The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on a simulated wastewater plant regarding GHG emissions and use of energy and resources when implementing source separated wastewater systems. The effects were studied for different restrictions of effluent quality and for different temperatures on the influent. The simulation model BSM2G calibrated for Käppala wastewater treatment plant was used. The task was executed by simulating nine different scenarios with an increase in influent load from new connections equivalent to 3, 10 and 30 % of the present connections. These new connections were served by conventional, urine separated or black water separated systems. All simulations were adjusted to keep the initial effluent load i.e. the effluent load before the number of connections increased. This meant increasing restrictions on effluent load of ammonium and total nitrogen, which were reached by adjusting control parameters such as aeration, internal recycle flow, carbon addition etc. Thus the same effluent load of ammonium and total nitrogen were reached for all scenarios compared to the reference. The simulated results showed that the total use of energy (most evident the aeration energy) decreased with 25-60 % with urine separation and with 50-90 % with black water separation compared to corresponding conventional scenario regardless of degree of new connections and contigous adjustment of control parameters. The same tendency applied for use of resources since total operational cost index decreased with 30-70 % with urin separation and 70-90 % with black water separation compared to corresponding conventional scenario regardless of degree of new connections and contigous adjustment of control parameters. Total production of sewage sludge decreased with 5-20 % with urine separation and with 50-60 % with black water separation. Total methane production decreased with 0-20 % with urine separation and with 60-70 % with black water separation. The total GHG emissions from the simulated WWTP was dominated by uncertain N2O emissions from the activated sludge process for all scenarios. Also emissons of N2O due to sludge management were uncertain. Since the production of N2O varied heavily depending on the adjusted control parameters no certain conclusions could be drawn regarding the impact of source separation on these emissions. Other greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide emissions due to use of energy, production and degadation of external carbon source were decreased in the source separated scenarios compared to conventional scenarios. The simulated results also showed that a lower temperature of the wastewater led to a decrease in nitrogen removal and an increase in use of energy for all scenarios at 30 % increased influent load compared to a wastewater of average yearly temperature. The results confirmed some of the previously stated advantages of source separated wastewater and thus contributed to increased probability of these advantages. However, further studies are needed to obtain more certain results regarding N2O emissions from wastewater treatment plants when source separated wastewater is implemented.

Enskilda avloppen är en fråga som de östergötska kommunerna jobbar med av flera skäl. Avloppen utgör ett orosmoment när det kommer tillbland annat övergödningsproblematik och de enskilda avloppen har potential att kunna generera viktiga näringsämnen som fosfor, kväve ochkalium till jordbruket. Fosforåteranvändningen är en aspekt som blir allt viktigare bland annat med tanke på att fosfor är en ändlig resurs.Samtidigt finns det svårigheter och hinder för kommunerna att åstadkomma uppnående av miljömålen däribland ingen övergödning och attkretslopp av näringsämnen från de enskilda avloppen sluts i kretslopp. Syftet med studien var att få en lägetsrapport, upptäcka utmaningar ochmöjligheter som informanterna i respektive kommun upplever förelåg för att det ytterst ska etableras än fler fungerande kretsloppssystem för deenskilda avloppen.Denna studie fokuserar på Östergötlands län och dess kommuner, genom kvalitativa intervjuer undersöktes avloppssituationen i kommunerna,utmaningarna och lösningar på att åstadkomma ökad kretsloppsanpassningen hos de enskilda avloppen. Detta ställt i relation ti ll Trudgillsbarriärsteori för att kartlägga vilka barriärer som behöver övervinnas för ett lyckat arbete med förbättrad reningsgrad och kretsloppsanpassning avenskilda avlopp. Ett av de främsta problemen som identifierats var att kommunerna har svårt att själva styra över avloppssituationen eftersom deinte får ge vissa avloppslösningar favörer, t.ex. genom ekonomiska fördelar. Miljökontorens tjänstemän har svårt att neka en avloppsansökanunder förutsättningar att den uppfyller bland annat konstaterad skyddsnivå, inspektörens uppdrag är att avgöra om kraven uppfylls inte primärtstyra utvecklingen i kommunen.Generellt saknar även de i studien ingående östgötska kommunerna en policy för innebörden av kretsloppsavlopp. Något annat som varåterkommande vid intervjuerna var att generellt är fastighetsägarintresset för det egna avloppet svalt. Möjliga vägar till ökat kretslopp anses varabland annat att inkludera en fastighetsavloppsstandard i fastighetsskatten och att på andra sätt aktivera och främja fastighetsägares intresse föravlopp och kretsloppslösningar.Andra vägar fram till ökat kretslopp skulle kunna vara att kommunen skapar en policy för vad ett kretsloppsanpassat avlopp är, vilket anses kunnage både fastighetsägare och kommuntjänstemän en tydlighet kring vilka kommunens intentioner är på längre sikt med de enskilda avloppen

Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2003.

Structured and long-term planning is an important part of the work with the renewal of water supply networks. This requires well-founded assessments and methods for evaluating the annual need for renewal for a sustainable and healthy future. Evaluating the condition of a management object has been a complex task. This is due to limited accessto the various parts of the water supply network and the fact that physical, operational and environmental factors affect pipelines in different ways. Since experience and knowledge have been developed about, for example, joint methods or the durability of pipe material, this has meant that several different pipe materials are underground. There are various useful methods for evaluation of the condition of the water supply network. Recently, mathematical models have begun to be used to analyse the status and estimated lifespan of lines through data on pipes and external factors. In this study, an ANN model from Svenskt Vatten was used to evaluate the organization’s geodata for the model and to study the relationship between risk management that models calculate and reported operational disruptions. The use of the model requires that large amounts of data need to be compiled and adapted to valid values.The results show that most of the water supply network in the study area can be used to set prediction values with the model by compiling and adapting attribute values. Several objects were excluded due to deficiencies in management attributes. Some comparisons can be made between estimated risk water pipes and reported operational disruptions. The conclusion of the study is that the model could be an important complement to future renewal planning. Assessed risk water pipes can provide a good indication of which parts of the pipeline network need to be evaluated in more depth for possible renewal.

<p>Wastewater treatment is increasingly controlled by the Swedish environmental quality objectives, adopted by the Swedish parliament. There is a need for a sewage system that can fulfill stringent requirements concerning the environment, recycling and resource use and hygiene. Additional environmental aspects in recent years are the impact of climate change, new knowledge about the effects of pharmaceuticals in water, the need for improved wastewater treatment and increased recycling of nutrients to agriculture.</p><p> </p><p>This report has, from a future scenario of the year 2050, analyzed seven different systems for wastewater treatment and treatment of compostable biowaste from households in Eskilstuna. A future scenario was chosen based on that within a forty year period new challenges may arise which can result in higher demands on sewage treatment than those we see today. Another reason why the future scenario was established is that changes in wastewater treatment systems are slow to establish.</p><p> </p><p>The analysis is mainly focused on the economical aspects but environmental aspects such as emissions to receiving waters and potential recycling of plant nutrients has also been evaluated briefly. The economical analysis was made from a new construction perspective. The economy model is constructed in Microsoft Office Excel and named URWARE Eko. The report also includes a section based on results from previous system studies.</p><p> </p><p>A target image of Eskilstuna 2050 was initially created. Seven systems were then analyzed based on this target image. The seven different systems could be divided in to three main categories: conventional sewage system that were modified, source separated blackwater systems and a sewage plant with improved treatment technology in the form of membrane technology and reverse osmosis.</p><p> </p><p>The results showed that it differed a factor of 1.9 between the cheapest system (sludge recovery to productive land) and the most expensive (separated blackwater treated in a central treatment facility). All systems have a big recycling potential of phosphorus. Blackwater systems and wastewater plants with membrane technology and reverse osmosis are the best systems for recycling of other nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and sulfur.</p><p><em> </em></p>

En genomsnittlig villa på 149 m² i Sverige med direktverkande el för uppvärmning använder ungefär 23980 kWh el per år. Av detta så står uppvärmningen för ungefär 13480 kWh, eller 90,5 kWh/m². Att minska denna energianvändning är gynnsamt både för miljönoch ekonomin.Genom att utrusta ett hus på ungefär 161 m² med energisnål utrustning, luftvärmepumpar, bra isolering, ett effektivt ventilationssystem och solfångare så kan elanvändningenminskas med ungefär 20170 kWh per år, till en användning på ungefär 4900 kWh per år.Vad uppvärmningen beträffar så är detta en minskning från 14570 kWh (90,5kWh/m²) till ungefär 1400 kWh (9,4 kWh/m²). Skulle huset användas som ett fritidshus under åtta månader per år, så skulle elanvändningen bara hamna på ungefär 2500 kWh, vilket iförhållande till den uppskattade energianvändningen på 10035 kWh för motsvarande tidsperiod innebär en minskning på ungefär 7535 kWh. För värmens del så innebär detta en minskning från 3035 kWh (18,85 kWh/m²) till ungefär 256 kWh (1,6 kWh/m²).Varmvatten kan fås från solfångare. Om huset används under de åtta soligaste månaderna så skulle varmvattenbehovet nästan helt täckas med fyra solfångare av typ DAC-H 150L. Det som inte täcks av solfångarna kan en elektrisk varmvattenberedare täcka.För att ta tillvara på näringsämnena i toalettavfallet så kan en separationstoalett användas.En bonde som tar hand om toalettavfallet och använder det som gödning skulle tjäna ungefär 330 kr för varje person vars närsalter bonden omhändertar. Om skörden är god så motsvarar detta 9900 kr/ha. Det är mer än vad själva skörden ger.För att rena vattnet från bad, dusch och tvätt (BDT-vatten) så kan en IN-DRÄN infiltrationsbädd användas. Denna kommer att rena BDT-vattnet från närsalter, i de flesta avseenden bättre än ett kommunalt reningsverk. Om träd planteras runt biobädden så kande även rena vattnet från de närsalter som inte renas av biobädden, som annars skulle kunna orsaka övergödning.En stor del av elbehovet skulle kunna täckas med ett solcellssystem. Med ett system med 36 st solpaneler av typ PPAM Paladium, och en växelriktare av typ Sunny Tripower 8000 TL så skulle det produceras ungefär 7600 kWh/år. Det finns även möjlighet att få statligt solcellsstöd på upp till 45% av investeringskostnaden. Det innebär att bara 55% av priset behöver betalas med egna pengar. Dessutom så kan överskottet som solpanelerna producerar säljas.Den totala kostnaden för att energianpassa huset skulle uppskattningsvis hamna på ungefär 439100 kr utan solcellsstöd, samt 368100 kr med solcellsstöd. Då antas det att ingen mängdrabatt fås och att priserna inte är nedprutade. Det kan alltså potentiellt bliännu billigare än beräknat.Om solcellsstöd kan fås så är det fördelaktigt att ingå avtal om mikroproduktion med Vallentuna Energi, som tillämpar nettodebitering. Om huset är bebott året om så blir den uppskattade payback-tiden 6 år, och NPV-värdet blir 654966 kr. Om huset bara är bebott under åtta månader så blir motsvarande siffror 9,9 år respektive 231383 kr. Notera att dessa siffror gäller då det energianpassade huset jämförs med ett vanligt hus meddirektverkande el.Om solcellsstöd inte kan fås så är det bättre att ingå avtal om mikroproduktion med Telge Energi. De tillämpar inte nettodebitering, men de köper överskottselen för ett mycket fördelaktigt pris på 2,5 kr/kWh om solcellsstöd inte har erhållits. Om huset är bebott året om så blir den uppskattade payback-tiden 6,4 år och NPV-värdet blir 642716 kr. Om huset är bebott under åtta månader så blir siffrorna istället 10,2 år och 179914 kr.

Wastewater treatment is increasingly controlled by the Swedish environmental quality objectives, adopted by the Swedish parliament. There is a need for a sewage system that can fulfill stringent requirements concerning the environment, recycling and resource use and hygiene. Additional environmental aspects in recent years are the impact of climate change, new knowledge about the effects of pharmaceuticals in water, the need for improved wastewater treatment and increased recycling of nutrients to agriculture.   This report has, from a future scenario of the year 2050, analyzed seven different systems for wastewater treatment and treatment of compostable biowaste from households in Eskilstuna. A future scenario was chosen based on that within a forty year period new challenges may arise which can result in higher demands on sewage treatment than those we see today. Another reason why the future scenario was established is that changes in wastewater treatment systems are slow to establish.   The analysis is mainly focused on the economical aspects but environmental aspects such as emissions to receiving waters and potential recycling of plant nutrients has also been evaluated briefly. The economical analysis was made from a new construction perspective. The economy model is constructed in Microsoft Office Excel and named URWARE Eko. The report also includes a section based on results from previous system studies.   A target image of Eskilstuna 2050 was initially created. Seven systems were then analyzed based on this target image. The seven different systems could be divided in to three main categories: conventional sewage system that were modified, source separated blackwater systems and a sewage plant with improved treatment technology in the form of membrane technology and reverse osmosis.   The results showed that it differed a factor of 1.9 between the cheapest system (sludge recovery to productive land) and the most expensive (separated blackwater treated in a central treatment facility). All systems have a big recycling potential of phosphorus. Blackwater systems and wastewater plants with membrane technology and reverse osmosis are the best systems for recycling of other nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and sulfur.

This study is focused on small scale water and wastewater handling in Sweden. The study is divided into two major parts; the first describes common methods for water- and wastewater handling and the second part is a case study on three small and expensive systems in Gällivare municipality, in the north of Sweden. In the case study, abilitys for the local government to hand over unwanted systems to the water users is investigated and found to be a plausible solution to cut costs for two out of the three studied systems. In the third case, water and wastewater systems is not recommended to be handed over but other ways of cutting costs are suggested.

<p>This thesis is performed in cooperation with Prodelox AB and JTI (Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering). The purpose of the project is to generate and develop a WC-technique with a closet sewer that keeps a higher TS-substance than 1.5 %. The WC-technique is mainly directed towards permanent households in sparsely-populated areas and cabins. The goal is to generate concepts of toilets with an extremely low use of water in terms of flushing. The design should be appealing and touch more senses than only the visual. To meet the requirement of a TS-substance of 1.5 %, with regards to the amount of flushes per person and day, the final concept can only use a water amount of 0.3 liters per flush. The implementation begins with a market survey, which shows a lack of toilets on the market with extremely low use of water when flushing and that the competitors’ offers do not reach the customers’ requirements. The implementation continues in to an idea generating phase. The phase consists of producing ideas concerning function and performance as well as shape and experience. The developed ideas concerning function and performance results in 14 solutions. The different solutions are combined into entire concept suggestions which are sifted out to one concept. The developed ideas regarding shape and experience results in 5 design suggestions. Function and design is combined to a final concept. The concept consists of two variations, one with a cistern, were its only use is as a visual effect, and one without. The exterior of the toilet consists mainly of china. The concept uses vacuum as means of transportation and high-pressure flushing for cleaning the toilet-bowl. The toilet-bowl is treated with a low friction surface during production, which makes the cleaning process more reliable. The authors are very pleased with the developed concept since the solutions and the design of the toilet are comparable with a traditional toilet, at the same time as it solves the problem with smell and cleaning of the toilet-bowl, where today’s toilets with low use of water when flushing do not. The authors believe that the concept contains solutions which are both innovative and interesting in terms of future realization of the product. This edition is classified as secret. For a complete report, please contact Prodelox AB.</p>

Water is essential for our daily life. Despite this, much of our water has become polluted and nutrient-enriched. One main factor contributing to the problem are private sewers. In total, there are nearly 1 million private sewers in Sweden, which represent one of the largest point sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. A survey was carried out to investigate the status of private sewers at Källsjön, Sollefteå municipality. In addition, four municipalities around Sollefteå have been interviewed about the implementation of legislation concerning private sewers. The study shows that sewers around Källsjön are seemingly in relatively good condition. However, 36% of the polled property owners have drains that are over 20 years old, and the function of these drains can be questioned. Interestingly, many of the surveyed property owners do not even know how old their drains are and what type of facility they have. Three of four interviewed municipalities are currently not performing any active control of private sewers. All municipalities provided information to property owners regarding current legislation. The study suggests that municipalities should act proactively to establish comprehensive inventories, a first step towards raising the standard of the individual sewers.