O presente trabalho propõe um método para a aplicação do gráfico de controle de regressão para o monitoramento de processos industriais. O método proposto inclui uma modificação do gráfico de controle de regressão múltipla, permitindo o monitoramento direto da característica de qualidade do processo ao invés do monitoramento dos resíduos padronizados do modelo de regressão, facilitando a interpretação dos operadores do processo. O método é dividido em duas fases principais: (i) Fase I - análise retrospectiva e (ii) Fase II - monitoramento do processo. A Fase I é composta pela coleta das amostras iniciais, estimação do modelo de regressão e análise de estabilidade dos dados coletados e, a partir desta fase, define-se alguns parâmetros a serem utilizados na fase seguinte. A Fase II do método consiste na coleta periódica de amostras, verificação da extrapolação dos valores das variáveis de controle e monitoramento do processo propriamente dito. O método proposto foi validado através da aplicação em um processo produtivo e de uma comparação do número médio de amostras (NMA) do gráfico de controle de regressão proposto, gerado através de simulação de Monte Carlo, com outros procedimentos similares encontrados na literatura. Como principais resultados esta dissertação apresenta: (i) proposta de um método sistematizado para nortear a aplicação de gráficos de controle de regressão; (ii) adaptação do gráfico de controle de regressão, de forma a permitir o monitoramento direto da característica de qualidade; (iii) proposta de um procedimento gráfico para a verificação da extrapolação das variáveis de controle e (iv) obtenção do NMA do gráfico de controle de regressão proposto e de outros procedimentos encontrados na literatura. O método proposto foi aplicado em um processo produtivo de uma indústria de borrachas. / This work proposes a method for the application of regression control charts in the monitoring of industrial processes. In order to facilitate the interpretation by the process operators, a modification in the multiple regression control chart is proposed allowing the direct monitoring of the values of quality characteristic of the process, instead of monitoring the regression standardized residuals. The proposed method is divided into two Phases: (i) Phase I, called retrospective analysis, and Phase II, called process monitoring. Phase I is composed by sampling, estimation of linear regression model and verification of stability of these samples. This phase defines some parameters to be used in the following phase. Phase II consists in periodic sampling of the process, altogether with verification of the extrapolation of process control variables and the process monitoring itself. The proposed method was validated through practical application in an industrial process and compared with other procedures found in literature. This work has also achieved the average run length (ARL) of the proposed regression control chart, which was compared with the other procedures consulted. The main contributions of this work may be pointed: (i) the proposal of a method to guide the application of regression control chart; (ii) the adaptation of the multiple regression control chart, allowing the direct monitoring of the quality characteristic; (iii) the proposal of a control chart to monitor the extrapolation of the process control variable and (iv) the obtaining of the ARL of the proposed regression control chart and other similar procedures. The proposed method was applied in a process of a rubber manufactory.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T02:52:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraidenraich_Gustavo_M.pdf: 1838522 bytes, checksum: 4099008fa7bbc89eb2642a891bd64509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, uma nova distribuição de probabilidade amplamente geral, a distribuição a-?-?-µ, é proposta. Esta distribuição contempla como casos particulares várias outras distribuições conhecidas na literatura, tais como Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, Weibull, a-? (Gamma Generalizada) ?-µ e ?-µ. Por conta de sua generalidade, todos os mais importantes ambientes de desvanecimento de curto prazo são modelados por esta distribuição. Além de prover a função densidade de probabilidade para o modelo a-?-?-µ, os momentos e a função cumulativa de probabilidade também são encontrados. Este modelo geral é então especializado para quatro casos particulares, para os quais distribuições mais simples, mas ainda gerais, são encontradas: a a-?-µ, a-?-µ, ?-? Simétrica e ?-? Assimétrica. Para esses casos, estimadores práticos baseados nos momentos são deduzidos. A aplicabilidade destes estimadores é verificada utilizando medidas de campo realizadas na Unicamp com um equipamento construído no laboratório Wisstek para este ?m. Em seguida, estatísticas de ordem superior, em particular a taxa de cruzamento de nível e a duração média de desvanecimento, são encontradas de forma exata para os ambientes Hoyt e Weibull em sistemas de diversidade com M ramos desbalanceados, não idênticos e independentes utilizando os combinadores por ganho igual e por razão máxima. Neste trabalho, o resultado geral é validado através de simulações e redução das expressões gerais para casos em que os resultados já são conhecidos. Além disso, para alguns destes casos particulares, as expressões gerais são simplificadas e reduzidas a fórmulas fechadas. Estendendo esse último campo de investigação e seguindo um pioneiro trabalho da literatura, o qual abordou o caso Rayleigh, a taxa de cruzamento de nível e a duração média de desvanecimento são obtidas para ambientes Hoyt com dois ramos correlacionados. Nesta investigação, reformula-se a metodologia da literatura e obtém-se um procedimento geral para a análise da taxa de cruzamento de nível e duração média de desvanecimento em ambientes com apenas um cluster, com aplicação direta aos canais Rice, Weibull, ?-? Simétrica e ?-? Assimétrica. Finalmente, este trabalho propõe, de forma precursora, uma distribuição para a fase do canal Nakagami-m. Ao contrário do que, convencionalmente e por simplicidade, se postulava, a distribuição de fase é não uniforme e dependente de m, o que torna o modelo compatível com aqueles aproximados por Nakagami-m, nomeadamente Hoyt e Rice / Abstract: In this work, a new, very general probability density function, the a-?-?-µ distribution, is proposed. This distribution comprises, as particular cases, several other well known distributions such as Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, Weibull, a-? (Generalized Gamma) ?-µ and ?-µ. Due to its generality, all of the most important short fading environments can be modeled by this distribution. Besides providing the probability density function for the a-?-?-µ model, the moments and the cumulative distribution function are also found. This general model is then specialized into four particular cases, for which new simpler, though still general, distributions, are found: the a-?-µ, a-?-µ, Symmetrical ?-?, and Asymmetrical ?-?. For these cases, practical moment-based estimators are derived. The applicability of these estimators is verified using field measurements obtained through an experiment conducted at the University of Campinas (Unicamp) with an equipment specially built for this end in the Wisstek laboratory. Higher order statistics, more specifically the level crossing rates and average fade durations, are then obtained in an exact form for the Hoyt and Weibull fading environments. The results are applicable to M unbalanced, non-identical, and independent channels using equal gain and maximal ratio combining techniques. The general results are thoroughly validated by means of simulation and also by reducing the general solution to some particular cases for which the solutions are known. Moreover, new closed form expressions are also achieved for some of these particular cases. Extending this field of investigation and following a pioneering work in the literature, which approached the Rayleigh case, the level crossing rate and average fade duration are obtained considering two correlated, unbalanced, and non-identical branches in a Hoyt fading environment. In this investigation, the methodology found in the literature is reformulated and generalized so as to comprise several other cases. The general procedure developed for this analysis can now be applied to other fading environment for which one cluster of mutipaths exists, i.e., Rice, Weibull, Symmetrical ?-?, and Asymmetrical ?-?. Finally, this work proposes, in a pioneering way, the phase distribution for the Nakagami-m channel. Contrary to what conventionally, and for simplicity, was usually postulated, the phase distribution is non-uniform and dependent on m, rendering this model compatible with those approximated by Nakagami-m, namely Hoyt and Rice / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T13:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flaviana Lupatini - 2015.pdf: 671133 bytes, checksum: e1a03b4f0857c8326dbc62670cd1a52d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T13:34:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flaviana Lupatini - 2015.pdf: 671133 bytes, checksum: e1a03b4f0857c8326dbc62670cd1a52d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-09T13:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flaviana Lupatini - 2015.pdf: 671133 bytes, checksum: e1a03b4f0857c8326dbc62670cd1a52d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / The feed conversion is one of the more indexes monitored by poultry agroindustry, in order to keep their production costs within bounds economically viable. The present study was conducted in order to identify which variables productive have the greatest impact on feed conversion of broilers. Was used production data of poultry agroindustry in the central-west of Brazil. The field results were collected from January 2012 to September 2013, a total of 2,978 broilers flocks. The sample is composed of lots of commercial strains Cobb and Hubbard, not sexed. Was made analysis of variance with Tukey Test (P> 0.05), and analysis of variance in mixed model for the following qualitatives variables: year period, commercial strains, hatchery, incubator type, type of poultry house, homogeneity of flock weight at birth. The correlation and regression polynomial for the following quantitative variables: birth weight, weight to 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days, weight slaughter, slaughter age, mortality, average daily gain and time interval between flocks on the field. Statistical analysis was made through the statistical program R. The sum of squares in the mixed model, the variables that presented the greatest impact on feed conversion were: period of the year with 39.90%, type of poultry house with 35.70% and lineage with 17.80%. Between quantitative variables that had a greater correlation with the feed conversion ratio is the average daily gain,-0.57 (P < 0.01). Each gram in average daily gain results in nine grams in feed conversion. Flocks that showed lower mortality rate, showed greater correlation between average daily gain and feed conversion. Thus, in the present study, the variables that presented the greatest impact on feed conversion were: average daily gain and period of the year. / O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar quais variáveis produtivas apresenta maior impacto na conversão alimentar de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados dados de produção de uma agroindústria do centro-oeste do Brasil. Foram coletados resultados de campo no período de janeiro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, totalizando 2.978 lotes de frangos de corte. A amostra era composta de lotes da linhagem Cobb e Hubbard, não sexados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Foi realizada a análise de variância em modelo misto para as seguintes variáveis qualitativas: ano, período do ano, linhagem, incubatório, tipo de incubadora, tipo de aviário e homogeneidade de peso dos lotes ao nascimento. Os dados das variáveis quantitativas: peso ao nascimento, peso aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias, peso ao abate, idade de abate, mortalidade, ganho médio diário e tempo de intervalo de lotes foram submetidos à análise de correlação e regressão polinomial. Na soma de quadrados no modelo misto, as variáveis que apresentaram maior impacto na conversão alimentar foram: período do ano com 39,90%, tipo de aviário com 35,70% e linhagem com 17,80%. Entre as variáveis quantitativas a que apresentou maior correlação com a conversão alimentar foi o ganho médio diário, - 0,57 (P<0,01). Cada grama a mais no ganho médio diário resulta em nove gramas a menos na conversão alimentar. Lotes que apresentaram menor taxa de mortalidade, mostraram maior correlação entre ganho médio diário e conversão alimentar. Assim, no presente estudo, as variáveis que apresentaram maior impacto na conversão alimentar foram: ganho médio diário e período do ano.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson F A de Lins Neto.pdf: 2206790 bytes, checksum: 7f67f76b1aa74be0ffb3c98d30857058 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Studies of genetic diversity have been of great importance in breeding programs for reporting parameters identification of parents that allow large heterotic effect and more likely to recover superior genotypes in the progenies. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the implications of using the analysis of important characters in the elimination of traits evaluated for calculating the genetic distance in clones of guaranazeiro. The experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Iranduba, Manaus and Maués for six years, where 32 clones of guaraná were observed. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two repetitions and plots of three plants in 5 m x 5 m spacing. The variables evaluated were fruit production (PROD), number of branches per plant (NR), main branch length (CR), main branch diameter (DR) and number of leaves (NF) per plant at 12 months of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance with fixed effects and means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 % of probability. Subsequently, the average Euclidean distance was calculated as standardized measure of the relative importance of the characters, which was estimated by the participation of components for each trait, the total dissimilarity observed and for the grouping of clones, we used the method of Tocher. The results suggest that there is a low genetic divergence among 32 clones, however, there is a large genetic variability. The first two principal components (PROD and NR) explained 80.79 % of variability, which are those that contributed most to the divergence. The NF was the variable that contributed least to the divergence and, therefore, subject to disposal. / Os estudos de divergência genética têm sido de grande importância em programas de melhoramento, por fornecerem informações sobre parâmetros de identificação de genitores que possibilitem grande efeito heterótico e maior probabilidade de recuperar genótipos superiores nas progênies. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar as implicações da utilização da análise de importância de caracteres na eliminação de caracteres avaliados para o cálculo da distância genética de clones de guaraná. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos nos municípios de Iranduba, Manaus e Maués durante seis anos, onde foram observados 32 clones de guaranazeiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com duas repetições e parcelas compostas por três plantas, em espaçamento 5 m x 5 m. As variáveis avaliadas foram produção de frutos (PROD), número de ramos por planta (NR), comprimento do ramo principal (CR), diâmetro do ramo (DR) e número de folhas (NF) por planta aos 12 meses de idade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com efeito fixo e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Posteriormente, a distância euclidiana média padronizada foi calculada como medida da importância relativa dos caracteres, que foi estimada por meio da participação dos componentes relativos a cada característica, no total da dissimilaridade observada e para o agrupamento dos clones, utilizou-se o método de Tocher. Os resultados sugerem que há pequena divergência genética entre os 32 clones avaliados, no entanto, há uma grande variabilidade genética. Os dois primeiros componentes principais (PROD e NR) explicaram 80,79% da variabilidade existente, sendo estas as que mais contribuíram para a divergência. A variável NF foi a que menos contribuiu para a divergência sendo, portanto, passível de descarte.

The focus of this work is to look closer at the car in business, both from the accounting perspective and the tax one. The term "car in business" means the one that is used in the business operation, not the car defined as goods. First of all the thesis deals with the basic terms in relation to the vehicles. Then the car is described as a long-term tangible property (asset). The ways of car´s acquisition follows together with the determination of the entry price of the vehicle. There is also a chapter devoted to the reduction and increase of the vehicle´s value, namely technical appreciation, depreciation and creation of adjustments. Separately there is a chapter focusing on costs (expenses) related to the operation with a car. Because a car has a limited lifetime, the disposal of asset is covered in the practical part as well. Based on the content of the practical part, there is also a chapter which briefly describes operating lease in terms of Czech accounting legislation and in terms of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The practical part deals with comparison of vehicles acquired by operating lease and purchased vehicles, in a particular company.

After introducing concepts from convex analysis, we study how to continuously transform one convex function into another. A natural choice is the arithmetic average, as it is pointwise continuous; however, this choice fails to average functions with different domains. On the contrary, the proximal average is not only continuous (in the epi-topology) but can actually average functions with disjoint domains. In fact, the proximal average not only inherits strict convexity (like the arithmetic average) but also inherits smoothness and differentiability (unlike the arithmetic average). Then we introduce a computational framework for computer-aided convex analysis. Motivated by the proximal average, we notice that the class of piecewise linear-quadratic (PLQ) functions is closed under (positive) scalar multiplication, addition, Fenchel conjugation, and Moreau envelope. As a result, the PLQ framework gives rise to linear-time and linear-space algorithms for convex PLQ functions. We extend this framework to nonconvex PLQ functions and present an explicit convex hull algorithm. Finally, we discuss a method to find primal-dual symmetric antiderivatives from cyclically monotone operators. As these antiderivatives depend on the minimal and maximal Rockafellar functions [5, Theorem 3.5, Corollary 3.10], it turns out that the minimal and maximal function in [12, p.132,p.136] are indeed the same functions. Algorithms used to compute these antiderivatives can be formulated as shortest path problems. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

In this thesis we introduce a two-way Doherty amplifier architecture with multiple feedbacks for digital predistortion based on impedance-inverting directional coupler (transcoupler). The tunable two-way Doherty amplifier with a tuned circulator-based impedance inverter is presented. Compact N-way Doherty architectures that subsume impedance inverter and offset line functionality into output matching networks are derived. Comprehensive N-way Doherty amplifier design and analysis techniques based on load-pull characterization of active devices and impedance modulation effects are developed. These techniques were then applied to the design of a two-way Doherty amplifier and a three-way Doherty amplifier which were manufactured and their performance measured and compared to the amplifier performance specifications and simulated results.

Recent literature has investigated the use of different clustering techniques for analysis of gene expression data. For example, self-organizing maps (SOMs) have been used to identify gene clusters of clear biological relevance in human hematopoietic differentiation and the yeast cell cycle (Tamayo et al., 1999). Hierarchical clustering has also been proposed for identifying clusters of genes that share common roles in cellular processes (Eisen et al., 1998; Michaels et al., 1998; Wen et al., 1998). Systematic evaluation of clustering results is as important as generating the clusters. However, this is a difficult task, which is often overlooked in gene expression studies. Several gene expression studies claim success of the clustering algorithm without showing a validation of complete clusterings, for example Ben-Dor and Yakhini (1999) and Törönen et al. (1999). In this dissertation we propose an evaluation approach based on a relative entropy measure that uses additional knowledge about genes (gene annotations) besides the gene expression data. More specifically, we use gene annotations in the form of an enzyme classification hierarchy, to evaluate clusterings. This classification is based on the main chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes. Furthermore, we evaluate clusterings with pure statistical measures of cluster validity (compactness and isolation). The experiments include applying two types of clustering methods (SOMs and hierarchical clustering) on a data set for which good annotation is available, so that the results can be partly validated from the viewpoint of biological relevance. The evaluation of the clusters indicates that clusters obtained from hierarchical average linkage clustering have much higher relative entropy values and lower compactness and isolation compared to SOM clusters. Clusters with high relative entropy often contain enzymes that are involved in the same enzymatic activity. On the other hand, the compactness and isolation measures do not seem to be reliable for evaluation of clustering results.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier transmission scheme used in most of the existing wireless standards such as LTE, WiFi and WiMAX. The popularity of OFDM stems from the multitude of benefits it offers in terms of providing high data rate transmission, robustness against multipath fading and ease of implementation. Additionally, OFDM signals are agile in the sense that any subcarrier can be switched on or off to fit the available transmission bandwidth, which makes it well suited for systems with dynamic spectrum access such as cognitive radio systems. Nonetheless, and despite all the aforementioned advantages, OFDM signals have high spectral sidelobes outside the designated band of transmission, that can create severe interference to users in adjacent transmission bands, particularly when there is no synchronization between users. The focus of this dissertation is to propose baseband solutions at the Physical Layer (PHY) of the communications system to address the interference resulting from the high out-of-band (OOB) emissions of OFDM. In the first part of this dissertation, we propose a precoder capable of generating mask compliant OFDM signals with low OOB emissions that are always contained under a given spectrum emission mask (SEM) specified by the OFDM standard. The proposed precoder generates transmitted signals with bit error rate (BER) performance similar to that of classical OFDM and does not reduce the spectral efficiency of the system. In the second part of this dissertation, we introduce a novel and elegant approach, called suppressing alignment (SA), to jointly reduce the OOB interference and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM systems. SA exploits the unavoidable redundancy provided by the CP as well as the wireless communications channel to generate an OOB/PAPR suppressing signal at the OFDM transmitter. Furthermore, after passing through the wireless channel, the suppressing signal is aligned with the CP duration at the OFDM receiver, essentially causing no interference to the data portion of the OFDM symbol. The proposed approach improves the PAPR of the transmitted OFDM signal and reduces the OOB interference by tens of decibels. Additionally, the proposed approach maintains an error performance similar to that of plain OFDM without requiring any change in the receiver structure of legacy OFDM. In order to reduce the spectral emissions of OFDM, additional blocks, such as linear precoders, are usually introduced in the transmitter leading to a transmitted signal that is drastically different than that of a classical OFDM signal. This distortion is typically quantified by the error vector magnitude (EVM), a widely used metric specified by the wireless standard and is directly related to the BER performance of the system. The receiver can usually decode the information data with acceptable error probabilities if the distortion introduced to the transmitted signal is below the EVM values specified in the OFDM standard. Linear precoders, while capable of achieving significant reduction in the OOB interference, they typically introduce large distortion to the transmitted signal. As such, the receiver needs to know the precoding done at the transmitter to be able to recover the data which usually entails sending large amount of side information that can greatly reduce the spectral efficiency of the system. In the last part of this dissertation, we target the design of precoders for the purpose reducing the OOB interference, in a transparent manner where the receiver does not need to know the changes introduced in the transmitter. We present two precoders capable of significantly reducing the OOB emissions while producing transmitted signals with EVM values below those specified by the wireless standard, thereby guaranteeing acceptable error performance.

The theme of my thesis is "The concept of an average consumer in the Czech and European law." The concept of a consumer and its evolution is explained in the first chapter. In the Czech legislation, I focused on the consumer in terms of private and public law. The notion of the consumer is explained from the perspective of the Czech law, the French legislation and, ultimately, the European legislation. Furthermore the French Consumer Code is discussed and its advantages and disadvantages in a light of the German model of consumer law, which is included in the Czech legislation. Finally, I have studied the impact of the European case law on the development of the concept of the consumer and possible proposals for consumer law de lege ferenda. In the second part, the attention is paid to the average consumer. The work deals with its origins in the Czech, German and European case law. Thesis describes a development from an empirical approach, when sociological surveys were used in assessing the impact of business practices, to the normative concept of an average consumer, which is applied consistently with regard to the decision-making practice of the Court of Justice of the EU. The average consumer is a legal construct, an exemplary consumer, from which is expected a certain degree of attention,...