With global freshwater supplies under pressure, viable water reuse methods are being examined to assist in improving water supplies. Municipal effluent is an ideal source for water reclamation as it is consistent in quality and quantity. The health aspects of water reuse have been identified as an issue of concern, in particular the potential presence of enteric viruses. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a method that can aid water reclamation by recharging water such as treated effluent into a suitable aquifer. Research into the removal of pathogenic contaminants by natural processes within aquifers, namely the action of autochthonous bacteria, has led to the consideration that MAR could be used to assist in the removal of microbial pathogens. Pathogens have been demonstrated to be removed during residence in groundwater, but the presence of active autochthonous groundwater bacteria are required for significant removal rates to occur. The aim of this research was to investigate the interaction between autochthonous groundwater bacteria (AGB) and the enteroviruses Poliovirus type 1, Coxsackievirus B3 and Adenovirus B41. It was established that these viruses decrease in number in the presence of AGB but the mechanisms causing this decrease are poorly understood. Experiments were designed to examine how the individual AGB caused decay of the viruses. In this study AGB were isolated and tested for their ability in increase the decay of the viruses. It was determined that 27 % (17/63) of the isolated AGB influenced viral decay. The AGB isolates varied in their influence with only 3 out of 17 isolates being able to cause of the decay of both poliovirus and coxsackievirus. Similar variations in decay were observed for adenovirus. Decay times for all three viruses varied amongst the AGB and between the viruses. Experiments were undertaken to characterise the mechanism causing the antiviral activity of four groundwater isolates (1G, 3A, 4B and 9G) under varying conditions and treatments to give insight into the compounds or mechanisms responsible for viral decay. This would indicate whether compounds produced by the AGB responsible for viral decay were closely associated to bacterial cells (perhaps membrane bound), independent of metabolic activity, heat labile or were enzymatic in nature. The influence of enzyme inhibiters and heat treatment indicated that viral degradation is caused by compounds that are enzymatic in nature. As viral numbers were monitored by nucleic acid copy numbers rather than via infectivity assays, the viral protein coats must be the first step in degradation followed by the removal of the viral nucleic acid. This two step process would require both protease and nuclease enzymes to result in loss of viral numbers as measured by RT-PCR/PCR. Further characterisation and identification of these four bacterial isolates was also carried out. Three out of the four isolates were sequenced and analysed using partial 16S rRNA gene sequences to determine their phylogenetic relationships compared to related organisms. Isolate 3A was placed in the order Burkholderiales. Isolate 4B was placed in the family Xanthomonadaceae. Isolate 9G was placed in the family Rhizobiaceae. Isolate 1G was only partially sequenced and preliminary identification placed it in the phylum Bacteriodetes. Understanding of the processes carried out by AGB within an aquifer during MAR using reclaimed waters will aid in increasing the viability of this water reuse process. If important natural processes could be utilised to remediate any potential pathogens, the health concerns with reclaimed waters could be addressed and solved simply through prescribed retention times within the aquifer. Key species of AGB may even be utilised as markers to assess the suitability of an aquifer for MAR.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Zoology, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

O jogo, como parte das manifestações da cultura corporal de movimento presente em qualquer sociedade, representa ideias e percepções estruturadas em decorrência das interações culturais estabelecidas ao longo do tempo. No caso das práticas corporais dos povos indígenas, essas interações culturais agregam um componente cosmológico que configura um tipo de manifestação pouco valorizada na sociedade contemporânea que pode ser caracterizada como autóctone. A partir dessa noção peculiar, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo compreender a especificidade dos jogos autóctones indígenas a partir dos significados atribuídos pelos povos de San Juan de Atacuari às manifestações corporais próprias do povo Ticuna, grupo étinco articulador naquela região, reconhecendo a existência dessa configuração relacionada ao jogo, ainda não abordada na literatura acadêmica específica da educação física. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um delineamento descritivo com uma abordagem teórico-metodológica qualitativa realizada em três momentos: o primeiro, constituído por um mapeamento na produção do estado da arte entre o jogo desde o campo da educação física e a construção conceitual do autóctone desde a Antropologia; o segundo, uma descrição e localização do contexto no qual se desenvolve a pesquisa; e o terceiro, relacionado à trilha metodológica traçada para o desenvolvimento da investigação. A parte empírica do estudo foi desenvolvida na comunidade indígena de San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas – Colômbia), entre os meses de fevereiro e abril de 2014, e contou com dezesseis colaboradores locais pertencentes aos povos Ticuna, Cocama e Yagua, escolhidos dentre aqueles que se encontravam posicionados por esta mesma comunidade no lugar de quem possuía certo tipo de conhecimento sobre a cultura local. A partir da análise de narrativas, captadas por meio da entrevista etnográfica, foi possível evidenciar a existência e a prática dos jogos autóctones indígenas naquela comunidade, bem como os múltiplos significados que este tipo de jogo representa para os diversos povos que habitam a região. Em conclusão, foi possível compreender que o jogo autóctone indígena, que na língua Ticuna é chamado de naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~, não se resume à manifestação corporal original ou genuína de um povo específico, criação pura e indissolúvel; e sim se caracteriza por uma forma de expressão corporal da cultura ameríndia que presentifica a dimensão cosmológica no ato de jogar, por meio da interação entre seres mitológicos e seres da natureza pertencentes aos planos/mundos vertical e horizontal. / Game, a cultural manifestation of body culture present in all societies, represents ideas and perceptions structured as a result of cultural interactions established over time. In the case of indigenous peoples’ body practices, these cultural interactions include a cosmological component that is undervalued in contemporary society and may be characterized as autochthonous. Considering this perspective, this dissertation aims at understanding the specificity of autochthonous indigenous games through the meanings ascribed by the peoples of San Juan de Atacuari to the Ticuna’s – the articulating tribe of the region – body manifestations, recognizing the existence of these attributed meanings related to game, as of yet undeveloped in academic literature specific to Physical Education. The research’s theoretical-methodological qualitative method included three parts: the first one was an outline of sport from the perspective of the field of Physical Education and the conceptual construction of the autochthonous from the Anthropology viewpoint; the second part describes and locates the context in which the research is developed; and the third one is related to the methodology used for the investigation. The empirical part of the study was developed in the indigenous community of San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas, Brazil — Colombia), between the months of February and April of 2014. It involved sixteen local collaborators belonging to the Ticuna, Cocama and Yagua peoples – individuals chosen among those seen by that community as possessing a specialized type of knowledge about the local culture. The method used was the analysis of narratives captured through ethnographic interviews, from which it was possible to show the existence and the practice of autochthonous indigenous games in the community and the multiple meanings that this kind of game represents for the several peoples that inhabit the region. In conclusion, it was possible to understand that the autochthonous indigenous game – called naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~ in the Ticuna language – is more than an original or genuine body manifestation of a specific people or a pure and insoluble creation. Instead, it can be seen as a means of body expression from Amerindian culture that brings the cosmological dimension into the act of playing the sport by an interaction between mythological and natural beings belonging to the vertical and horizontal planes/worlds.

O jogo, como parte das manifestações da cultura corporal de movimento presente em qualquer sociedade, representa ideias e percepções estruturadas em decorrência das interações culturais estabelecidas ao longo do tempo. No caso das práticas corporais dos povos indígenas, essas interações culturais agregam um componente cosmológico que configura um tipo de manifestação pouco valorizada na sociedade contemporânea que pode ser caracterizada como autóctone. A partir dessa noção peculiar, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo compreender a especificidade dos jogos autóctones indígenas a partir dos significados atribuídos pelos povos de San Juan de Atacuari às manifestações corporais próprias do povo Ticuna, grupo étinco articulador naquela região, reconhecendo a existência dessa configuração relacionada ao jogo, ainda não abordada na literatura acadêmica específica da educação física. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um delineamento descritivo com uma abordagem teórico-metodológica qualitativa realizada em três momentos: o primeiro, constituído por um mapeamento na produção do estado da arte entre o jogo desde o campo da educação física e a construção conceitual do autóctone desde a Antropologia; o segundo, uma descrição e localização do contexto no qual se desenvolve a pesquisa; e o terceiro, relacionado à trilha metodológica traçada para o desenvolvimento da investigação. A parte empírica do estudo foi desenvolvida na comunidade indígena de San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas – Colômbia), entre os meses de fevereiro e abril de 2014, e contou com dezesseis colaboradores locais pertencentes aos povos Ticuna, Cocama e Yagua, escolhidos dentre aqueles que se encontravam posicionados por esta mesma comunidade no lugar de quem possuía certo tipo de conhecimento sobre a cultura local. A partir da análise de narrativas, captadas por meio da entrevista etnográfica, foi possível evidenciar a existência e a prática dos jogos autóctones indígenas naquela comunidade, bem como os múltiplos significados que este tipo de jogo representa para os diversos povos que habitam a região. Em conclusão, foi possível compreender que o jogo autóctone indígena, que na língua Ticuna é chamado de naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~, não se resume à manifestação corporal original ou genuína de um povo específico, criação pura e indissolúvel; e sim se caracteriza por uma forma de expressão corporal da cultura ameríndia que presentifica a dimensão cosmológica no ato de jogar, por meio da interação entre seres mitológicos e seres da natureza pertencentes aos planos/mundos vertical e horizontal. / Game, a cultural manifestation of body culture present in all societies, represents ideas and perceptions structured as a result of cultural interactions established over time. In the case of indigenous peoples’ body practices, these cultural interactions include a cosmological component that is undervalued in contemporary society and may be characterized as autochthonous. Considering this perspective, this dissertation aims at understanding the specificity of autochthonous indigenous games through the meanings ascribed by the peoples of San Juan de Atacuari to the Ticuna’s – the articulating tribe of the region – body manifestations, recognizing the existence of these attributed meanings related to game, as of yet undeveloped in academic literature specific to Physical Education. The research’s theoretical-methodological qualitative method included three parts: the first one was an outline of sport from the perspective of the field of Physical Education and the conceptual construction of the autochthonous from the Anthropology viewpoint; the second part describes and locates the context in which the research is developed; and the third one is related to the methodology used for the investigation. The empirical part of the study was developed in the indigenous community of San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas, Brazil — Colombia), between the months of February and April of 2014. It involved sixteen local collaborators belonging to the Ticuna, Cocama and Yagua peoples – individuals chosen among those seen by that community as possessing a specialized type of knowledge about the local culture. The method used was the analysis of narratives captured through ethnographic interviews, from which it was possible to show the existence and the practice of autochthonous indigenous games in the community and the multiple meanings that this kind of game represents for the several peoples that inhabit the region. In conclusion, it was possible to understand that the autochthonous indigenous game – called naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~ in the Ticuna language – is more than an original or genuine body manifestation of a specific people or a pure and insoluble creation. Instead, it can be seen as a means of body expression from Amerindian culture that brings the cosmological dimension into the act of playing the sport by an interaction between mythological and natural beings belonging to the vertical and horizontal planes/worlds.

O jogo, como parte das manifestações da cultura corporal de movimento presente em qualquer sociedade, representa ideias e percepções estruturadas em decorrência das interações culturais estabelecidas ao longo do tempo. No caso das práticas corporais dos povos indígenas, essas interações culturais agregam um componente cosmológico que configura um tipo de manifestação pouco valorizada na sociedade contemporânea que pode ser caracterizada como autóctone. A partir dessa noção peculiar, a presente dissertação teve por objetivo compreender a especificidade dos jogos autóctones indígenas a partir dos significados atribuídos pelos povos de San Juan de Atacuari às manifestações corporais próprias do povo Ticuna, grupo étinco articulador naquela região, reconhecendo a existência dessa configuração relacionada ao jogo, ainda não abordada na literatura acadêmica específica da educação física. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de um delineamento descritivo com uma abordagem teórico-metodológica qualitativa realizada em três momentos: o primeiro, constituído por um mapeamento na produção do estado da arte entre o jogo desde o campo da educação física e a construção conceitual do autóctone desde a Antropologia; o segundo, uma descrição e localização do contexto no qual se desenvolve a pesquisa; e o terceiro, relacionado à trilha metodológica traçada para o desenvolvimento da investigação. A parte empírica do estudo foi desenvolvida na comunidade indígena de San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas – Colômbia), entre os meses de fevereiro e abril de 2014, e contou com dezesseis colaboradores locais pertencentes aos povos Ticuna, Cocama e Yagua, escolhidos dentre aqueles que se encontravam posicionados por esta mesma comunidade no lugar de quem possuía certo tipo de conhecimento sobre a cultura local. A partir da análise de narrativas, captadas por meio da entrevista etnográfica, foi possível evidenciar a existência e a prática dos jogos autóctones indígenas naquela comunidade, bem como os múltiplos significados que este tipo de jogo representa para os diversos povos que habitam a região. Em conclusão, foi possível compreender que o jogo autóctone indígena, que na língua Ticuna é chamado de naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~, não se resume à manifestação corporal original ou genuína de um povo específico, criação pura e indissolúvel; e sim se caracteriza por uma forma de expressão corporal da cultura ameríndia que presentifica a dimensão cosmológica no ato de jogar, por meio da interação entre seres mitológicos e seres da natureza pertencentes aos planos/mundos vertical e horizontal. / Game, a cultural manifestation of body culture present in all societies, represents ideas and perceptions structured as a result of cultural interactions established over time. In the case of indigenous peoples’ body practices, these cultural interactions include a cosmological component that is undervalued in contemporary society and may be characterized as autochthonous. Considering this perspective, this dissertation aims at understanding the specificity of autochthonous indigenous games through the meanings ascribed by the peoples of San Juan de Atacuari to the Ticuna’s – the articulating tribe of the region – body manifestations, recognizing the existence of these attributed meanings related to game, as of yet undeveloped in academic literature specific to Physical Education. The research’s theoretical-methodological qualitative method included three parts: the first one was an outline of sport from the perspective of the field of Physical Education and the conceptual construction of the autochthonous from the Anthropology viewpoint; the second part describes and locates the context in which the research is developed; and the third one is related to the methodology used for the investigation. The empirical part of the study was developed in the indigenous community of San Juan de Atacuari (Amazonas, Brazil — Colombia), between the months of February and April of 2014. It involved sixteen local collaborators belonging to the Ticuna, Cocama and Yagua peoples – individuals chosen among those seen by that community as possessing a specialized type of knowledge about the local culture. The method used was the analysis of narratives captured through ethnographic interviews, from which it was possible to show the existence and the practice of autochthonous indigenous games in the community and the multiple meanings that this kind of game represents for the several peoples that inhabit the region. In conclusion, it was possible to understand that the autochthonous indigenous game – called naĩ´ãwee~ i nucuma´ü~ in the Ticuna language – is more than an original or genuine body manifestation of a specific people or a pure and insoluble creation. Instead, it can be seen as a means of body expression from Amerindian culture that brings the cosmological dimension into the act of playing the sport by an interaction between mythological and natural beings belonging to the vertical and horizontal planes/worlds.

A indústria metal-mecânica é responsável pela síntese de um dos efluentes oleosos mais complexos e difíceis de tratamento e reuso. Esses efluentes são constituídos, entre outros poluentes, por fluidos de corte, que servem para refrigerar e lubrificar peças metálicas no sistema de usinagem. Quando esses efluentes são tratados biologicamente é importante que se faça isso com microrganismos autóctones do mesmo, pois o uso desses microrganismos (bioaumentação) tende a ser mais eficaz, uma vez que os mesmos já estão adaptados aos poluentes nele existentes. Com este propósito, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal o isolamento e seleção de microrganismos para remediação de um efluente metalmecânico através de tratamentos unitários em bioreator do tipo air-lift e por sistema oxidativo UV/H2O2, além do tratamento integrado com ambos os processos. No tratamento biológico foram utilizados os microrganismos autóctones do efluente estudado, além do uso do fungo Aspergillus niger como microrganismo de referência. A caracterização do efluente bruto mostrou que, em decorrência dos parâmetros determinados como, 1495 mg Pt/L de cor, DQO de 9147 mg/L, 53 mg/L de fenóis-totais, 15666 mg/L de ST, 2,5 mgO2/L de OD, 887 mg/L de O&G e fator de toxicidade crônica de 1667, o mesmo possui um alto potencial poluidor. Foram isolados, da amostra do efluente, seis possíveis tipos de fungos filamentosos. Dentre os quais, Epicoccum nigrum e Cladosporium sp, foram os que se mostraram mais eficazes para a realização do tratamento do efluente em reator do tipo air-lift. No biotratamento em reator airlift o fungo Epicoccum nigrum se mostrou mais eficaz na maioria das reduções dos parâmetros determinados (27% da DQO, 62% de fenóis-totais, 94% do H2O2, 44% da Cond. E e de 43% de O&G), já Cladosporium sp foi mais apto na redução de cor (87%). O tratamento oxidativo com sistema UV/H2O2, obteve reduções mais intensas, do que o tratamento biológico, em relação aos parâmetros de DQO (34%), H2O2 (98%) e no aumento de OD (705%) da amostra do efluente. Entretanto, foi menos eficaz nas reduções de cor (74%), fenóis-totais (24%), ST (15%) e Cond.E (34%) e atingiu um desempenho semelhante, em relação ao tratamento biológico, na redução de O&G (45%). Já o tratamento integrado do efluente por sistema UV/H2O2 seguido de tratamento biológico, propiciou uma intensificação nas reduções de todos os parâmetros avaliados pós-tratamento. Indicando assim que, o tratamento fotoquímico, antecipado ao tratamento biológico, aumentou a biodegradabilidade da amostra do efluente, facilitando desta forma a biorremediação do mesmo em reator air-lift. Entre os três sistemas de tratamento estudados (biológico, UV/H2O2 e UV/H2O2 - biológico), o processo integrado utilizando o sistema fotoquímico UV/H2O2 seguido do tratamento biológico com o fungo E. nigrum foi o mais eficaz para o efluente estudado. / The metalworking industry is responsible for one of the most complex and difficult to reuse and handling, oily effluents synthesis. These effluents are made by cutting fluids which provide refrigeration and purification of metallic pieces in the machining system. When these effluents are biologically treated is important to do this with autochthonous microorganisms, therefore the use of these microorganisms (bioaugmentation) tends to be more efficient because they are already adapted to the existing pollutants. The aim of this work was the isolation and selection of remediation microorganisms of metalworking effluent through unit processes (air-lift bioreactor and UV/H2O2 system) and also through their integration. In the biological treatment were used the autochthonous microorganisms from metalworking effluent beyond the use of Aspergillus niger as reference microorganism. The original effluent characterization presented a great pollutant potential. The value of color of the effluent was 1495 mg Pt/L, COD was 9147 mgO2/L, total phenols was 53 mg/L, total solids (TS) was 15666 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO) was 2.5 mgO2/L, oil and grease was 887 mg/L and chronic toxicity factor was 1667. Six possible types of filamentous fungi were isolated from the effluent sample. Among them, Epicoccum nigrum and Cladosporium sp were the most efficient in the air-lift reactor treatment. In the air-lift reactor biotreatment the fungus Epicoccum nigrum was the most efficient in the majority of the parameters reductions (of 27% COD, 62% total phenols, 94% H2O2, 44% electrical conductivity and 43% oil and grease) and Cladosporium sp was more efficient in the color reduction (87%). The oxidative treatment system (UV/H2O2) was more efficient than the biological treatment in the reductions of COD (34%) and H2O2 (98%) and increase of the DO (705%). However was less efficient in the reductions of color (74%), total phenols (24%), TS (15%) and electrical conductivity (34%) and reached a similar performance in the oil and grease reduction (45%). On the other hand, the integrated effluent treatment by UV/H2O2 system followed by biological treatment provided an intensification of reductions in all of the evaluated parameters after treatment. Indicating that the photochemistry treatment anticipated to the biological treatment increased biodegradability of the effluent sample, facilitating bioremediation in reactor air-lift. Among the three treatment systems evaluated (biological, UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 - biological), the integrated processes utilizing the photochemistry system UV/H2O2 followed by the biological treatment (E. nigrum) was the most efficient.

Variation in quality and quantity of food resources can affect consumer productivity responses throughout the food chain, particularly the efficiency at which basal resources are converted to consumer biomass. I performed a manipulative feeding experiment to investigate the somatic growth and fatty acid incorporation in the benthic generalist isopod Asellus aquaticus, in response to differing ratios of autochthonous (high quality algae) to allochthonous (low quality leaf litter) foods. I used stable isotopes to quantify the assimilated diet proportions across a range of diet treatments to determine the relative resources that contributed to growth. There were significant differences in growth between treatments, being lowest in treatments A (100% leaf litter) and G (100% algae), with highest growth experienced in treatment B (90% leaf litter/ 10% algae). Stable isotope data revealed that there was very little variation in algal assimilation among combined diet treatments. Fatty acids (FA) indicators eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA):total FA and EPA:omega 3 (ω3) FA and arachidonic acid (ARA):total FA declined with increasing growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA):ω3 showed a positive relationship with growth. These findings provide support for previous feeding trials conducted with Asellus, though there are some contrasts with zooplankton. The results suggest a balance between allochthonous and autochthonous dietary sources combine to enhance primary consumer fitness, and the relative availability of each may interact to determine growth and accumulation of important FA compounds. In terms of FA and trophic transfer, temporal and spatial variation in consumer physiological demands might determine the retention and use of FA.

Le ngambai est parlé principalement dans la préfecture du Logone occidental où, phénomène rare au Tchad, à part l’ethnie Ngambai il n’existe pas d’autres ethnies autochtones. Le ngambai tend à être utilisé de plus en plus comme langue véhiculaire par des locuteurs d’autres ethnies.

No description available.

No description available.