Orientador: Maurice de Koning / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LandinezBorda_EdgarJosue_M.pdf: 6192602 bytes, checksum: b68b0a1398ca87f49a34034ae4473a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação abordamos o problema da escala temporal nas simulações atomísticas, focando no problema de eventos raros. A solução deste problema so e possível com o desenvolvimento de técnicas especiais. Especificamente, estudamos o método super-simétrico para encontrar caminhos de reação. Este metodo não apresenta as limitições comuns de outros metodos para eventos raros. Aplicamos o método a três problemas padrão e encontramos que o método permite estudar as transições raras sem precisar de um conhecimento detalhado do sistema. Além disso permite observar qualitativamente os mecanismos de transição / Abstract: This thesis deals with the problem of time scale in atomistic simulations, focusing on the problem of rare events. The solution to this problem is only possible with the development of special techniques. Specifically, we studied the super-symmetric method to find reaction pathways. This method does not have the usual limitations of other methods for rare events. We apply the method to three standard problems and find that the method allows to study the rare transitions without a detailed knowledge of the system. In addition, it allows us to observe qualitatively the transition mechanisms / Mestrado / Física Estatistica e Termodinamica / Mestre em Física

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / In this work, we studied the h-RMnO3 (R = Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, In and Sc) manganites which are materials with important multiferroic properties. The classical atomistic simulation was used in order to obtain a set of interatomic potentials that describe the structural properties of manganite family in ferroelectric phase (FE). The structural properties such as the lattice parameters, the unit cell volume and the interatomic distances were investigated and compared with results of the literature. The influence of chemical pressure on the structural properties of these compounds was analyzed. It was observed that the lattice parameters (a and c) and the volume of the unit cell increase as the ionic radius of the R3+ ion increases. All h-RMnO3 manganites were studied under hydrostatic pressure up to 40 GPa. It was observed that the lattice parameters (a and c) and the unit cell volume decrease with an increase in the hydrostatic pressure. The paraelectric phase (PE) was studied using the interatomic potential developed in the ferroelectric phase. Thus, the structural properties in this phase were obtained and compared with the literature. Effects of doping of trivalent ions on the h-LuMnO3 manganite were studied in three crystallographic sites (Mn, Lu1 and Lu2). Solution energy was calculated for all dopants (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe, Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd e La) and the results showed that the Mn site has the lowest solution energy, therefore, the Mn site is energetically more favorable. The metals (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe) dopants proved to be more favorable to incorporate at the Mn site than rare earths ones (Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd and La), but at the Lu site the rare earths are energetically more favorable to incorporate. The calculated interatomic distances at the Mn site decreases when doping with metal (Al, Cr, Ga and Fe). However, these distances increase when doping is done with rare earth (Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd and La). In addition, important ferroelectric distortion properties were evaluated due the change in the tilting angle of the MnO5 bipyramid. The tilting angle increases in the pure system if the doping is done with metals (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe) for all sites. On the other hand, the tilting angle decreases with rare earth ions incorporation at the Mn and Lu1 sites and increases in the rare earths doping at the Lu2 site. / Estuda-se neste trabalho as manganitas h-RMnO3 (R = Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, In e Sc), que são materiais que apresentam importantes propriedades multiferroicas. A simulação atomística clássica foi usada com o objetivo de obter um conjunto de potenciais interatômicos que descrevam as propriedades estruturais da família de manganitas na fase ferroelétrica (FE). As propriedades estruturais como os parâmetros de rede, o volume da célula unitária e as distâncias interatômicas foram investigadas e comparadas com a literatura. Em vista disso, a influência da pressão química nessas propriedades estruturais foi analisada. Observou-se que os parâmetros de rede (a e c) e o volume da célula unitária aumentam à medida que o raio iônico do íon R3+ aumenta. Todas as manganitas h-RMnO3 foram submetidas a uma pressão hidrostática de até 40 GPa. Verificou-se que houve uma redução nos parâmetros de rede (a e c) e no volume da célula unitária à medida que a pressão hidrostática aumenta. A fase paraelétrica (PE) foi estudada utilizando os potenciais interatômicos desenvolvidos na fase ferroelétrica. Com isso, as propriedades estruturais nessa fase foram obtidas e comparadas com a literatura. O efeito da dopagem com íons trivalentes foi estudado em três sítios cristalográficos (Mn, Lu1 e Lu2) da manganitas h-LuMnO3. A energia de solução foi calculada para todos os dopantes (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe, Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd e La) e os resultados mostraram que o sítio do Mn possui a menor energia de solução, portanto, esse é o sítio energeticamente mais favorável. Diante disso, os metais (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe) se mostraram energeticamente mais favoráveis que os terras raras (Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd e La) no sítio do Mn, porém nos sítios do Lu1 e Lu2 os terras raras são mais favoráveis de serem incorporados. As distâncias interatômicas calculadas no sítio do Mn diminuem após a dopagem com os metais (Al, Cr, Ga e Fe), enquanto que essas distâncias aumentam quando a dopagem é realizada com os terras raras (Sc, Yb, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Eu, Sm, Nd e La). Além disso, os efeito da dopagem na distorção ferroelétrica foram avaliadas com a mudança no ângulo de tilting da bipirâmide MnO5. Um aumento do ângulo de tilting em relação ao sistema puro é obtido quando a dopagem é realizada com metais (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe) para todos os sítios estudados. Por outro lado, o ângulo de tilting decresce quando ocorre a incorporação de íons terras raras nos sítios do Mn e Lu1, mas aumenta quando a dopagem dos terras raras é realizada no sítio do Lu2. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rodolfo.pdf: 3035327 bytes, checksum: 28c097fd866c13df0338e35be81b42bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-26 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / In this work we investigated the temperature dependence of point defects in Li₃OCl anti-perovskites using static atomistic simulations. The interionic interactions were modeled by pairwise Buckingham-type pairwise potentials, while the shell model was employed to describe the ions, except the lithium ions that was assumed as a spherical rigid ion. The defects were calculated according to the Mott-Littleton approach for several temperatures between 0 and 600 K. The main intrinsic defects investigated were Schottky, pseudo-Schottky LiCl and Li₂O and Frenkel defects. Results show the most likely defect is the LiCl pseudo-Schottky one, which formation enthalpy is 0,98 eV about at 300 K . The calculated lithium vacancies concentration did not reach values above 10ˉ7, indicating that most of vacancies might be generated by aliovalent extrinsic impurities. The calculated vacancy migration energy agrees very well with that obtained experimentally (0,26 eV ) and it shows that the main ionic conductivity mechanism in is due to the lithium vacancies, occurring along the octahedron vertices. / Neste trabalho empregamos simulações atomísticas estáticas para investigar os defeitos pontuais em anti-perovskitas Li₃OCl de em função da temperatura. Para tanto assumimos um modelo de potencial interiônico de Buckingham para as interações entre os íons e o modelo de casca esférica para tratar as polarizações dos íons, com exceção do lítio que foi descrito pelo modelo de íon rígido. Os defeitos foram calculados seguindo a metodologia de Mott-Littletlon. Os principais defeitos intrínsecos investigados foram os defeitos de Schottky, pseudo-Schottky de LiCl e Li₂O , e Frenkel. Os resultados mostram que o defeito mais provável é o de pseudo-Schottky de LiCl, cuja entalpia de formação é de 0,98 eV cerca de a 300 K. A concentração de vacâncias de lítio calculada assumiu valores inferiores a 10ˉ7, indicando que a maioria das vacâncias deve ser gerada por impurezas aliovalentes extrínsecas. A energia de migração de vacâncias de lítio calculada concorda com as medidas experimentais ( 0,26 eV) e mostra que este é o principal mecanismo de condução iônica neste material, ocorrendo ao longo dos vértices dos octaedros de OLi₆.

As formulações baseadas na mecânica do contínuo, embora precisas até certo ponto, por vezes não podem ser utilizadas, ou não são conceitualmente corretas para o entendimento de fenômenos em escalas reduzidas. Estas limitações podem aparecer no estudo dos fenômenos tribológicos em escala nanométrica, que passam a necessitar de novos métodos experimentais, teóricos e computacionais que permitam explorar estes fenômenos com a resolução necessária. Simulações atomísticas são capazes de descrever fenômenos em pequena escala, porém, o número necessário de átomos modelados e, portanto, o custo computacional - geralmente torna-se bastante elevado. Por outro lado, os métodos de simulação associados à mecânica do contínuo são mais interessantes em relação ao custo computacional, mas não são precisos na escala atômica. A combinação entre essas duas abordagens pode, então, permitir uma compreensão mais realista dos fenômenos da tribologia. Neste trabalho, discutem-se os conceitos básicos e modelos de atrito em escala atômica e apresentam-se estudos, por meio de simulação numérica, para a análise e compreensão dos mecanismos de atrito e desgaste no contato entre materiais. O problema é abordado em diferentes escalas, e propõe-se uma abordagem conjunta entre a Mecânica do Contínuo e a Dinâmica Molecular. Para tanto, foram executadas simulações numéricas, com complexidade crescente, do contato entre superfícies, partindo-se de um primeiro modelo que simula o efeito de defeitos cristalinos no fenômeno de escorregamento puro, considerando a Dinâmica Molecular. Posteriormente, inseriu-se, nos modelos da mecânica do contínuo, considerações sobre o fenômeno de adesão. A validação dos resultados é feita pela comparação entre as duas abordagens e com a literatura. / Formulations based on continuum mechanics are generally accurate in a macroscale level, but sometimes cannot be used, or it is not conceptually correct to use for the understanding of small scale phenomena. These limitations may be observed in the study of tribological phenomena at the nanoscale, which may consequently require new experimental, theoretical and computational methods in order to analyze these phenomena with the required resolution. Atomistic simulations may describe phenomena at small scale, but the required number of atoms to be modeled, i.e. the computational cost, usually becomes very high. Moreover, simulation methods associated with continuum mechanics (such as the Finite Element Method - FEM) are more interesting in relation to computational cost, but they are not accurate for atomic scale studies. The combination of these two approaches can then enable a more realistic understanding of tribological phenomena. This work discusses the basic concepts of friction and models for friction at atomic scale. This work also presents studies, by means of numerical simulation, for the analysis of friction and wear mechanisms in the contact of materials. The problem is approached considering different scales, and basing the analysis both on Continuum Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics (MD). For both methods, numerical simulations with increasing complexity were conducted to reproduce the contact between surfaces, starting from an initial model that simulates the effect of crystalline defects during the MD analysis of pure slip. In a second stage, adhesion phenomenon were implemented through continuum mechanics models. The validation of the models and the coupling between the two approaches were conducted by comparison with literature.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20413号 / 工博第4350号 / 新制||工||1674(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科化学工学専攻 / (主査)教授 宮原 稔, 教授 田門 肇, 教授 山本 量一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the temperature change in a magnetic material due to a change in an applied magnetic field. How the MCE behaves in different magnetic materials and at different phase transitions is fundamental to understand. The driver of the MCE is a change in entropy which has multiple contributions: magnetic, lattice, and electron. In this thesis the MCE is studied in a simple antiferromagnetic (AFM) model andin a realistic noncollinear spin glass Neodymium model using Monte Carlo and Atomistic Spin Dynamics simulations. For the simple AFM system, no clear results were achieved, indicating that MCE in AFM materials is not due to a change solely in the magnetic entropy. For the complex magnetic material Nd, a more clear result is seen, indicating that frustration in the system might be important to the MCE in noncollinear materials. Nd results also signify more phase transitions than previously reported.

<p>Ni-base superalloys are among the highest temperature capable alloys and are used pervasively throughout the transportation, energy, and nuclear industries. However, their microstructures have been largely limited to containing the γ´ (cubic) and γ´´ (tetragonal) phases to enable high strength at elevated temperatures, and this fixation has restricted alloy development opportunities. In the past three decades, a new set of alloys, strengthened by the γ´´´ (orthorhombic) phase, was developed by Haynes International. The alloys exhibit comparable strength to existing Ni-based superalloys and show a 25% decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient, designed for tighter clearances (thus improving engine efficiency) and help to reduce thermally induced fatigue from engine cycling. </p> <p>The newest iteration of such alloys, HAYNES^® 244^®, has a nominal composition of Ni-22.5Mo-8Cr-6W (wt.%), and each alloying element is used to help precipitate the γ´´´-Ni₂(Cr, Mo, W) phase. The deformation mechanisms of this material are currently unknown. Previous studies investigating the predecessor alloy, HAYNES^® 242^® alloy, showed deformation twinning to be the dominant deformation mechanism during mechanical testing, but the physical phenomena responsible for this mode of deformation were not clearly elucidated. As a result, the primary motivation of this project is to understand the deformation behavior of the 244 alloy from the atomistic level and upwards. </p> <p>This work details efforts to elucidate these deformation mechanisms using an integrated computational and experimental approach. First-principles calculations were performed to determine the entire generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) surface and slip pathways of the γ´´´ phase for dislocation slip. The various planar defects that could form from dislocation slip were predicted to provide significant barriers for dislocation motion due to their very high planar defect energies (~1000 mJ/m²), likely precluding shearing of the precipitates. We incorporated these results into phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) to simulate dislocation-precipitate interactions of finite size. These results showed that the planar defect energies of the γ´´´ phase largely govern the deformation behavior and critical resolved shear stress for precipitate shearing, regardless of precipitate shape, size, or orientation. Extensive mechanical testing conducted from room temperature up to 760 ºC over strain rates ranging from 10^-9 s^-1 to 10^-4 s^-1 combined with transmission electron microscopy validated the predicted deformation structures of creep and tensile samples. Shearing of individual precipitates by intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults, as well as extensive deforming twinning, was observed. The integrated GSFE and PFDD simulations showed that the precipitates would resist dislocation shearing and favor twinning as the preferred deformation mechanism at all temperatures and strain rates investigated. These results provide pathways for microstructural and composition modification to further increase the strength of γ´´´ strengthened alloys in the future.</p> <p><br></p>

The present thesis is on the error estimates of different energy based quasicontinuum (QC) methods, which are a class of computational methods for the coupling of atomistic and continuum models for micro- or nano-scale materials. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part considers the a priori error estimates of three energy based QC methods. The second part deals with the a posteriori error estimates of a specific energy based QC method which was recently developed. In the first part, we develop a unified framework for the a priori error estimates and present a new and simpler proof based on negative-norm estimates, which essentially extends previous results. In the second part, we establish the a posteriori error estimates for the newly developed energy based QC method for an energy norm and for the total energy. The analysis is based on a posteriori residual and stability estimates. Adaptive mesh refinement algorithms based on these error estimators are formulated. In both parts, numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the results of our analysis and indicate the optimal convergence rates. The thesis is accompanied by a thorough introduction to the development of the QC methods and its numerical analysis, as well as an outlook of the future work in the conclusion.

L’histoire de la famille musulmane est née au début des années 1990 d’un souci commun d’éviter les généralisations hâtives et d’accumuler les faits élémentaires de la vie familiale et résidentielle. Or, le discours scientifique actuel, aussi bien que celui qui l’a précédé, restent fondés sur une même série de postulats qui conduisent à voir dans les modalités de la vie résidentielle et familiale propres aux sociétés de l’Islam la prégnance d’une mentalité collectiviste, la persistance d’une volonté ancrée dans l’esprit des individus de vivre « entre soi » dans la promiscuité d’une maisonnée nombreuse et complexe. Dans l’esprit d’une critique positive, cette thèse s’attache à illustrer la pertinence d’une perspective « atomiste » au regard des Ammeln, à savoir un groupe de paysans berbérophones natifs des hautes terres de l’Anti-Atlas, dans le Sud du Maroc. Cela se fera à la lumière d’une multitude de sources ethnographiques, démographiques et archivistiques, grâce auxquelles il sera possible de remonter le fil du temps et de suivre les processus de formation et de transformation des maisonnées établies par les habitants du pays des Ammeln depuis l’époque précoloniale jusqu’à nos jours. Ainsi, il apparaitra plus clairement que, dans les sociétés de l’Islam, aussi petites et isolées soient-elles, les noyaux familiaux sont enclins à vivre « chacun chez soi », et qu’ils n’acceptent de faire autrement qu’en raison d’un ensemble de forces et de contraintes sociales particulières les empêchant d’atteindre l’autonomie résidentielle et de bénéficier de la liberté d’action qui en découle. / Family history in the Islamic Middle East was born in the early 1990s from a shared concern to avoid sweeping generalizations and accumulate the basic facts about residential and family life. However, both the current scientific discourse and the one that preceded it are based upon a common set of assumptions that suggest that members of Islamic societies share a collectivistic mentality and a common desire to live amongst themselves in the promiscuity of large and complex households. In the spirit of positive criticism, this thesis aims to illustrate the relevance of a new “atomistic” perspective by studying the case of the Ammeln, a group of peasants from the Berber highlands of the Anti-Atlas, in Southern Morocco. This research is based on a variety of ethnographic, demographic and historical sources that make it possible to go back in time and follow the process of formation and transformation of households in this small village community, from pre-colonial times to the present day. As such, it will become clearer that, in Islamic societies, as small and isolated as they may be, elementary family units are inclined to live on their own, and that they choose to do otherwise only because of a given set of forces and constraints preventing them from attaining residential autonomy and benefiting from the resulting freedom. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris).

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris). / L’histoire de la famille musulmane est née au début des années 1990 d’un souci commun d’éviter les généralisations hâtives et d’accumuler les faits élémentaires de la vie familiale et résidentielle. Or, le discours scientifique actuel, aussi bien que celui qui l’a précédé, restent fondés sur une même série de postulats qui conduisent à voir dans les modalités de la vie résidentielle et familiale propres aux sociétés de l’Islam la prégnance d’une mentalité collectiviste, la persistance d’une volonté ancrée dans l’esprit des individus de vivre « entre soi » dans la promiscuité d’une maisonnée nombreuse et complexe. Dans l’esprit d’une critique positive, cette thèse s’attache à illustrer la pertinence d’une perspective « atomiste » au regard des Ammeln, à savoir un groupe de paysans berbérophones natifs des hautes terres de l’Anti-Atlas, dans le Sud du Maroc. Cela se fera à la lumière d’une multitude de sources ethnographiques, démographiques et archivistiques, grâce auxquelles il sera possible de remonter le fil du temps et de suivre les processus de formation et de transformation des maisonnées établies par les habitants du pays des Ammeln depuis l’époque précoloniale jusqu’à nos jours. Ainsi, il apparaitra plus clairement que, dans les sociétés de l’Islam, aussi petites et isolées soient-elles, les noyaux familiaux sont enclins à vivre « chacun chez soi », et qu’ils n’acceptent de faire autrement qu’en raison d’un ensemble de forces et de contraintes sociales particulières les empêchant d’atteindre l’autonomie résidentielle et de bénéficier de la liberté d’action qui en découle. / Family history in the Islamic Middle East was born in the early 1990s from a shared concern to avoid sweeping generalizations and accumulate the basic facts about residential and family life. However, both the current scientific discourse and the one that preceded it are based upon a common set of assumptions that suggest that members of Islamic societies share a collectivistic mentality and a common desire to live amongst themselves in the promiscuity of large and complex households. In the spirit of positive criticism, this thesis aims to illustrate the relevance of a new “atomistic” perspective by studying the case of the Ammeln, a group of peasants from the Berber highlands of the Anti-Atlas, in Southern Morocco. This research is based on a variety of ethnographic, demographic and historical sources that make it possible to go back in time and follow the process of formation and transformation of households in this small village community, from pre-colonial times to the present day. As such, it will become clearer that, in Islamic societies, as small and isolated as they may be, elementary family units are inclined to live on their own, and that they choose to do otherwise only because of a given set of forces and constraints preventing them from attaining residential autonomy and benefiting from the resulting freedom.