förståelse som finns inom institutionella organisationer. Detta eftersom asylhandläggarna på Migrationsverket kan ha likartad erfarenhet, kunskap och även krav kopplade till asylutredningar. Studienss resultat visar på en likartad gemensam uppfattning om utredningsarbetet inom myndigheten. Detta visar på att utredningar utförs på ett likartat sätt oberoende av vilken person på institutionen som utför utredningen vilket indikerar på en rättssäkerhet för de asylsökande.

Turkey has been among a limited number of states that signed the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and adopted the geographical limitation / furthermore, among a very few number of states that still maintains this limitation. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the significance of geographical limitation and what has brought the changes to Turkish asylum policies in respect of this reservation. Turkey is expected to abolish the geographical limitation during the European Union harmonization process. In this thesis furthermore, the role of the European Union within this process will be put forward.

This thesis evaluates the policy of mandatory detention for asylum seekers maintained by successive Australian governments against several core liberal principles. These principles are derived from various accounts of liberal political thought and the major themes and criticisms inherent in the public debate over the policy. The justifications of the policy given by the Australian government and the criticisms enunciated by scholars, refugee advocates and non-government organisations with respect to the policy strongly correspond with the core liberal principles of fairness, protecting the rights of the individual, accountability and proportionality. The claims of the critics converge on a central point of contention: that the mandatory detention of asylum seekers violates core liberal principles. To ascertain the extent to which the claims of the critics can be supported, the thesis selectively draws on liberal political theory to provide a framework for the analysis of the policy against these liberal principles, a basis for inquiry largely neglected by contributors to the literature. This thesis argues that, on balance, the mandatory detention policy employed by successive Australian governments violates core liberal principles. The claims of the critics are weakened, but by no means discredited, by the importance of the government's maintenance of strong border control. In the main, however, criticisms made by opponents of the policy can be supported. This thesis contributes to the substantial body of literature on the mandatory detention policy by shedding light on how liberal principles may be applicable to the mandatory detention policy. Further, it aims to contribute to an enriched understanding of the Australian government's competence to detain asylum seekers.

Dans cette recherche, nous étudions la médiation entre acteurs politiques, administratifs et sociaux, pour la gestion des demandes d’asile. Nous analysons ensuite les jeux d’acteurs autour de la situation des demandeurs d’asile afghans en France, via la sociologie de la traduction.La théorie de la sociologie de la traduction nous donne un modèle explicatif de l’action, des problèmes d’organisation entre différents acteurs d’un secteur dans différentes situations. Basée sur cette théorie, notre recherche vise finalement à voir comment les acteurs des réseaux pour les demandeurs d’asile trouvent une convergence. Dans le réseau d’acteurs au sens de la sociologie de la traduction, après avoir démontré qu’il existe bien une médiation, nous en analysons la nature. Ensuite, notre recherche se développe sur la mise en relation entre les théories des représentations sociales (et interculturelles) et une enquête sociologique qui inclut des questionnaires, des entretiens et l’observation directe et participative pour mieux comprendre les enjeux communicationnels des acteurs de la demande d’asile en France, autour de la réforme depuis 2013 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. A la fin, nous analysons les enjeux communicationnels de la réforme d’asile grâce au concept d’espace public, puis nous convoquerons la théorie de la traduction pour trouver un modèle de convergence. Fort de ce cadre théorique, nous insisterons sur le rôle du ministère de l’intérieur : en tant que médiateur ou traducteur au sens de la sociologie de la traduction , celui-ci a pris en main la réforme du droit d’asile et a fait le lien entre les acteurs du réseau depuis 2013. / In this research, we study the mediation between political, administrative and social actors to manage asylums requests. Then we analyze the actions around the situation of the Afghan asylum seekers in France, via the sociology of translation.The theory of Sociology of translation gives us an explanatory model of action, problems of organization between different actors of a sector in different situations. Based on this theory, our research aims ultimately to see how actors of the networks for asylum seekers find a convergence.In the network of actors through the meaning of the sociology of translation, after demonstrating that there is a mediation, we analyze the nature. Then, our research develops on the networking between the theories of social representations (and intercultural) and a sociological survey that includes questionnaires, interviews and direct and participatory observation to understand communicational issues of actors in the context of asylum in France around reform since 2013 until today. Finally, we analyze the communication challenges of the reform of asylum through the concept of public space, then we call the theory of translation to find a convergence model. With this theoretical framework, we will emphasize the role of the Ministry of the Interior: as mediator or translator within the meaning of the sociology of translation, it took on reform of the law of asylum and made the connection between the actors of the network from 2013.

A Reforma Psiquiátrica, atual política de saúde mental, redireciona os recursos da assistência psiquiátrica para o modelo de base comunitária, substituindo o modelo asilar. A abordagem proposta pela Reforma Psiquiátrica procura conjugar o esforço teórico e prático para a construção da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. O presente trabalho objetivou desvelar concepções e práticas de trabalhadores da saúde mental, construídas na práxis de suas trajetórias profissionais e contextos de vida, em relação à incorporação do modelo de atenção psicossocial ou manutenção de princípios asilares, caracterizadores da tradicional prática profissional em saúde mental. Objetivou também identificar pontos de tensão, que caracterizam interesses de diferentes naturezas, como obstáculos e desafios à implementação da Reforma Psiquiátrica. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, contou com 10 entrevistas de profissionais atuando na área, baseada na técnica de depoimento oral e em roteiro do tipo temático, sendo 3 enfermeiros, 3 psicólogos, 3 psiquiatras e 1 terapeuta ocupacional. Os relatos dos profissionais foram organizados em categorias gerais e específicas tendo em vista a interpretação das narrativas à luz da literatura especializada. Através dos discursos dos profissionais do campo da saúde mental é possível observar que um tensionamento ideológico marca fortemente o espaço da saúde. Alguns profissionais relataram a busca por construir práticas em equipe interdisciplinar, pautadas pelo modelo psicossocial; porém, referem à resistência de outros profissionais da equipe. Praticamente todos os profissionais apresentam discursos de humanização no campo da saúde mental, mas alguns não enunciam visões críticas aos modelos asilares. Alguns trabalhadores revelam a crença na possibilidade de coexistência integrada entre o Modo Asilar e Modo Psicossocial. Para estes trabalhadores de CAPS, é desejável a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos e é possível a humanização dos mesmos. Essa questão indica, ao que parece, que as práticas em saúde mental ainda operam sobre premissas epistemológicas diferenciando sujeitos que podem ou não circular no meio social. A existência dos hospitais psiquiátricos, considerados como instituições totais, é problematizada e questionada pela Luta Antimanicomial, indica a permanência da lógica asilar que respalda a continuidade dos hospitais, exclusivamente psiquiátricos, entre os serviços de atendimento, com o apoio de parte dos profissionais da rede de saúde mental. Concordantes com a possibilidade de coexistência do modelo asilar e modelo psicossocial, estes profissionais permitem-nos demonstrar que mesmo uma visão clínica pretensamente humanizadora, que defenda em seu discurso um tratamento digno, pode operar no modelo teórico-metodológico positivista e não está necessariamente vinculada a uma postura política de sujeitos de direitos e de cidadania. Os profissionais que apresentaram em suas narrativas a não concordância com a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos, defendem que as transformações sejam clínicas e políticas nos saberes e nas práticas em Saúde Mental. Estes trabalhadores já fizeram ou fazem parte de movimentos sociais, apontados como lugares de reflexão crítica sobre ideias instituídas contribuindo, ao que parece, para o processo de desnaturalização de concepções construídas culturalmente e orientadoras de práticas profissionais. Diante de tais constatações podemos indagar e refletir se a desinstitucionalização, concreta e simbólica, encontra-se no horizonte de uma política pública de atenção em Saúde Mental que realmente tenha como projeto a sua real implementação e se a permanência dos hospitais psiquiátricos e das comunidades terapêuticas estaria descaracterizando as propostas iniciais da construção da Atenção Psicossocial, considerando os interesses privados e a manutenção da lógica asilar, contrários aos princípios do SUS. / The Psychiatric Reform, current mental health policy, redirect the resources from psychiatric assistance to the community-based model, replacing the shelter model. The approach proposed by th Psychiatric Reform seeks to combine the theoretical and practical effort to construct the Psychosocial Attention Web. This work aimed to unveil concepts and practices of mental health workers built during their professional careers and life contexts, regarding the incorporation of the psychosocial care model or maintenance of asylums principles, which characterize the professional practice in mental health. It also aimed to identify points of tension that characterize interests of different natures, such as obstacles and challenges to the implementation of the psychiatric reform in the Brazilian context and in particular in the context of greater São Paulo, in which the survey was conducted. The qualitative research included ten interviews, based on oral testimony technique and theme type script, of which three were professional nurses, three psychologists, three psychiatrists and one occupational therapist. The professional reports were organized into general and specific categories, in view of the interpretation of the narratives in the light of the literature. Using the speech of mental health professionals, it is possible to see that an ideological tension is present at the health production space. Some professionals report the quest for constructing multidisciplinary team practices, guided by the psychosocial model; but they refer to the resistance of other professionals of the team. Practically all the professionals present speeches of humanization of the mental health practice camp, but some of them don´t enunciate critics to the shelter model. Some professionals reveal the belief on the possibility of integrated coexistence between the Shelter Mode and Psychosocial Mode. For these professionals from Psychosocial Attention Centres (CAPS), it is desirable the psychiatric hospitals existence and it is possible the humanization of these hospitals. This issue indicates, as it looks, that the practices at mental health still operate over epistemological premises differing subjects that can or cannot circulate at social enviroment. The existence of psychiatric hospitals, considered as total institutions, is problematized and questioned by the Anti-Asylum Fight, indicates the permanence of the asylum logic that endorse the permanence of the hospitals, exclusively psychiatric, among the health attention services, with part of the mental health professionals support. Agreeing with the coexistance possibility of the shelter model and the psychosocial model, these professionals allow us demonstrate that even a clinical vision supposedly humanizing, that defends in its course a worthy treatment, it can operate at the theoretical-methodological positive model and it is not necessarily attached to a political stance of right and citizenship subjects. The professionals that showed the disagreement with the permanence of the psychiatric hospitals in their speeches defend that the transformations need to be clinical and political at the knowledge and the practices in Mental Health. These workers were and are part of social movements, appointed as critical reflection places about institutionalized ideas contributing, as it looks, to the denaturalization process of conceptions culturally constructed and that orientate the professionals practices. Given these findings we can ask and think if the concrete and symbolic deinstitutionalization is at the horizon of a public policy of Mental Health Attention that really have its real implementation as project and if the permanence of the psychiatric hospitals and therapeutic communities would be decharacterizing the initial proposal of the Psychosocial Attention construction, considering the private interests and the maintenance of the asylum logic, against the SUS principles.

This thesis assesses the unintended consequences of the European Union’ asylum regime. The structure of the asylum regime arguably burdens the Member States along the external border with responsibility of humanitarian migrants seeking international protection more than Member States to the north. As a result, the Member States on the external border pursue security measures of migration control to deter migration from their borderlands, consequently creating human insecurity. The question this thesis seeks to answer is as follows: How has the EU’s asylum regime resulted in unintended consequences of human insecurity and ultimately become a catalyst for human rights infringements? By reviewing the dimensions of insecurity, migrant immobility and rightslessness, I answer this question by arguing that migrant insecurity is a common phenomenon within the EU asylum regime as there is a tendency to pursue security measures that prevent migrants from obtaining regularized status within his or her chosen Member State. In a time when the nexus between migration and security is a prominent feature in decision-making by state actors, reviewing measures of migration control is important to see the creation of insecurity. The thesis reviews the relevant concepts of the field, the make up of the asylum regime and how it consequently creates instances of insecurity and finally reviews Spain as a case study of Member States along the external border. / Graduate

The diploma thesis deals with the asylum policy of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) in the period of two migration crises, i.e., in 1990-1993 and 2015-2017. Since the 1980s, the party has profiled itself as a major advocate of national interests in an effort to limit the high influx of immigrants and refugees, arguing not only by the enormous financial burden and frequent abuses of asylum law for the economic benefit of refugees. In response to these arguments, CSU made an asylum compromise in the early 1990s, an amendment to the Basic Law that defined the conditions under which a politically persecuted person can invoke the right to asylum, which is still part of German asylum law. However, since 2013, the German media has begun to pay attention to the CSU's friendlier rhetoric in the areas of migration and asylum, especially regarding the statements of the new Bavarian Minister of Labour, Social Affairs, Family and Integration, Emilia Müller. The text of the diploma thesis outlines the CSU's asylum policy approach in the background of both migration crises. Based on the analysis of official documents and party's periodical called Bayernkurier, the thesis states that there is a partial shift of Christian social rhetoric in the asylum policy of CSU. In conclusion, the thesis is devoted...

Sweden, like Europe, has had an increased influx of people seeking asylum in recent years, instigating restrictive measures within the Swedish asylum regime. Simultaneously as the sustainability of settlement and housing policies for people seeking asylum has been the subject of large political debate, restrictive methods such as a minimum rights approach has been adopted, putting the Swedish asylum regime at the edge of the European Convention. In 2019, 25 years after its implementation, Sweden’s refugee reception system was amended. As of then, people seeking asylum who choose their own housing (EBO) in certain municipalities over assigned housing in accommodation facilities (ABO) are no longer entitled to state subsidies. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s discourse theory and Carol Bacchi’s policy analysis, What’s the Problem Represented to be, this thesis examines how the political discourse on refugee reception and EBO settlement has changed from the implementation of the LMA Act in 1994 to its amendment in 2019 by observing how the motifs of the implementation and amendment have been expressed, what underlying presumptions or assumptions such expressions hold, and what effects such discourse has. The study shows a discursive shift represented in the political discourse, portraying EBO settlement as contributing to societal degradation and in need of restrictions through reprisals. The main findings show that the discourse constructs an imagery of people seeking asylum as responsible for, and a threat to, Swedish welfare and societal structure. Moreover, the analysis displays a conceptualization of social sustainability as a matter of meeting the interest of the state, rather than the needs of the individual. In sum the study contributes in part to a deeper understanding of how political discourses shape the knowledge and conceptualization of people seeking asylum, the restrictive trajectory of Swedish asylum policy, and highlights the consequences of restrictive state bureaucracies for people seeking protection within Swedish borders.