1,8-bis(phenylimino)-3,6-ditertbutyl-carbazole is synthesized and characterized, which can be complexed with copper(II) halide by deprotonation and transmetallation. The resulting copper complexes enable to polymerize MMA through RATRP process.

Ce manuscrit présente deux réalisations d'un double puit magnétique pour des condensats de Bose-Einstein (CBE) sure une puce atomique. Une approche utilise des pièges statiques, crées par des micro fils (en amènent ?) manipulant les atomes proche a la surface de la puce. Comme dans toute manipes, on observe une fragmentation du nuage atomique, quand on approche les atomes vers la structure piégeant. Cet effet était expliqué par une déviation du courant dans le fil à cause d'une rugosité des bords. Pour éviter la fragmentation, une nouvelle technique de fabrication (lithographie a faisceaux a électrons, évaporation d'or) a été utilisé pour créer des fils d'un section de 700nm et une qualité amélioré. Un CBE a été crée et chargé dans le double puit généré par la nano structure. On a testé le double puit comme séparatrice avec des atomes thermiques. Des nombreuses problèmes techniques nous empêchent pour le moment d'effectuer la manip avec un CBE.<br />La deuxième approche poursuit dans cette thèse combine des pièges magnétique statique avec un champ (RF) magnétique alternant et génère un double puit dans le potentiel habillé. Car ce schéma peut être réalisé loin de la surface de la puce, la fragmentation n'apparaisse pas et on a pu séparer un CBE en deux. Une interféromètre d'ondes a matière est réalisé en recombinant les deux nuages en expansion libre. La figure d'interférence permet de mesurer la phase relative, on trouve une distribution étroite de cette phase et donc la séparation est cohérente. L'évolution de la phase relative est mesurée pendant et après la séparation et contrôlé par déséquilibrant le double puit.

Kärnkraftsolyckan i Tjernobyl ledde till en spridning av radioaktiva ämnen över Europa och Sverige. År 2018 är det 32 år sedan kärnkraftsolyckan ägde rum och den enda radioaktiva isotopen som finns kvar i det svenska ekosystemet som följd av olyckan i en betydande mängd är Cs-137, på grund av dess 30-åriga halveringstid. Genom att bestämma aktiviteten hos svamp kan halten Cs-137 i mark uppskattas. Hösten 2018 kommer det tvärvetenskapliga massexperimentet Strålande jord att utföras i syfte att kartlägga denna halt i hela Sverige. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att nå resultat som är användbara vid aktivitetsbestämning av svamp. Ett numeriskt verktyg för analys av data ifrån gammaspektroskopi har konstruerats. Två metoder för att beräkna händelser (counts) i energitoppar i gammaemissionsspektra har formulerats och varit byggstenar för det vidare arbetet. Under arbetets gång har följande bestämts: effektiviteten hos en high purity germanium (HPGe) detektor, aktiviteten hos två svampprover, attenueringskoeffcienten av 662 keV-gamma för samma svampprover samt för vatten. För att kunna approximera en burk med svamp som en isotropt strålande punktkälla och få goda resultat behöver aktivitetsmätningarna göras med ett långt avstånd mellan provet och detektorn. Att mätningar måste göras på ett långt avstånd gör att approximationen bara är lämplig för ett svampprov med hög aktivitet, vilket blev tydligt i detta examensarbete då aktiviteten hos ett lågaktivt svampprov inte kunde bestämmas med god statistik trots att enskilda mätningar gjordes under närmare en veckas tid. Systematiska fel har inte tagits hänsyn till i detta arbete, utan enbart statistisk osäkerhet. / The nuclear disaster in Chernobyl brought radioactive substances over Europe and Sweden. In 2018 it has passed 32 years since the disaster and the only radioactive isotope that reamins in the swedish ecosystem at a signicant level is Cs-137. By determining activity of mushroom, the amount of Cs-137 in the ground can be estimated. In the fall of 2018, the interdisciplinary mass-experiment Strålande jord will take place with the purpose to map this amount all over Sweden. The purpose of this work was to reach results that could be of use when determining the activity of mushroom. A numerical tool for analysing data from gamma spectroscopy has been constructed. Two different methods for calculating counts in energy peaks from gamma emission spectra have been made and have been the basis for the further work. During this work the following has been determined: The efficiency of a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, the activity of two different mushroom samples, the attenuation coefficient of gamma at 662 keV for these samples and for water. In order to be able to approximate a can filled with mushroom as an isotropic radiating point source and get accurate results, the activity measurements need to be carried out with a great distance between the sample and the detector. A consequence of this is that this approximation is only suitable for high-activity mushroom, which became evident when the activity of a low-activity mushroom could not be decided with decent statistics even though single measurements were carried out in almost a weeks time. Systematic errors are not considered during this work, only statistical uncertainties.

A majority of research within the field of energetic materials have been centered around the stable crystalline phase, whilst there has been less about the amorphous phase and the implications of these types of material. In this study, Molecular Dynamics simulations with the General Amber Force Field (GAFF) is used to predict fundamental properties of the nitramine explosives HMX and CL-20 in the amorphous phase. Amorphous structures are obtained by compressing a molecular gas to 4 GPa followed by relaxation and equilibration. The simulations indicate that the amorphous phases of HMX and CL-20 have lower densities than the corresponding crystal phases, 12.7% and 7.3% respectively. Both HMX and CL-20 was found to compress more easily when subject to external pressure, the difference was most significant for HMX.As a second part of this study an amorphous composition of CL-20/HMX/Polyvinylacetate(PVAc) (50/45/5 -wt%) was studied. This was obtained by compressing a molecular gas to varying pressures followed by relaxation and equilibration. Results indicate that the simulated density around 1.64 [g/cm3 ] fall close to experimental observations of 1.7 [g/cm3 ]. The density was observed to not vary significantly for pressures higher than 0.4 [GP a] in accordance to experimental data.

Ruthenium complexes has been geometrically optimized with different combinations of basis sets. Using single point calculation, the Density of States and partial Density of States has been calculated. RuIII-OH2 experienced a shift towards higher binding energies. The Ru atom plays a vast role in the contribution to the HOMO level of each complex, dominating in RuII-OH2. The nitrogen atom gives a small contribution for each complex in the HOMO region except for RuII-OH2 where it only appears at higher binding energies. The energy difference between RuII-OH2 and RuIII-OH/RuIV-O is about 1.1 eV whereas it experimentally is shown to be around 1.5 eV for the same complexes.

About to turn 80 and known as the best university of the country according to the General Courses Index (IGC), the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) has its origins with Higher Education Schools and Colleges, home of the Higher Education in Rio Grande do Sul, which started working in Porto Alegre in the late 19th century. Due to its academic excellence, UFRGS has produced and accumulated over the years a rich archival heritage. So this research's goal is to identify and to propose an arrangement system for this archival heritage through the digital platform ICA-AtoM to describe and disseminate finding aids guide and inventory. This research is justified by the condition of UFRGS as a higher education institution with a significant importance in the state scenario as a national institution, through education, research and extension developed by it. As theoretical ground for this research, were used references that contemplated the concept of cultural heritage linked with the identification of archival heritage in this context. Also were debated and put into context archives administration themes, as the identification of archives administration as a science, archival functions, emphasizing Arrangement, Description and Diffusion of archives. The context of this study was given through a brief UFRGS historic, of how the Documentation Division was structured and how the archival holdings are organized. This is an applied, descriptive, qualitative research and a case study. The data collection was made through direct observation, as well as bibliographic and documental research. With this study it was able to identify the archival document as archival heritage, to set an arrangement system for UFRGS's archival holdings, to make an archival description and diffusion through the creation of a guide and an inventory and to implement these finding aids on the ICA-AtoM software. As the developed product, there are the guide and inventory of the holdings in custody by the Documentation Division, indispensable instruments for access, conservation and diffusion of the archival heritage. Lastly, it is important to highlight the need to continue this work that was a pioneer in its context of application, and it should be amplified and reevaluated when necessary. / Prestes a completar 80 anos e tida como a melhor universidade do país segundo o Índice Geral de Cursos (IGC), a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) tem suas origens nas Escolas Superiores e Faculdades, berços do Ensino Superior no Rio Grande do Sul, que passaram a funcionar em Porto Alegre no final do Século XIX. Devido a sua excelência acadêmica, a UFRGS tem produzido e acumulado, ao longo dos anos, um rico patrimônio documental arquivístico. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo a identificação e a proposição de uma sistemática de arranjo para esse patrimônio documental, através da plataforma digital -ICA-AtoM, com fins à descrição e à difusão dos instrumentos de pesquisa - guia e inventário. A justificativa para esta pesquisa permeia a condição da UFRGS enquanto instituição de ensino superior com uma importância significativa tanto no cenário rio-grandense como nacional, através do ensino, da pesquisa e da extensão desenvolvidos por ela. Como embasamento teórico para esta pesquisa, foram utilizados referenciais que conceituassem o patrimônio cultural, passando pelo identificação do patrimônio documental arquivístico neste contexto. Também, foram discutidos e contextualizados temáticas da Arquivologia, tais como a identificação da Arquivologia como ciência, as funções arquivísticas, destacando-se o Arranjo, a Descrição arquivística e a Difusão de arquivos. O contexto de estudo foi dado através de um breve histórico da UFRGS, como foi estruturada a Divisão de Documentação e como está constituído o acervo arquivístico. Esta pesquisa é de natureza aplicada, descritiva, qualitativa e configurou-se em um estudo de caso. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de observação direta, bem como de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Com esta pesquisa foi possível: identificar o documento arquivístico como patrimônio documental e cultural; estabelecer uma sistemática de arranjo para o acervo arquivístico da UFRGS; elaborar a descrição arquivística e a difusão através da criação do guia e do inventário; implementar os instrumentos de pesquisa no software ICA-AtoM. Como produto desenvolvido, está o Guia e Inventário do acervo custodiado pela Divisão de Documentação, instrumentos estes imprescindíveis para o acesso, preservação e difusão do patrimônio documental arquivístico. Por fim, cabe destacar a necessidade de continuidade deste trabalho que foi pioneiro em seu contexto de aplicação, devendo ser ampliado e reavaliado a medida em que se fizer necessário.

In 1959 it was settled in the city of Rio Grande, the Law School Clovis Bevilaqua, belonging to the Universidade Católica de Pelotas and maintained by Mitra Diocesana de Pelotas and subsequently forming the Universidade do Rio Grande - URG until 1972. This research is justified by historical and cultural value of its collection not only for the institution but also to the entire local community. Towards the presented, this paper aims to describe, according to the Brazilian standard archival, the collection of the Law School Clovis Bevilaqua, between the periods 1959 to 1972, in order to preserve institutional memory and provide access to information. Were addressed documentary heritage and as part of this university archive and its relationship with the Archival science, giving focus to the description, the creation of finding aids and the use of Information Technology (IT) grounded in the National Politics of Archives. The research is of an applied nature, descriptive, qualitative and set up a case study. Priority was given to the identification, collection and organization of the documentation that was dispersed in the institution. Also took place preventive conservation actions. The collection of information was performed by the research literature and documents. This work allowed to identify and propose policies for archival fonds of documents of the institution, developing a descriptive framework of fonds; Make the description of the background and documentary series, according to Nobrade and; analyze the ICA-AtoM as software for archival description of documents within the archive system s - SIARQ of the institution. Currently this software is being analyzed by the Division Support of FURG for adoption at the institutional level. Thus, this paper presents the research products generated as an instrument broad and comprehensive, the Arquivo Geral s guide fonds and a specific Inventory Law School Clovis Bevilaqua. Both products, aim access to information as a mean to collaborate in the development, transmission, preservation and diffusion of knowledge developed in the institution. It should be emphasized, above all, the importance of the continuity of this process in various documentary funds at FURG as a way to preserve the documentary heritage and memory of the institution of higher education in the region. / Em 1959, instala-se na cidade de Rio Grande, a Faculdade de Direito Clovis Bevilaqua, pertencente à Universidade Católica de Pelotas e mantida pela Mitra Diocesana de Pelotas e posteriormente formando a Universidade do Rio Grande URG até 1972. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pelo valor histórico-cultural do seu acervo não só para a instituição, como também, para toda a comunidade rio-grandina. Diante do exposto, este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever, de acordo com a norma arquivística brasileira, o acervo da Faculdade de Direito Clovis Bevilaqua, entre os períodos de 1959 a 1972, com a finalidade de preservar a memória institucional e dar acesso à informação. Foram abordados o patrimônio documental e o arquivo universitário como integrante deste e sua relação com a Arquivística, dando enfoque para a descrição, a criação de instrumentos de pesquisa e a utilização de Tecnologias de Informação (TI) alicerçadas na Política Nacional de Arquivos. A pesquisa é de natureza aplicada, descritiva, qualitativa e configurou-se num estudo de caso. Deu-se prioridade à identificação, reunião e organização da documentação que se encontrava dispersa na instituição. Também se realizaram ações de conservação preventiva. A coleta de informações foi realizada através das pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Este trabalho permitiu: identificar e propor políticas arquivísticas para os fundos documentais da instituição, elaborando um quadro descritivo de fundos; Realizar a descrição do fundo e séries documentais, de acordo com a Nobrade e; analisar o ICA-AtoM como software para descrição arquivística de documentos no âmbito do Sistema de Arquivos SIARQ da instituição. No momento este software está sendo analisado pela Divisão de Suporte da FURG para adoção a nível institucional. Assim, esta dissertação apresenta como produtos gerados da pesquisa um instrumento amplo e globalizante, o Guia de Fundos do Arquivo Geral da FURG e um específico, o Inventário da Faculdade de Direito Clovis Bevilaqua. Ambos os produtos, visam o acesso à informação, como forma de colaborar com o desenvolvimento, a transmissão, a preservação e a difusão do conhecimento desenvolvido na instituição. Deve-se destacar, acima de tudo, a relevância da continuidade deste processo nos diversos fundos documentais da FURG, como forma de preservar o patrimônio documental da instituição e a memória do ensino superior na região.

Optical frequency comb spectroscopy (OFCS) combines two previously exclusive features, i.e., wide optical bandwidth and high spectral resolution, enabling precise measurements of entire molecular bands and simultaneous monitoring of multiple gas species in a short measurement time. Moreover, the equidistant mode structure of frequency combs enables efficient coupling of the comb power to enhancement resonant cavities, yielding high detection sensitivities. Different broadband detection methods have been developed to exploit the full potential of frequency combs in spectroscopy, based either on Fourier transform spectroscopy or on dispersive elements.There have been two main aims of the research presented in this thesis. The first has been to improve the performance of mechanical Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) based on frequency combs in terms of sensitivity, resolution and spectral coverage. In pursuit of this aim, we have developed a new spectroscopic technique, so-called noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy (NICE-OFCS), and achieved a shot-noise-limited sensitivity and low ppb (parts-per-billion, 10−9) CO2 concentration detection limit in the near-infrared range using commercially available components. We have also realized a novel method for acquisition and analysis of comb-based FTS spectra, a so-called sub-nominal resolution method, which provides ultra-high spectral resolution and frequency accuracy (both in kHz range, limited only by the stability of the comb) over the broadband spectral range of the frequency comb. Finally, we have developed an optical parametric oscillator generating a frequency comb in the mid-infrared range, where the strongest ro-vibrational molecular absorption lines reside. Using this mid-infrared comb and an FTS, we have demonstrated, for the first time, comb spectroscopy above 5 μm, measured broadband spectra of several species and reached low ppb detection limits for CH4, NO and CO in 1 s.The second aim has been more application-oriented, focused on frequency comb spectroscopy in combustion environments and under atmospheric conditions for fast and sensitive multispecies detection. We have demonstrated, for the first time, cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in a flame, detected broadband high temperature H2O and OH spectra using the FTS in the near-infrared range and showed the potential of the technique for flame thermometry. For applications demanding a short measurement time and high sensitivity under atmospheric pressure conditions, we have implemented continuous-filtering Vernier spectroscopy, a dispersion-based spectroscopic technique, for the first time in the mid-infrared range. The spectrometer was sensitive, fast, robust, and capable of multispecies detection with 2 ppb detection limit for CH4 in 25 ms. / Optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi (OFCS) kombinerar två tidigare icke förenliga egenskaper, dvs. ett brett optiskt frekvensområde med en hög spektral upplösning, vilket möjliggör noggranna mätningar av hela molekylära absorptionsband och detektion av flera gaser samtidigt med en kort mättid. Eftersom frekvenskammar har en regelbunden struktur med jämnt separerade laser moder kan man effektivt koppla kammen till en optisk kavitet och därmed möjliggöra frekvenskamsdetektion med hög känslighet. Olika metoder har utvecklats för att utnyttja frekvenskammarnas fulla potential för spektroskopi, baserad på antingen Fouriertransform-spektroskopi eller dispersiva element.Forskningen som presenteras i denna avhandling har haft två huvudmål. Det första har varit att förbättra prestandan hos mekaniska Fourier-transformspektrometrar (FTS) baserat på frekvenskammar med avseende på känslighet, upplösning och spektral täckning. I strävan efter detta har vi utvecklat en ny spektroskopisk teknik, benämnd brusimmun kavitetsförstärkt optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi (NICE-OFCS), och uppnått en hagelbrusbegränsad känslighet och detektionsgränser ner till låga ppb koncentrationer (miljarddelar, 10−9) för CO2 i det när-infraröda frekvensområdet enbart med användning av kommersiellt tillgängliga komponenter. Vi har också utvecklat en ny metod för insamling och analys av kambaserade FTS-spektra, som betecknas ha sub-nominell upplösning. Metoden gör det möjligt att uppnå ultrahög spektral upplösning och hög frekvensnoggrannhet (båda i kHz-området, endast begränsad av kammens stabilitet) över kammens hela frekvensområde. Slutligen har vi utvecklat en optisk parametrisk oscillator som genererar en frekvenskam i det mid-infraröda frekvensområdet, där de starkaste rotations-vibrationsmolekylära absorptionslinjerna finns. Med hjälp av denna kam och en FTS har vi för första gången demonstrerat frekvenskamspektroskopi över 5 μm. Vi har detekterat bredbandsspektra av flera molekylära gaser och har, för mättider på 1 s, uppnått detektionsgränser ner till låga ppb halter för CH4, NO och CO.Det andra syftet har varit mer applikationsorienterat: att använda frekvenskamspektroskopi i förbränningsmiljö och under atmosfäriska förhållanden för snabb och känslig multiämnesdetektion. Vi har för första gången demonstrerat kavitetsförstärkt optisk frekvenskamspektroskopi i en flamma, där vi har detekterat högtemperaturspektra av H2O och OH i det när-infraröda området med användning av FTS och visat teknikens potential för termometrisk karakterisering av flammor. För applikationer som kräver en kort mättid och hög känslighet under atmosfäriska förhållanden har vi utvecklat ett detektionssystem baserat på Vernier-spektroskopi med kontinuerlig filtrering, vilket är en dispersionsbaserad teknik, för första gången i det mid-infraröda frekvensområdet. Det befanns att spektrometern var känslig, snabb, robust och kapabel till multiämnesdetektion med en detektionsgräns på 2 ppb för CH4 för korta mättider (25 ms).

The Optical Frequency Comb Spectroscopy (OFCS) Group at the Department of Physics at Umeå University develops new techniques for extremely high sensitivity trace gas detection, non invasive temperature measurements, and other applications of OFCS. Their setup used primarily for trace gas detection contains several components that have been developed in-house, including a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) and an auto-balancing detector. This is the one used in this thesis work and it includes a high frequency data acquisition card (DAC) recording interferograms in excess of 10^7 double-precision floating point samples per sweep of the FTS's retarder. For acquisition and analysis to be possible in both directions of the retarder the interferograms needs to be analysed in a sub-second timeframe, something not possible with the present software. The aim of this thesis work has thus been to develop a system with optimized analysis implementations in MATLAB. The latter was a prerequisite from the group to ensure maintainability, as all members are well acquainted with it.Fulfilling its primary purpose MATLAB performs vector and matrix computations quite efficiently, has mostly fully mutable datatypes, and with recent just-in-time (JIT) compilation optimizations vector resizing performance has improved to what in many instances is perceived as equivalent to preallocated variables. This memory management abstraction, however, also means that explicit control of when arguments are passed by value or by reference to a function is not officially supported. The following performance ramifications naturally increase with the size of the data sets (N) passed as arguments and become quite noticeable even at moderate values of N when dealing with data visualization, a key function in system. To circumvent these problems explicit data references were implemented using some of the undocumented functions of MATLAB's libmx library together with a custom data visualization function.The main parts of the near real time interferogram analysis are resampling and a Fourier transformation, both of which had functionally complete but not optimized implementations. The minimal requirement for the reimplementation of these were simply to improve efficiency while maintaining output precision.On experimentally obtained data the new system's (DAQS) resampling implementation increased sample throughput by a factor of 19 which in the setup used corresponds to 10^8 samples per second. Memory usage was decreased by 72% or in terms of the theoretical minimum from a factor 7.1 to 2.0. Due to structural changes in the sequence of execution DAQS has no corresponding implementation of the reference FFT function as the computations performed in it have been parallelized and/or are only executed on demand, their combined CPU-time can however in a worst-case scenario reach 75% of that of the reference. The data visualization performance increase (compared to MATLAB's own, as the old system used LabVIEW) depends on the size in pixels of the surface it is visualized on and N, decreasing with the former and increasing with the latter. In the baseline case of a default surface size of 434x342 pixels and N corresponding to one full sweep of the FTS's retarder DAQS offers a 100x speed-up to the Windows 7 version of MATLAB R2014b's plot.In addition to acquiring and analyzing interferograms the primary objectives of the work included tools to configure the DAC and controlling the FTS's retarder motor, both implemented in DAQS.Secondary to the above was the implementation of acquisition and analysis for both directions of the retarder, a HITRAN reference spectra generator, and functionality to improve the user experience (UX). The first, though computation time allows for it, has not been implemented due to a delay in the DAC-driver. To provide a generic implementation of the second, the HITRAN database was converted from the text-based format it is distributed in to a MySQL database, a wrapper class providing frequency-span selection and the absorption spectra generation was developed together with a graphical front-end. Finally the improved UX functionality mainly focused on providing easy-access documentation of the properties of the DAC.In summation, though the primary objectives of optimizing the data analysis functions were reached, the end product still requires a new driver for the DAC to provide the full functionality of the reference implementation as the existing one is simply too slow. Many of DAQS' components can however be used as stand-alone classes and functions until a new driver is available. It is also worth mentioning that National Instruments (NI), the DAC vendor, has according to their technical support no plans to develop native MATLAB drivers as MathWorks will not sell them licenses.

This thesis presents the synthesis methods and the characterizations of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, silica spheres with Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded, and three dimensional magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) prepared from the spheres. The structure, material composition, magnetic and optical properties, photonic band gaps (PBGs), as well as how these properties depend on the concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles, are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), Faraday rotation (FR) and optical spectrophotometers. Well-organized, face center cubic (fcc)-structured, super-paramagnetic 3D MPCs have been obtained and their PBGs are investigated through optical spectra. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized by standard co-precipitation method and a rapid mixing co-precipitation method with particle size varied from 6.6 nm to 15.0 nm at different synthesis temperature (0°C ~ 100°C). The obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which show crystalline structure with superparamagnetic property, are embedded into silica spheres prepared at room temperature through a sol-gel method using the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in a base solution with different concentrations. By controlling the synthesis conditions (e.g., chemicals, the ratio of chemicals and stirring time), different size of MPC spheres in range of 75 nm to 680 nm has been obtained in a narrow distribution. The sphere suspensions in ethanol are dropped on glass substrate in the permanent magnetic field to achieve well organized 3D MPCs with (111) triangular close packed crystal plane of fcc structure parallel to the surface of substrate. From the transmission &amp; forward scattering spectra (TF), five PBGs have been distinguished for these MPCs and they are defined as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th PBGs according to the order of peaks that appear in mathematic fitting analysis. The positions (peak wavelengths) of PBGs show sphere size dependence: with the increase of the sphere size, they increase linearly. Comparing with pure SiO2 PCs at certain sphere size, the positions of PBGs for MPCs containing moderate Fe3O4 conc. (4.3 wt. %) are at longer wavelengths. On increasing the Fe3O4 conc., however, the PBGs shift back to shorter wavelength. The PBGs shift to longer or shorter wavelength is due to the combined effect of refractive index n increasing, as well as the increase of refractive index difference Δn, which are caused by the embedded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The transmission spectra (T) with varied incidence angle of p- and s- polarized light are studied, obtaining angular dependent and polarization sensitive PBGs. It is found that with the increase of the incidence angle, the 1st PBGs shift to shorter wavelength while the 3rd ones shift to longer wavelength. High Fe3O4 conc. MPCs (6.4 wt. %) show enhancement of this angular dependence. It is also found that the PBGs show dependence on the polarize direction of incident light. Normally, at a certain incidence angle the PBGs sift more for p- polarized incident light than for s-polarized light with respect to normal incidence. This polarized dependence can also be enhanced for high Fe3O4 conc. MPCs. With a high concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the polarization sensitivity of p- and s- increased. These PBG properties indicate applications of 3D MPCs as functional optical materials, coatings, wavelength and polarization fibers for fiber optical communications devices and dielectric sensors of magnetic field, etc.. / QC 20110224