This thesis uses belonging as an analytical tool to analyse the history of the Basotho community in the Dewure Purchase Areas in Zimbabwe. The thesis analyses how Basotho’s migration history and their experiences with colonial displacements shaped and continue to shape their construction of a sense of belonging. It also examines how Basotho’s purchase of farms in the Dewure Purchase Areas in the 1930s and their establishment of a communally owned farm have played a key role in their struggles for belonging. It also explores the centrality of land, graves, funerals, and religion in the belonging matrix. The study, however, avoids projecting the Basotho community as a monolithic and cohesive unit by analysing the various internal schisms and cleavages within the community and examining their impacts. Although, Basotho have seemingly managed to integrate into the local community, a more critical analysis reveals that they have also continued to maintain a level of particularism. The central dynamic in this thesis, therefore, is how the Basotho, in their different struggles and strategies to belong, over the last century, have fundamentally been caught between being seen and treated as the same as the other people around them and being seen (and seeing themselves) as different. It is arguably this ambivalence or delicate balancing between integrating and remaining ‘outsiders’ that has shaped Basotho’s sense of belonging and determined the strategies they have deployed in different historical contexts. The thesis concludes that, since it is relational and always in a state of becoming, strategies deployed in constructing and articulating belonging constantly change to suit particular historical contexts.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-25T13:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Mariano Santana.pdf: 1158195 bytes, checksum: 716dd97b639667ff79a5e6121a6bd066 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T13:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Mariano Santana.pdf: 1158195 bytes, checksum: 716dd97b639667ff79a5e6121a6bd066 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-12 / The purpose of this dissertation is to present, through the Narrative by Fernão Cardim, his secretary, with whom he was present as the visit of Father Cristóvão de Gouveia, designated Visitor of the Province of Brazil by the General of the Company of Jesus, Cláudio Aquaviva, between 1583 and 1585. It was proposed to analyze the situation encountered by the Visitor and Fernão Cardim, facing a scenario that had internal problems of the Company of Jesus, such as the lack of missionary fervor, the use of slave labor by autochthons and negroes of Guinea and external problems with the conflict between settlers and Jesuits by exploiting the work of the Indians and their temporal administration in the villages. In this sense, this work shows how the visitor Cristóvão de Gouveia solved the problems in the province, starting from his effective action in spaces important for the missionary project as, for example, the villages, sugar mills, colleges, with measures that aimed to provide the realization of catechesis and, above all, to undertake the colonization of Brazil, which is why the intense participation of the Portuguese Crown in this missionary process is justified / O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar através da Narrativa de Fernão Cardim seu secretário, com quem aqui esteve como transcorreu a visita do Padre Cristóvão de Gouveia, designado Visitador da Província do Brasil pelo Geral da Companhia de Jesus, Cláudio Aquaviva, entre 1583 – 1585. Propôs-se analisar a situação encontrada pelo Visitador e Fernão Cardim, diante de um cenário que contava com problemas internos da Companhia de Jesus, como a falta de fervor missionário, utilização do trabalho escravo por meio de mão de obra dos índios e de negros da Guiné e problemas externos com o conflito entre colonos e jesuítas pela exploração do trabalho dos índios e administração temporal deles nas aldeias. Neste sentido, este trabalho mostra como o visitador Cristóvão de Gouveia solucionou os problemas na província, a partir da sua atuação efetiva em espaços importantes para o projeto missionário como, por exemplo, os aldeamentos, engenhos, colégios, com medidas que visavam proporcionar á realização da catequese e, sobretudo, empreender a colonização do Brasil, motivo pelo qual se justifica a participação intensa da Coroa Portuguesa em todo este processo missionário

L’évolution des politiques de gouvernance environnementale internationale et la transition des contextes nationaux et locaux de conservation favorisent de plus en plus l’intégration de la dimension anthropique au sein des parcs nationaux (catégorie II-UICN). Cette dimension s’adresse d’une part aux populations locales qui habitent de manière permanente les diverses zones de protection, et d’autre part, aux acteurs économiques (légaux et illégaux) qui exploitent le territoire protégé (tourisme, orpaillage, bois, etc.) ou qui participent de manière directe et indirecte aux processus de construction territoriale du parc national. L’intégration de la dimension anthropique au sein de ces territoires naturels de protection favorise en conséquence l’émergence de nouvelles dynamiques et stratégies de gestion et de gouvernance participatives.Avec une triple approche scientifique construite autour des regards croisés de la géographie politique, de la géographie socioculturelle et de la political ecology, cette thèse s’intéresse à l’analyse de trois cas d’études particuliers du continent américain afin de comprendre comment l’intégration de cette dimension anthropique (socioculturelle et économique) favorise la transition de certains espaces naturels protégés classiques vers une nouvelle configuration que nous proposons d’identifier ici sous le nom de « parcs nationaux naturels anthropisés - PNNa ». L’analyse systémique de la structure et du fonctionnement des macrostructures de gouvernance et des microstructures de gestion du Parc amazonien de la Guyane en France, du Parc marin du Saguenay-Saint-Laurent au Québec (Canada) et du Parc national naturel Amacayacu en Amazonie colombienne, nous ont permis ainsi de mettre en évidence quelques aspects de cette transition dans la gestion territoriale des espaces naturels protégés de catégorie II, ainsi que les conflits de pouvoir qui en résultent. / The evolution of international environmental policies and national and local conservation contexts gives increasing importance to the anthropic dimension within the national parks (category II UICN). Not only does this dimension takes into account the local population that lives permanently in these various natural areas, but also the economic actors who, legally or illegally, benefit from those protected areas (tourism, gold-washing, wood, etc.) or participate directly or indirectly in the process of the territorial elaboration of a national park. The integration of the anthropic aspect definitely help the emergence of new dynamics and strategies of collaborative management and policies. Building on political geography, socio-cultural geography and political ecology, this thesis aims to shed light how that anthropic dimension (sociocultural as well as economical) entails the transition of some protected areas from a classical type to a new category we identify as the “Nature and Anthropic National Park” (PNNa). We focus on three specific study cases in the American continent: the Amazonian park of the French Guiana, the Sea Park of Saguenay-Saint-Laurent of Québec, Canada, and the Amazonian Amacayacu National Park of Colombia. The systemic analysis of their structure and their functioning, as far as macrostructure of policies and microstructures of management are concerned, has allowed us to bring out that transition in the territorial management of these category II protected natural areas and the deriving conflicts for power. / La evolución de las políticas de gobernanza medioambiental internacional y la transición de los contextos nacionales y locales de conservación, favorecen cada vez más la integración de la dimensión antrópica al interior de los parques nacionales (categoría II-UICN). Esta dimensión corresponde de una parte, a las poblaciones locales que habitan de manera permanente las diversas zonas de protección dentro del parque nacional, y de otra parte, a los actores económicos (legales e ilegales) que explotan el territorio protegido (Turismo, explotación minera, explotación de madera, etc), o que participan de manera directa o indirecta en los procesos de construcción territorial del parque nacional. La integración de la dimensión antrópica dentro de estos territorios naturales de protección favorece en consecuencia la emergencia de nuevas dinámicas y estrategias participativas de gestión y de gobernanza. A través de un triple enfoque científico construido mediante el cruce de diversos puntos de vista de la geografía política, de la geografía sociocultural y de la political ecology, esta tesis se interesa en el análisis de tres casos de estudio particulares del Continente americano. El objetivo de esta contribución es el de intentar mostrar, cómo la integración de la dimensión antrópica (sociocultural y económica) influencia la transición de algunos espacios naturales protegidos hacia una nueva configuración que nosotros proponemos identificar aquí bajo el nombre de “parques nacionales naturales antropizados – PNNa”.El análisis sistémico de la estructura y del funcionamiento de las macroestructuras de gobernanza y de las microestructuras de gestión participativa del Parque amazónico de la Guayana, en Francia, del Parque marino del Saguenay-Saint-Laurent en Quebec, Canadá, y del Parque nacional natural Amacayacu en Amazonia colombiana, nos permitieron poner en evidencia este tipo de transición en la gestión territorial de los espacios naturales protegidos de categoría II, así que los conflictos de poder que resultan de esta transformación.