The Swedish police authority is an extended arm of the Swedish government. The government implements governmental policies for its authorities, aiming at sustaining and improving the safety and wellbeing of society. In Sweden, one of the main policy safeguards is gender equality, which has been the focus of this study. It builds upon a well-established regulatory system for the representation of women in leading positions and argues for the benefits associated with tackling certain equality challenges. Up until now, most of the scholarly contributions on organization management, in relation to governmental policy, have dealt with leadership power and its efficiency, rather than equality. This study showed that the contemporary application of governmental policy has an impact on organizational culture. Through policy, gender equality could be increased as it encompasses potential benefits associated with leadership and power distribution. The study showed that this is also the case for the police authorities in Sweden in which applying gender policies has implications for managers' decisions when these are used to make the organizational leadership structures more equal. The application of policies to allow gender equality has also implications for employees regarding their work performances when advancing up in hierarchies.

Le Second Empire a pour réputation d’être un régime politique ennemi des libertés. Pourtant, la constitution du 14 janvier 1852 reconnaît, confirme et garantit les principes de 1789 comme la base du droit public des Français. Elle crée même des mécanismes pour les protéger. Le régime louis-napoléonien, dès son texte fondateur, s’intéresse donc à la garantie des libertés. Cela fait-il du Second Empire un régime politique libéral ?Le règne de Napoléon III est coupé en deux périodes : l’autoritaire et la libérale. L’expression « Empire libéral » doit beaucoup au travail d’Émile Ollivier qui a cherché à réhabiliter, après 1870, son ralliement à l’Empire. Ainsi, quelle pertinence de qualifier de « libérale » la période s’étendant de 1860 à 1870 ou d’« autoritaire » celle s’étendant de 1852 à 1860 ?Fidèle aux idéaux de la Révolution de 1789, l’Empereur resta soucieux de maintenir le système traditionnel selon lequel la garantie des libertés relevait des missions de l’État, même s’il accepta, progressivement, de laisser à la société la capacité de garantir elle-même les libertés. Un changement de paradigme s’est donc opéré. De la protection des libertés par l’État, la doctrine libérale passa à la protection de la liberté sans l’État, voire contre lui. En fonction de la définition retenue, le Second Empire aurait donc toujours ou jamais été libéral. / The Second Empire has for reputation to be a political system, enemy of freedoms. Nevertheless, 1852-January 14th’s constitution recognizes, confirms and guarantees the 1789 principles as the basis of the public law of the French people. The constitution creates even mechanisms to protect people. The Louis-Napoleonic regime, from its founding text, is thus interested in the guarantee of freedoms. Does that make of Second Empire a liberal political system?The reign of Napoleon III is divided into two periods: the authoritarian and the liberal. The expression " Liberal Empire" owes a great deal to the work of Émile Ollivier, who seeked after 1870, to rehabilitate its rallying to the Empire. Consequently, what is the relevance of qualifying as "liberal" the period extending from 1860 till 1870 or as "authoritarian" the one extending from 1852 till 1860?Faithful to the 1789-French Revolution’s ideals, the Emperor remained aware of the need to maintain the traditional system, according to which the guarantee of freedoms was part of the State’s missions, even if he gradually accepted to leave these guarantees to the society itself. A change of paradigm thus took place. From the protection of the freedoms by the State, the liberal doctrine moved towards the protection of the freedom without the State, or even against it. According to the adopted definition, the Second Empire would thus have still or never been liberal.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This dissertation on the Evaluation of an Employee Assistance Programme determines the worth or value of the programme by assessing its effectiveness or ineffectiveness. It also seeks to determine if the target population was reached. This study evaluates the level of EAP awareness and utilization by prosecutors. It also focuses on the effectiveness of the programme in addressing their work and personal challenges. It further seeks to understand the level of referring prosecutors to the EAP by their supervisors. The study is evaluative in design and is based on evaluation theory. The population of the study comprises 31 prosecutors from all three Magistrate complexes within Capricorn District (Limpopo Province), namely, Mankweng, Polokwane and Seshego. The total number of prosecutors reached is 31. Data were collected through questionnaires from all the respondents. The study collected information on absenteeism, sick leave and disciplinary matters in order to measure EAP utilisation before and after the programme was introduced to employees. The wish was not successful because the Human Resources system utilised within the NPA did not capture such information as anticipated. The main findings of the study are that prosecutors are aware of the Employee Assistance Programme and most respondents who used the EAP referred themselves. It is clear that prosecutors are aware of the benefits obtained from the programme. Even though a large number of prosecutors were aware of the existence as well as the services offered by the EAP within the NPA, the utilisation rate of the programme was low. The other major finding is that the EAP within the NPA is underutilised. Lastly, the EAP within the NPA in Capricorn District, Limpopo Province is not effective in addressing prosecutors’ work and personal problems.

The Swedish corporate law scholars have long debated whether there is something similar to the American business judgment rule (BJR) in the Swedish Companies Act (SCA). Recently, the discourse shifted to claim that the BJR exists in Swedish case law and should be introduced in the SCA in the form of a statute. However, the Swedish corporate law scholars have not investigated in much detail whether the BJR should be introduced in the SCA. An eagerness to introduce the BJR might seem bewildering due to the corporate scandals at the beginning of this century and the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. These events left corporate law scholars and those in the business community with the pressing question of whether the board of directors is sufficiently accountable, and the BJR appears to do the very opposite. In view of the foregoing, this thesis examines whether the BJR should be introduced in the SCA. This examination enables a comparative analysis of the liability rules of the board of directors in Sweden and Delaware, which is the dominant source of state corporate law in the United States. This thesis also steps outside traditional legal sources and considers other disciplines such as moral and political philosophy, sociology, and the methodology of law and economics.   This thesis finds that the BJR does not balance the values of the authority of the board of directors and the need to hold it accountable for its decisions and actions in an appropriate manner because it allows the value of authority to completely dominate. An appropriate balance between these values of authority and accountability requires that none of the values be so preeminent that any of them completely dominate. The BJR is made more critical because the Delaware courts apply it generously in favor of the board of directors and adopt an inveterate attitude in cases raising duty of care, thus, weakening the duty of care as a viable and meaningful accountability mechanism. Given these findings, this thesis concludes that the Swedish legislator should only consider introducing the BJR in the SCA if it is articulated in a different way. Alternatively, if it is given a dual function to protect both the authority of the board of directors and the need to hold it accountable for its decisions and actions. The justifications behind the BJR do not change the conclusion because they do not fully defend the existence of the BJR and the dominance of the value of authority. This thesis also considers the benefits of introducing the BJR in the SCA, but they also do not change the overall conclusion.  Instead, the conclusion is strengthened by the fact that a no liability rule can emerge when the BJR is combined with other protective devices in the SCA in the same way as it does in Delaware if the BJR is not modified or given a dual function. The no liability rule appears to deter the threat of legal liability as an effective accountability mechanism, which cannot be defended by either social norms or market forces.

Sverige är ett av de länder som valt att nogsamt prova effekten av cannabis som läkemedel innan en juridisk ställning kan tas till fullo. Bortsett från den juridiska process råder en norm om cannabis som läkemedel i vår individualiserade tid. I uppsatsen studeras hur normen om cannabis för medicinskt bruk ser ut och hur individer förhåller sig till normen. Uppsatsen grundas på en ontologisk idealism där synen på verkligheten konstrueras genom subjektiva uppfattningar. Uppsatsen betraktar också konstruktionism som en ontologi som förklarar uppfattningar som föränderliga. Vidare grundas uppsatsen på en hermeneutisk epistemologi där kunskap nås genom tolkning. Arbetet genomförs med kvalitativa intervjuer där det fysiska mötet tolkas såväl utifrån vad individen faktiskt säger och det individen inte säger i form av kroppsliga uttryck och gester. Studien resulterar i olika associationer med cannabis som läkemedel, vilket fångar normen som individer förhåller sig olika till. / Sweden is one of several countries that has chosen to stay cautious by carefully examine the effects of cannabis for a medical use, before a legalization can be established. Besides the process of legalization there is an existing norm about cannabis as a pharmaceutical in our individualized era. We therefore analyze how the norm is with cannabis for a medical use and further how individuals navigates through the norm. The course of action in this essay is formed by a ontological idealism that constructs the vision of reality by subjective perceptions. It also observes the constructionism as an ontology that reflects the perceptions as changeable. The essay is further based on a hermeneutic epistemology that reaches knowledge through interpretation. The essay is also performed through qualitative interviews that construe individuals respond. However we analyze the said words, we also construe the individuals physical expression and gesticulation. It results in different associations with cannabis as a pharmaceutical which makes the norm visible, that individuals relate differently to.

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<p>Immigrants have limited opportunities for political engagement in the United States without fear of police profiling and deportation. Leaders in the U.S. immigrant rights movement must find ways of encouraging participation in local immigrant rights activism efforts despite the hostile political climate against immigrants in the United States. In the U.S. immigrant rights movement, local participation in community-based immigrant rights organizations (CBIROs) is an important part of sustaining immigrant rights efforts. This dissertation examines how leaders’ interactions with members influence the likelihood that members will continue to participate in CBIROs. I draw on 29 in-depth interviews with both members and leaders in the Muslim-American Rights Alliance (MARA), a CBIRO in the Midwest. MARA’s leaders use authority signals, inclusion practices, and legitimacy tactics to address the dilemmas associated with sustaining local member participation in the U.S. immigrant rights movement. MARA’s leaders use supportive and inspirational authority signals to maintain the charismatic authority of MARA’s Executive Director. MARA’s leaders use political education and decision-making inclusion practices to counteract the consequences of oligarchy within MARA. MARA’s leaders use professional and street legitimacy tactics to establish the organization’s legitimacy within the local immigrant rights community. The findings from this dissertation allow for new insights into how leadership in CBIROs influences sustained participation in local immigrant rights activism.<br></p> <p> </p>

The following diploma thesis is dealing with the application of leadership in the Army of the Czech Republic. It defines the leadership and importance of its integration in the Czech Army environment. The diploma thesis contains employee’s current conditions evaluation and requirements in the field of HR Management. The questionnaire was used to acquire this information. Further, the diploma thesis suggests the changes in relationships and communication between superior and subordinates.

This Master´s Thesis deals with the issue describing preparatory work for a construction contract submitted for a public tender. Its main objective is to demonstrate the negotiation procedure with sub-suppliers the purpose of which is to obtain more advantageous offer and the assignment of a contract. Last but not least, the thesis analyses appropriate steps leading to financial savings. The theoretical part is dedicated to the explanation of basic terms and definitions circumscribing public contracts, their contracting authorities, types of public contracts and the tendering procedure and its actions. The practical part then analyses and demonstrates on the specific example preparatory work of the contract for a public tender, its assessment and potential ways of financial savings.

Au moment de l'instauration de la IIIe République, la politique scolaire menée pour l'instruction publique contribua au développement de l'enseignement scientifique dans les classes de l'élémentaire. Les écoles normales primaires qui avaient vocation à fournir aux écoles leurs instituteurs et leurs institutrices furent l'objet d'une attention particulière de la République naissante et l'action des pouvoirs institutionnels pour mettre en place en leur sein un enseignement scientifique continua à s'exercer tout au long du quart de siècle qui suivit. La formation scientifique dispensée dans les écoles normales avait pour finalité de former des enseignants capables d'apporter des connaissances appropriées aux besoins des couches populaires et selon des démarches d'enseignement qui étaient jugées conformes aux normes de l'instruction publique. Les connaissances tirées des sciences de la nature se spécifiaient pour le primaire par leur utilité pour la vie des futurs adultes, ce qui se traduisait dans la formation normale par la présence d'enseignements comme l'enseignement de l'agriculture, des travaux manuels, de l'économie domestique, de l'hygiène. En même temps, l'enseignement des sciences qui participait d'une éducation intellectuelle dans les écoles élémentaires se voyait réévalué dans les écoles normales. La confrontation des documents de portée nationale avec les sources collectées au plan local des dix écoles normales de l'académie de Montpellier conduit à adopter une approche originale pour l'étude des canons de la formation scientifique normale. Les transformations du curriculum scientifique ainsi que la comparaison des discours sur la formation dispensée par les écoles normales à différents moments de la période permettent de mettre en évidence des changements significatifs. Ces transformations se traduisirent par une réorientation dans les finalités de la formation scientifique des élèves-maîtres et des élèves-maîtresses. Les places respectives des matières d'enseignement constituant le parcours d'études des écoles normales évoluèrent conduisant à resituer les applications des sciences par rapport à l'enseignement des sciences physiques et naturelles. Avec l'enseignement de l'agriculture dans les écoles normales et l'introduction de l'enseignement des travaux manuels la forme donnée au curriculum évolua. La mise en évidence de ces évolutions ainsi que la recherche de leurs causes dans les conditions historiques liées à la question de la dualité des ordres du primaire et du secondaire et dans les conditions de fonctionnement de l'institution normale chargée de la certification des maîtres du primaire sont au cœur de cette étude des canons de la formation scientifique normale entre 1880 et 1905. / When the French Third Republic was established, the academic policy conducted for public education contributed to develop scientific teaching in elementary classes. The nascent republic gave particular attention to teacher training colleges (écoles normales primaires), the mission of which was to provide masters for primary schools ; then public authority kept on exerting its action in order to set up scientific training in colleges for the following quarter century. Scientific training was meant to give future school teachers – men and women in separate entities – the ability to bring appropriate knowledge to the lower classes, through teaching processes that were in compliance with the standards required for public education. Knowledge, learnt from natural science, then taught in primary schools was supposed to be useful for the lives of future adults ; that specificity came out in teacher training as schemes including courses on agriculture, arts and crafts, home economics and hygiene. While it pertained to intellectual education in elementary schools, science teaching was also revalued in training colleges. Comparing documents of national significance to references collected at local level – from ten teaching colleges under the Montpellier Teaching Authority – leads to adopt an original approach for studying the ideals of scientific training for teachers. Alterations to the scientific curriculum together with the analysis of lines that were taken on training offered in colleges, at different times through that period, help to stress significant changes. Those changes resulted in redirecting the purpose of scientific training for future teachers. Respectively the status of each subject taught in training colleges evolved and urged public authority to relocate scientific applications in relation to physical and biological science. Teaching agriculture along with arts and crafts in colleges brought changes to the curriculum. Highlighting the changes and researching their causes in the historical conditions regarding the issue of duality between primary and secondary education, through the operating of colleges, are at the heart of this study on the ideals of scientific training for primary school teachers from 1880 to 1905.