Since 1980s, a number of factors caused an overall enhancement in the number of persons applying for asylum in Europe. This rapid increase in asylum applications and the end of the ideological gains towards refugees with the end of the politicized Cold War environment, necessitated European countries to re-focus on their immigration and asylum policies in a more systematic manner, especially after the ratification of the &lsquo / Single European Act&rsquo / . Following the transfer of competencies in asylum and migration to the Community level, discussions were quickly moved within a European framework although harmonization of divergent national practices about an issue directly related to state sovereignty, has not been deemed as a troublefree task for the Member States. On the other hand, the acquis regarding this problematic and state-centric issue has already started to be transferred to the Applicant Countries for the EU membership, as part of the pre-accession strategy, and also to the third countries through bilateral agreements. This thesis work will focus on the concerns regarding the extension of these European asylum acquis to the third countries as well as on the advantages of creating a Common Asylum Policy within the Union and its Associates.

Parler de vulnérabilité en droit d’asile peut, à première vue, surprendre, tant la vulnérabilité des demandeurs de protection internationale semble être inhérente à leur statut et à leur parcours d’exil. La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dans son arrêt M.S.S. contre Belgique et Grèce a d’ailleurs reconnu la vulnérabilité de l’ensemble des membres du groupe des demandeurs de protection internationale. Mais, cette approche globalisante s’oppose à l’approche individualisée de la vulnérabilité des demandeurs de protection internationale retenue dans le régime d’asile européen commun. Or, à plusieurs égards, c’est cette dernière approche qui permet de révéler tout l’intérêt du recours à la vulnérabilité en droit. Son analyse, à travers cette étude, permet d’affirmer que celle-ci tend à identifier des particularismes, des spécificités individuelles appelant une protection spécifique. En exigeant une individualisation de la vulnérabilité par l’existence d’une faiblesse caractérisée par des besoins particuliers en termes d’accueil et de procédure, le droit de l’UE circonscrit la notion de personne vulnérable à un nombre limité de demandeurs de protection internationale. Mais plus encore, cette acception retenue révèle la fonction principale de tout recours au concept de vulnérabilité en droit : assurer une protection renforcée et adaptée. C’est en effet à travers sa fonction, ici, une prise en charge physique et procédurale adaptée des demandeurs de protection internationale vulnérables, que se révèle l’effectivité de la vulnérabilité en droit européen de l’asile. D’un point de vue juridique, tous les demandeurs de protection internationale ne sont pas tous vulnérables, seulement certains d’entre eux, à savoir ceux ayant des besoins particuliers, peuvent être effectivement qualifiés de vulnérables. Cette étude de la vulnérabilité en droit européen de l’asile permet ainsi plus largement d’appréhender et de délimiter les contours et la fonction de la vulnérabilité en droit. / At first sight, talking about Vulnerability in the field of European Asylum Law could sound surprising, as the vulnerability of applicants for international protection seems to be inherent to their status and their exile course. The European Court of Human Rights in the M.S.S. versus Belgium and Greece case recognized indeed the vulnerability of the whole group of applicants for international protection. However, this globalizing approach is opposed to the individualized approach set in the instruments of the Common European Asylum System. In many ways, this last approach is the one that reveals the interest of using the concept of Vulnerability in Law. The analysis of Vulnerability, through the research conducted, allows to assert that Vulnerability aims at identifying particularities, individual specificities that require special protection. While demanding an individualization of Vulnerability through the existence of a characterized weakness entailing special needs in terms of reception and procedural guarantees, the EU Law effectively confines the notion of vulnerable person to a limited number of individuals. But, above all, it reflects the principal function of the use of Vulnerability in Law: to ensure an enhanced protection. It is indeed through its function, namely a material and procedural support adapted to the special needs of vulnerable applicants for international protection, that the effectiveness of Vulnerability is revealed in the field of the European Asylum Law. All the applicants for international protection are not per se vulnerable, just few of them are: only those who have special needs can be qualified as vulnerable. This analysis of the concept of Vulnerability in the field of European Asylum Law allows thus to comprehend and delimit its outlines and its functions in Law.

The main aim of this research is to holistically analyse the content and critically assess the development of EU’s ‘Common European Asylum System’ (CEAS). It is pursued in three consecutive steps. The research first offers a deeper understanding of the CEAS, a notion that despite its centrality to EU’s asylum policy lacks a precise definition. This gap forms the natural starting point of this study. The study advances its own substantial understanding, which includes the modes of implementation of the policy. Hence, it retraces the main modes of implementation in the initial policy design. As a second step, the research focuses on a principle that should be central to the design and implementation of this policy, the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility. It argues that this principle unsettles the initial administration paradigms. The third step is to analyse an element that has not been explored so far by legal literature, namely the administrative governance of CEAS, as it pertains to its implementation. On this basis it examines the institutionalisation of practical co-operation, people-sharing arrangements and EU funding. It is a study of the European administration in action in the area of asylum. I critically assess the adaptations made to the policy design since its inception, including those catapulted by the so-called refugee crisis. On this basis, the research proposes potential avenues for the future development of the asylum policy. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis explores how LGBTQ*-Salvadoran applicants for international protection experience the influence of their own sexual orientation and gender identities in relation to the underlying motives behind their migration. In addition, it intends to draw some conclusions from the respondents' statements, gained insights from observations and what was found in literature. For this, two Salvadoran LGBTQ*- applicants for international protection, who applied for asylum in Belgium in the year 2019, were interviewed. Their discourses were analysed by using a thematic analysis.The study exposes the narratives and motivations which led them to flee their homeland and find a new life in Belgium.

The aim of this study was to examine how asylum organizations work in facilitating the integration of asylum seekers into Swedish society.  In Sweden, despite its historical acceptance of migrants and asylum seekers, the country is not immune to integration challenges. The study employed a qualitative research approach to capture the perspectives and opinions of employees working in the selected organizations. A purposive sampling method was utilized, wherein two representatives were carefully chosen from each organization. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of four (4) participants. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data gathered from these interviews. The findings of the study indicated that asylum organizations offer various forms of support, including assistance with school placement, language acquisition, housing, education on Swedish norms and customs, and facilitating connections with authorities to Asylum seekers. However, several challenges persist, such as insufficient government support, inadequate funding, and lengthy asylum procedures. To address these issues, there is a need for increased government support, proactive measures, financial aid, expedited asylum processes. These improvements would enable the organizations to effectively engage and assist asylum seekers in their integration process.

No / European countries are dealing with an increasing number of refugees seeking asylum. Country evidence is critical in the assessment of any asylum claim. The purpose of this study is to review some of the common issues which frequently are the focus of asylum appeal cases in relation to applicants from South Asia and the Middle East. The focus is on Pakistan, Iraq and Iran and it covers a range of issues that give rise to asylum claims, such as the general security situation, the risk from terrorism and other forms of political violence, the risk to political opponents of governments, the risks in blood feuds and from the perceived violation of family honour, religious persecution and the risks faced by ethnic minorities. It is a very useful resource to volunteers and professionals involved in supporting asylum seekers.

This thesis deals with the international law institute of diplomatic asylum. Introduction analyzes early history of asylum law, focusing primarily on the period of ancient Greece and Rome, and later on the asylum practice of the Church, which as an influential institution of the medieval world greatly influenced development of asylum law. To be able to put diplomatic asylum in broader context of asylum law, thesis also deals with territorial asylum - classic form of asylum. There is also a marginal consideration on refugee issues. General discussion is followed by the analysis of diplomatic asylum itself. Diplomatic asylum as a Latin American legal particularism is a special form of asylum provided in the premises of diplomatic missions or in other suitable places. Thesis deals mainly with the interpretation of the necessary attributes that shaped diplomatic asylum and analyzes significant codification achievements in Latin America. A milestone in development of diplomatic asylum was the ruling of the International Court of Justice in Asylum case, put forward by Colombia and Peru, after a peruvian revolutionary, Mr. Haya de la Torre, was granted asylum in Colombian embassy in Lima, Peru in 1948. Negative attitude of the Court instigated legislative action of South American republics. During the...

Since 2001, Australia’s increasingly securitised and exclusionary asylum policy has been legitimated through a damaging discourse surrounding people who seek asylum. This discourse, reinforced by successive Australian Prime Ministers, has been instrumental in shaping policies which have a devastating human impact. While political elites across the West are distancing themselves from a discourse of inclusive multiculturalism, Australia continues to celebrate its multicultural success despite the ongoing tension between a rhetoric of inclusion and one justifying exclusion. Since discourse is both productive and reflective of the social world, shaping discourse can be understood as a means to shape reality. This thesis explores how discourse is constructed and reproduced through framing; a discursive practice that influences how certain issues are understood. The texts analysed are those in which Australian Prime Ministers and senior political figures defend policies of exclusion against people who seek asylum by boat as part of a broader policy vision for a Safe, Secure & Free Australia. In order to contrast the frames, narratives and discourses associated with exclusion, communications promoting the policy vision of an inclusive Multicultural Australia have also been analysed. The frames identified in the material reproduce particular narratives which help to maintain the hegemonic position of discourses which present Australia as a humanitarian, welcoming and inclusive multicultural society and situate people who seek asylum by boat as illegal, seeking an unfair advantage, and as a threat to national security. By identifying frames that consistently appear in the messaging of Australian political elites, we can understand how certain narratives have come to be accepted as truth.

Turkey has been one of the few countries that signed the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees with the provision of maintaining geographical limitation to that of offering protection only to European nationals. This is, however, expected to change as Turkey heads towards EU membership. Since 1999, Turkey has been declared as a candidate country to the European Union (EU), in the Helsinki Summit. It is expected to adopt EU Asylum Acquis into its legislation and to lift the geographical limitation of the 1951 Geneva Convention. This study aims to analyze EU&rsquo / s Common Asylum Policy in order to present a comprehensive overview to EU Asylum Acquis and practices that are expected to be adopted by Turkey during the pre-accession process. The aim of this thesis is to analyze deficiencies of European Common Asylum Policy and its potential positive and negative effects on Turkey&rsquo / s asylum policy.

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2000. / Literaturverz. S. 370 - 392.