Traditionelle Krankenhaushierarchie und Ökonomisierungsdruck, aber auch Unkenntnis über berufsrechtliche Grundlagen des Arztberufs beeinflussen die Therapiefreiheit des einzelnen Arztes. Die gesetzlich und berufsständisch normierte ärztliche Tätigkeit als freier Beruf erfordert vom einzelnen Arzt, medizinische Entscheidungen nicht einfach zu befolgen, sondern seiner Qualifikation gemäß zu überprüfen. Das Weisungsrecht vorgesetzter Ärzte und die Pflicht nachgeordneter Ärzte, Weisungen zu befolgen, finden ihre Grenzen in den Rechtsnormen, die das Prinzip des freien Berufs setzt. Unkritisches Befolgen von Anweisungen kann auch für nachgeordnete Ärzte straf-, zivil- und berufsrechtliche Folgen haben. Die vorliegende Studie legt dar, in welcher Weise auch der Krankenhausarzt einen freien Beruf ausübt. Und weiter, welchen Stellenwert die Therapiefreiheit als Kern dieser Berufsfreiheit für die verschiedenen etablierten Hierarchiestufen des ärztlichen Dienstes hat. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, ob und inwiefern die traditionelle hierarchische Struktur des ärztlichen Dienstes in deutschen Krankenhäusern mit dem Berufsrecht vereinbar ist.

Institutions are fundamentally sets of rules in a society that help create stability. Organizations are groups of people who may share the same goal. Changes in organizations and institutions will have large effects on the performance of economies. This thesis explores empirical aspects concerning two elements of institutional and organizational design: economic regulations and independent regulatory authorities (IRAs). Essay 1 studies the impact of the 2004 EU merger policy reform on how mergers are reviewed by the European Commission. The EU policy appears to have softened after the reform for unilateral mergers and this may suggest an improvement of merger policy efficiency. Essay 2 compares the merger enforcements in the EU and the US. Our approach is to decompose the differences into policy effects and casemix effects. The EU policy has significantly changed after its 2004 reform. Overall, the results show a convergence between the two policies for dominance mergers after the EU policy reform. Essay 3 constructs an independence index for 109 European IRAs in six different sectors: competition, energy, financial markets, pharmaceuticals, food safety, and telecom. Factor analysis suggests that the heads of the agencies are mostly constrained by four factors: collegial bodies, the judicial system, politics and scope of tasks, and resources. Essay 4 explores a correlation between independence of regulatory authorities and corruption. We find that the authorities in corrupt countries to a large extent rely on collegial bodies but are less tightly controlled by the judicial system, compared with those in “clean” countries. Essay 5 studies the impact of regulation on broadband diffusion speed. The results imply that a strict local loop unbundling policy appears to slow the diffusion speed of fixed broadband. In contrast, a procompetition policy that aims to promote entry has a significant positive impact on the diffusion speed of mobile broadband.

Bakgrund: Under det senaste året har Skatteverkets södra region genomfört omfattande förändringar i sitt sätt att styra den inkommande ärendehanteringen. Tidigare styrde vart och ett av kontoren sin egen verksamhet för att numera styras gemensamt via det införda nätverket. Då den nyligen implementerade styrningen ännu inte har analyserats, fick vi i uppdrag av Skatteverket möjlighet att kritiskt analysera hur denna förändring upplevs av medarbetare i den södra regionen. Syfte: Syftet är att kritiskt analysera hur den genomförda förändringen av styrningen upplevs av medarbetare samt hur dessa typer av förändringar påverkar värdeskapandet. Detta ska slutligen generera i förbättringsförslag till Skatteverket och andra offentliga verksamheter. Metod: För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har vi genomfört en kvalitativ fallstudie vilken har inkluderat flertalet intervjuer med personer inom Skatteverkets södra region som arbetat där före och efter den genomförda förändringen av styrningen. Resultat/Slutsats: Vi anser att den genomförda förändringen av styrningen kommer att möjliggöra ett mer kostnadseffektivt arbete i det inkommande ärendeflödet. Efter att ha analyserat teori och empiri finner vi att Skatteverket till stor del har brustit i sin kommunikation med medarbetaren under förändringens gång. / Background: During the last year, the southern region of the Swedish Tax Agency's have made major changes in the way of controlling the incoming declarations to the agency. Earlier, each of the offices managed their own business and today the are managed jointly through the recently introduced network. Since the recently implemented management has not yet been analyzed, we, on behalf of the Swedish Tax Agency, were able to analyze how this change is experienced by employees in the southern region. Purpose: The purpose is to critically analyze how the change in management is experienced by employees and how these types of changes affect the value creation. This will eventually generate improvement proposals for the Swedish Tax Agency and other public activities. Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the essay, we conducted a case study which consists of interviews with persons within the Swedish Tax Agency's southern region who worked at the agency before and after the change in management. Result /Conclusion: We believe that the change in control will generate more efficient work in the incoming case flow, which will generate cost savings. After analyzing theoretical- and empirical parts we have also found that the Swedish Tax Agency has in general failed in their way of communicating with the employees during the course of change.

La multiplication de la délinquance juvénile suscite de nombreuses interrogations. Ainsi, comment offrir une réponse juste et adaptée au mineur, d'autant plus lorsque celui-ci est atteint d'une pathologie physique nécessitant des soins lourds et récurrents ? Il existe un véritable vide juridique en la matière, ce qui pose indiscutablement des difficultés pratiques. Ni la loi du 15 août 2014 relative à l'individualisation des peines, ni les projets de réforme de l'ordonnance du 02 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante n'apportent de réponses concrètes à cette situation. A cet égard, après des recherches sur le terrain, il est apparu que les professionnels du droit faisaient généralement, dans la mesure du possible, un traitement au cas par cas, faute de textes juridiques. Dès lors, l'objet de cette thèse est de proposer des pistes de réflexion relatives aux éventuels aménagements de la procédure pénale, du stade de l'enquête à celui de l'exécution de la peine. Le sujet s'inscrit dans une actualité juridique en pleine évolution eu égard aux projets de réformes en cours. / The proliferation of juvenile delinquency raises many questions. Thus, how to provide a fair and appropriate response to the minor, especially when it is sufferingfrom a physical condition requiring heavy and ongoing care?There is a real legal vacuum in this area, which undoubtedly poses practical difficulties. Neither the law of August 15th 2014 concerning the individualization ofsentences, nor the orders of reform projects from February 2nd 1945 on juvenile delinquency, bring concrete answers to this situation.Therein, after researching on the spot, it appears that legal professionals were doing, generally, as much as possible, a case-by-case treatment, because of olack of legal texts. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to provide actionable insights on possible adjustments of the criminal proceedings, from the stage of theinquiry to the execution of the sentence. The subject is part of evolving legal developments with respect to ongoing reform projects.

Suite aux multiples crises économiques, le directeur financier est devenu un acteur majeur au sein de l'entreprise. Ses missions ont incontestablement évolué. Au départ, il exerçait des missions comptables garantissant une gestion financière efficace. Aujourd'hui, il occupe des fonctions stratégiques nécessaires au développement de l’entreprise. Cette diversité des compétences lui permet d'avoir une vision globale et transversale de l'entreprise. Malgré son rôle prépondérant, aucune étude n’a été menée concernant la détermination d’un statut juridique du directeur financier. Notre analyse a pour objectif de clarifier la fonction du directeur financier. A partir de l’observation de la réalité, l’étude statique de ses fonctions complétée par une analyse dynamique de leur exécution, nous a permis de dégager un statut juridique commun à l’ensemble des directeurs financiers. / Following multiple economic crises, the Chief Financial Officer has become a major player within the company. Its missions have unquestionably evolved. Initially, he performed accounting missions ensuring effective financial management. Today, it occupies the strategic functions necessary to the development of the company. This diversity of skills allows him to have a global and cross-enterprise vision. Despite its leading role, no study was conducted concerning the determination of the legal status of Chief Financial Officer. Our analysis is aimed, to clarify the function of Chief Financial Officer. From the observation of the reality, the static study of its functions supplemented by dynamic analysis of their execution, allowed us to identify a legal statute to all financial managers

Magister Educationis - MEd / An important aspect of my thesis is the discussion of the various narrators in the novel; Vladimir Nabokov, John Ray Jnr. and Humbert Humbert. The novel, or Humbert’s memoirs, is only published after Lolita has died in order to preserve her dignity. John Ray Jnr. is the psychologist who is charged with editing Humbert's memoirs to ensure that no lewd details are published. This brings problems of their own, as we find that John Ray Jnr. has clear moral perceptions of Humbert as a person. This effectively creates a fiction within a fiction, which is already set in the fictitious genre of the novel. Vladimir Nabokov arguably informs the novel with his own ethics and ethos. This interrogates the reliability of the narrators and calls into question the truth-value of fiction and the inappropriateness of the law to ban fiction that discusses taboo issues. The main aim of my thesis is to discredit Humbert as a reliable narrator and character by analysing the taboo issues of paedophilia, incest, rape and murder. This will be done in order to show how Nabokov proposes alternative morals by deconstructing traditional morality using taboo topics in fiction

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) is an integral part for the success of any government community development initiative as it helps foster a sense of ownership and at the same time promotes meaningful development at grass-root level. The Government of Kenya (GOK), through the Ministry of Regional Development has established Regional Development Authorities (RDA’s) that are mandated to promote development within their areas of jurisdiction by implementing integrated programmes and enhancement of community participation. It is against this backdrop that this research investigation is using Tana and Athi River Development Authority (TARDA) in Kenya as a case study in order to appraise how PME is applied in this process. The people-centred development theory constituted the theoretical grounding of the study, and in addition implementation approaches to PME were discussed in relation to the various project management areas of knowledge. Qualitative methods of research were applied throughout the study in assessing the level of stakeholders’ participation in monitoring and evaluation. A mix of interviews and focus group discussions were utilized. More specifically, individual interviews were conducted with the project beneficiaries/community, TARDA management, project management facilitators, as well as monitoring and evaluation specialists in an attempt to unravel how and to what extent Tana County residents are involved in the monitoring and evaluation process of TARDA projects. Empirical findings gathered from the study were reflected upon through concrete grounded discussions on the contribution of PME in increasing community participation, empowerment and decision-making in various development projects. The research findings also indicated that PME plays a pivotal role in ensuring accountability and transparency of institutions thus creating investor confidence and promoting regional-balanced development. Furthermore, the findings also revealed that an effective PME system gives decision makers an additional public sector management tool, while at the same time building on the capacities of the beneficiaries. Finally, it is proposed that PME should be a standard practice among public sector institutions that embrace PME techniques, also in order to document and share PME experiences for purposes of information generation and future sustainable development.

Magister Artium (Human Ecology) - MA(HE) / A theory-based evaluation has been conducted with an improvement-orientated purpose on the Social Auxiliary Worker (SAW) Training Programme for an accredited provider to improve and continue to implement their own SAW Training Programmes. Theory-driven evaluations are essential for distinguishing between the validity of programme implementation and the validity of programme theory. Addressing the social needs of communities through social development and transformation is a top priority for the South African Government. South Africa faces a shortage of Social Work Practitioners (SWPs) due to emigration, as well as insufficient numbers of university graduates. This shortage has left the current SWPs with severe workload pressures. The South African Department of Social Development (DSD) initiated, in 2004, the training of Social Auxiliary Workers (SAWs) to serve as assistants to the SWPs. The SAW qualification initiative has been developed as a course accredited with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) at the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) level 4. Providers of SAW training courses are accredited by the Health and Welfare Sectoral Education and Training Authority (HWSETA) and by the South African Council for Social Services Professions (SACSSP). The empirical part of the study was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of a clarificatory evaluation, wherein a step-by-step logical participatory process was followed for the clarification and development of the programme theory. This process resulted in logic models and a theory-of-change model against which the evaluation questions for the study were developed. These questions assessed the need for the SAW training programme - and for the SAW training programme planning and design. It was found that there was a need for SAW training programmes and that the SAW training programme had been designed to address this need. The second stage consisted of an implementation evaluation. This was done by means of a data matrix using the evaluation aspects for each of the objectives developed during the clarificatory evaluation. Data gathering was done by means of content analysis, focus group workshops and questionnaires. Data interpretations, conclusions and judgements were made with regard to each of the objectives and consolidated in a table format which indicated the outputs and outcomes, implementation results- and a judgement and recommendation for each objective. It was found that a standardised and structured process was followed most of the time, but that the knowledge and skills training elements, particularly in their practical application, left room for improvement. The study illustrates the advantages of a theory-based evaluation that assists with programme planning and modification, knowledge development and the planning of evaluation studies.

There are times when a confluence of events, individual talent, preparation and strategic timing all meet at the same point in time which result in a historic period on the larger scale of history. Such is the life and legacy of Carl F. H. Henry. Henry was born at a strategic time in the history of the Protestant church in the United States. He possessed and developed intellectual gifts that far surpassed most of his contemporaries. He also possessed an ability to be at the momentous shifts in Christian history in the United States. This study examines, in historical context, the surrounding circumstances and the developments from those circumstances that gave rise to “the dean of evangelical theologians,” Carl Henry. Henry burst onto the theological scene while the ambers were still burning from World War II. While the world was recovering from war, Protestantism, both in the U.S. and in Europe, was recovering from a battle of its own. In the United States, the conflict between liberals and conservatives had provided deep divides in the county’s denominations. With liberals having assumed seats of power in denominational structures and institutions of higher learning, the conservatives had withdrawn both culturally and theologically. Across Europe, two world wars within one generation had significantly damaged the cardinal doctrines of liberalism. In its place, came the rise of neo-orthodoxy. While on the surface the renewed emphasis on the Bible seemed to offer great promise, the philosophical underpinnings of neo-orthodoxy would soon erode the short lived hope that a return to the foundation of scriptural authority, as expressed by the Reformers, was in the making. It was into the this milieu that Carl Henry emerged onto the scene, with the publishing of The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism, as a major theological voice calling for a renunciation of the obscurantism of the fundamentalists, and a re-engagement with culture both in terms of social ministries and a renewed commitment to academic excellence. In addition to The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism, which received much more recognition that the preceding volume, Remaking the Modern Mind and then the later work, The Protestant Dilemma, these two books laid out the basic theological method that Henry would follow throughout his career resulting in his magnum opus, God, Revelation and Authority. It is here that evangelicalism finds its most definitive defense of biblical authority, inspiration and inerrancy, grounded in Henry’s theological methodology—revelational epistemology. In addition to Henry’s prodigious theological output, he was instrumental in changing the theological landscape in America. Having called for the re-engagement of the culture and the mind, Henry was pivotal in the forming of several key evangelical institutions. Henry actively took part in the founding of the NAE, ETS, Fuller Seminary and Christianity Today. Henry’s legacy is cemented in his ability to articulate and formulate viable contemporary expressions to fulfill the Great Commission. His contributions to the Kingdom of God are as monumental in their breadth and scope as the King he served. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

Although an abundance of literature is available regarding the glory of Christ in the Fourth Gospel, relatively little has been written on the glory of Christ’s followers in this Gospel. John 17.21-23 is frequently cited to promote various causes with the assumption that this text refers to church unity, but the theme of the glory that Christ has given to his people to enable their unity has scarcely been noted, and there are many diverse understandings of the nature of the oneness for which the Johannine Jesus prayed. What is the glory that Christ has given to believers? Diverse theories have been proposed, but no clear, convincing answers have been offered by contemporary interpreters. In this thesis, answers to the questions regarding the nature of the δόξα in 17.22-23 are found primarily in Chapter 17 and in the Farewell Discourse(s), but contributions are garnered from relevant passages in other sections of the Gospel as well. This is also true of the question regarding the nature of oneness in 17.22-23. The following questions are addressed: (1) Who are the people to whom Jesus has given δόξα in John 17.20-23? (2) What is the δόξα that Jesus has given to his followers? (3) What is meant by oneness of the believers in vv. 20-23? A survey of the lexicographical background of δόξα is focused on the use of δόξα in the LXX, since NT usage usually follows that of the LXX. The meaning of do,xa in the LXX, however, is partly dependent on its meaning in nonbiblical Greek and partly on the meanings of the Hebrew words that δόξα renders in the LXX. A consideration of the meanings of δόξα in the Greek OT is supplemented by an inquiry into the δόξα of the Messiah and of God's People in the LXX. Δόξα in the Apocrypha, glory in the OT Pseudepigrapha, and memra, yeqara, and shekinah in the Targums are discussed in the sections that follow, since the intertestamental writings form an important bridge between the OT and the NT. The survey of the lexicographical background of δόξα concludes with a discussion of the meanings of δόξα in the NT. Proceeding with the supposition that answers to the questions regarding the nature of the gift of δόξα and of oneness in 17.22-23 are found primarily in Chapter 17 and in the Farewell Discourse(s), the study of Chapter 17 begins first in 17.22-23 and its paragraph (vv. 20-23), and radiates out from there into the rest of Chapter 17 and the Farewell Discourse(s). Relevant passages in other sections of the Fourth Gospel are examined as well. This study does not attempt to discuss every text in the Fourth Gospel that speaks of δόξα or δόξαζω, but those that are most closely associated with the passage under consideration are studied and discussed. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted