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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

Etude des mécanismes d'adressage et de positionnement de l'ankyrine G et de la protéine kinase CK2 au segment initial de l'axone / Identification of the mecanisms regulating the trafficking and positioning of ankyrin G and protein kinase CK2 at the axon initial segment

Hien, Yéri Esther 16 July 2014 (has links)
Le segment initial de l'axone (SIA) joue un rôle dans la maintenance de la polarité neuronale et dans l'initiation du potentiel d'action. Il se construit autour de l'ankyrine G (ankG) qui relie les protéines membranaires au cytosquelette d'actine et de microtubules. Cette structure est dynamiquement régulée par des kinases. S'il a été clairement établi que l'ankG est cruciale à la formation et à la maintenance du SIA, les mécanismes responsables de sa concentration dans la partie proximale de l'axone restent encore inconnus. Il en est de même pour la protéine kinase CK2 qui régule l'interaction entre l'ankG et les canaux sodiques (Nav1). Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré, par des approches de mutagénèse, que le domaine serine-rich (SR), notamment ses 73 premiers acides aminés, porte l'information nécessaire à l'entrée de l'ankG dans l'axone. Mais ce domaine n'est pas suffisant pour le confiner dans la partie proximale de l'axone, cette propriété est portée par le domaine Tail. En plus de la coopération de ces domaines, nous avons aussi observé que l'adressage de l'ankG est régulé par les kinases Cdk5 et PKC. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que l'accumulation de la CK2 au SIA dépend de l'expression des Nav1. L'existence d'un complexe formé par les Nav1 et la CK2 serait donc importante au recrutement de la protéine kinase CK2 au SIA. En outre, le développement des anticorps phosphospécifiques nous a permis de monter que les Nav1 sont phosphorylés in vivo au niveau de leur motif de liaison à l'ankG. L'ensemble de nos résultats ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la formation du SIA et des mécanismes de régulation qui peuvent être associés. / The axon initial segment (AIS) is responsible for both the maintenance of neuronal polarity and the generation of action potentials. The scaffolding protein ankyrin G (ankG) is specifically expressed in the AIS where it links transmembrane proteins to the subjacent actin and microtubule cytosqueletons. Moreover, the AIS is dynamically regulated by kinases. Although, it has been clearly established that ankG directs AIS assembly and maintenance, the mechanisms regulating ankG proper transport and tethering remain unclear. Another AIS component, the protein kinase CK2 is also playing an important role via the phosphorylation of the ankG-binding motif (ABM) on sodium channels (Nav1) to strengthen their interaction with ankG. But, the mechanism regulating its targeting and anchoring to the AIS remain still unknown. Here, we report that the first 73 residues of the serine-rich domain are necessary for the targeting of ankG to the axon and the tail domain for the proper positioning along the proximal axon. We also observed that ankG axonal localization is modulated by post-translational modifications. Using phosphospecific antibodies and inhibition/depletion approaches, we also provide evidence that the ABM of Nav1 are phosphorylated in vivo and that CK2 accumulation at the AIS depends on Nav1 expression, with which they form tight complexes. This suggests that CK2-mediated phosphorylation participates in Nav1 clustering in vivo and that its specific localization at the AIS is dependent on Nav1 expression. Altogether, our results open new perspectives in understanding the formation of AIS and regulatory mechanisms that may be involved.
192

Caractérisation de la vulnérabilité sélective des neurones dopaminergiques dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson

Giguère, Nicolas 10 1900 (has links)
No description available.
193

Padrões de expressão de proteínas estruturais e plasticidade na epilepsia do lobo temporal / Expression patterns of structural proteins and plasticity in the temporal lobe epilepsy

Monteiro, Mariana Raquel 30 August 2011 (has links)
Introdução: A epilepsia do lobo temporal mesial (ELTM) é a forma mais comum de epilepsia na população adulta, tendo a esclerose hipocampal como principal substrato neuropatológico. Uma elevada proporção dos pacientes com ELTM apresentam história familiar positiva para a epilepsia, sugerindo a participação de fatores genéticos nesta síndrome. O citoesqueleto neuronal é essencial para os processos fisiológicos das células nervosas e crises epilépticas parecem afetar esta estrutura. O citoesqueleto neuronal possui importantes componentes regulatórios, dentre eles as proteínas associadas aos microtúbulos do tipo 2 (MAP2) e tau. Objetivos: Avaliar a densidade neuronal (células imunomarcadas com NeuN), neobrotamento das fibras musgosas (por histoquímica de neo-Timm) e a expressão imunohistoquímica das proteínas MAP2 e tau no hipocampo de casos cirúrgicos de ELTM (subtipos familiar e esporádico) e controles. As mesmas análises foram conduzidas no modelo animal de lítiopilocarpina. Métodos: Casos ELTM (n=38) foram divididos em ELTM familiar (n=20) e ETLM esporádica (n=18). Hipocampos controles (n=10) foram provenientes de necrópsias de sujeitos sem histórico de problemas neurológicos. No modelo animal de lítio-pilocarpina, animais submetidos ao status epilepticus (SE) foram sacrificados nos seguintes tempos pós-SE: 1, 7, 15 e 60 dias e classificados como grupos SE1, SE7, SE15 e SE60. Animais controle foram injetados com salina. Resultados: O grupo ELTM apresentou menor densidade neuronal que o controle nas regiões da camada granular, hilo, CA4, CA3, CA1 e prosubículo. O grupo ELTM mostrou maior valor de cinza da histoquímica de neo-Timm na camada granular, molecular interna e molecular externa e maior espessura do neobrotamento axonal na camada molecular interna em relação ao grupo controle. O grupo ELTM esporádica teve maior valor de cinza da histoquímica de neo-Timm e tendência à maior espessura do neobrotamento que o grupo ELTM familiar na camada molecular interna. O grupo ELTM apresentou menor expressão de MAP2 que o grupo controle no hilo, CA4, CA3, CA1 e prosubículo e maior expressão que o controle na camada granular, CA2 e parasubículo. O grupo ELTM esporádica teve maior expressão de MAP2 que o grupo ELTM familiar em CA1 e córtex entorrinal. O grupo ELTM apresentou maior expressão de tau que o grupo controle nas regiões da camada granular, hilo, CA3, CA2 e córtex entorrinal. O grupo ELTM esporádica demonstrou menor imunorreatividade para tau que o grupo ELTM familiar no córtex entorrinal. No modelo de lítio-pilocarpina, os grupos submetidos ao SE apresentaram menor densidade neuronal e maior neobrotamento que o grupo salina. Quanto à expressão de MAP2, os grupos SE60 e SE15 apresentaram maiores valores de expressão que os demais grupos em todas as regiões analisadas. A expressão de tau em CA3 não foi diferente entre os grupos animais analisados. Conclusão: Nossos resultados existem perda neuronal, reorganização sináptica das fibras musgosas e alterações na expressão de proteínas MAP2 e tau no hipocampo de pacientes com ELTM. Dentre os casos ELTM, encontramos diferenças no neobrotamento de fibras musgosas e na expressão de MAP2 e tau entre os grupos ELTM familiar e esporádica, indicando que estes grupos se apresentam de forma distinta em relação à epilepsia. Encontramos resultados II semelhantes em relação à densidade neuronal e o neobrotamento de fibras musgosas entre pacientes com ELTM e no modelo experimental. Porém, em relação à expressão das proteínas MAP2 e tau, encontramos algumas diferenças entre humanos e animais com ELTM. Nossos resultados sugerem que apesar do modelo de epilepsia induzida por lítio-pilocarpina ser relevante para o estudo da ELTM humana e mimetizar importantes aspectos neuropatológicos, a correspondência quanto à expressão de algumas proteínas estruturais não é completa. Estudos adicionais de expressão de proteínas do citoesqueleto em outros modelos animais de ELTM serão de grande importância para o melhor entendimento do processo epileptogênco. / Introduction: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of epilepsy in adults and has hippocampal sclerosis as the main pathological substrate. A high proportion of patients with MTLE have positive familial history for epilepsy, suggesting the involvement of genetic factors in this syndrome. Seizures may affect the neuronal cytoskeleton, an structure that is essential in the physiological processes of nerve cells. Components of the neuronal cytoskeleton include microtubule-associated protein type 2 (MAP2) and tau. Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate neuronal density, mossy fiber sprouting and immunohistochemical expression of MAP2 and tau in the hippocampus of surgical cases of MTLE (familial and sporadic subtypes) and controls. The same analysis were conducted in the MTLE lithiumpilocarpine animal model.Methods: MTLE cases (n = 38) were divided into familial MTLE (n = 20) and sporadic MTLE (n = 18). Control hippocampi (n = 10) were obtained from autopsies of subjects without history of epilepsy. In the lithium-pilocarpine animal model, male Wistar rats were submitted to status epilepticus (SE) and were killed at the following post-SE days: 1, 7, 15 and 60, and were further classified SE1, SE7, SE15 and SE60. Control animals were injected with saline. Results: MTLE showed decreased neuronal density than controls in the granular layer, hilus, CA4, CA3, CA1 and prosubiculum. MTLE group showed increased neo-Timm gray value in the granular layer, inner and outer molecular layer, as well as increased mossy fiber length of mossy fiber in the inner molecular layer when compared to controls. Sporadic MTLE specimens exhibited increased inner molecular layer gray value than familial MTLE. MTLE hihppocampi showed decreased MAP2 expression in the hilus, CA4, CA3, CA1 and prosubiculum. In the granular layer, CA2 and parasubiculum, MAP2 expression was higher in MTLE specimens than in controls. CA1 and entorhinal cortex from sporadic MTLE hippocampi showed increased MAP2 expression than familial MTLE. Tau expression was increased in the granular layer, hilus, CA3, CA2 and entorhinal cortex of MTLE specimens. Sporadic MTLE exhibited lower tau immunoreactivity in the entorhinal cortex than familial MTLE. In the lithiumpilocarpine animal model, rats submitted to SE presented lower values of neuronal density and mossy fiber sprouting than controls. SE15 and SE60 showed increased MAP2 expression in all hippocampal subfields. Tau expression in CA3 was not different among the groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate that besides neuronal loss and axonal sprouting, MTLE specimens also exhibit dendritic abnormalities related to MAP2 expression. Increased tau immunoreactivity in epileptogenic hippocampi indicates possible abnormal expression related to mossy fiber sprouting in chronic MTLE. We found differential sprouting, MAP2 and tau expression between sporadic and familial MTLE. It is possible that different genetic background might result in somehow distinct neuropathological substrates between the two MTLE subtypes, although their clinical manifestation is quite similar. While neuronal loss and axonal sprouting profiles in human MTLE and chronic phase of the lithium-pilocarpine animal model are comparable, we could not find corresponding results regarding MAP2 and tau expression. IV Several studies have shown that chemo-convulsant as pilocarpine and kainic acid result in widespread brain epileptic discharges, which are different from the more focal hippocampal discharges seen in human MTLE. Despite its limitations, the lithium-pilocarpine model stands as an important and widely used animal model of epilepsy. Besides that, other animal models in which ictal discharges and lesions are more limited to the hippocampal formation might better mimic what we see in human MTLE.
194

Estudo prospectivo dos achados de ressonância magnética de pacientes com lesão axonial difusa traumática / A prospective study of MRI findings in patients with traumatic diffuse axonal injury

Feltrin, Fabrício Stewan 22 June 2017 (has links)
Introdução: Pacientes que sobrevivem ao traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) apresentam declínio cognitivo e sinais indiretos de atrofia cerebral maiores que o esperado para a população normal. Dentro do universo das lesões englobadas sob o termo TCE há diferentes tipos de lesões, que podem ser divididas entre focais e difusas. A lesão axonial difusa (LAD), está presente em quase todos os pacientes com TCE moderado e grave. Não há estudos que descrevam longitudinalmente o que ocorre nos exames de imagem após o TCE em um grupo com diagnóstico clínico e radiológico de LAD sem lesões focais significativas. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a carga de lesões da LAD através de uma contagem sistematizada, avaliar a taxa de atrofia de diferentes compartimentos do encéfalo de forma longitudinal, e verificar se o número de lesões mostra correlação com tais taxas de atrofia e ou com testes neuropsicológicos que avaliam desempenho executivo e de memória. Método: Foram selecionados 24 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de LAD e realizados exames de RM nos meses 2 (fase 1), 6 (fase 2) e 12 (fase 3) após o TCE. Nas fases 2 e 3 foi realizada avaliação neuropsicológica. Foi realizada contagem de lesões segundo a Microbleed Anatomical and Rating Scale (MARS). Nos definidos momentos foi realizada avaliação do volume do encéfalo através do software FreeSurfer. Foram avaliados a capacidade executiva através dos testes Trail Making Test (TMT) A e B, e a capacidade de recordação através do teste Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HLVT) em seus componente de recordação imediata (HVLT-RI), tardia (RVLT-RT) e reconhecimento (HVLT-R). Foi testada correlação da carga lesional com a redução de volume dos compartimentos substância branca (VSB), substância cinzenta cortical (VCC), substância cinzenta subcortical (VCS) volume cerebral total (VCT). Foram ainda realizados testes de correlação da carga lesional total e por sítio anatômico com os testes TMT e HVLT e de correlação do grau de atrofia do VSB, VCC, VCS e VCT com os testes HVLT e TMT. Foram considerados positivos os resultados com p<0,05. Resultados: O VSB foi significativamente diferente entre as fases 2 e 3 e entre as fases 1 e 3, com redução de volume de 4,0% no intervalo total do estudo. O VCT foi significativamente diferente entre as fases 2 e 3 meses e entre as fases 1 e 3, com redução de volume de 1,9% no intervalo total do estudo. O VCC não foi significativamente diferente nas 3 fases. O VCS foi significativamente diferente entre as fases 1 e 2; fases 2 e 3 e entre as fases 1 e 3, com redução de volume de 3,7%. O número médio de lesões pela tabela MARS foi de 128 (DP 95), e mostrou correlação positiva e significativa com a redução do VSB, e não demonstrou correlação com a redução de volume dos demais compartimentos. Houve diferença significativa nos resultados dos testes TMT-A e TMT-B entre as fases 2 e 3, com maior rapidez na execução do teste na fase 3. Houve diferença significativa entre os resultados do teste HVLT-RI as fases 2 e 3, com maior número de palavras recordada na fase 3. Não houve diferença significativa nos resultados dos testes HVLT-RT e HVLT-R nas 2 fases. Houve correlação entre o resultado dos testes TMT-B nas fases 2 e 3 com a redução do VCT e entre os resultados do teste TMT-A na fase 3 com a redução do VSB. Não foi encontrada qualquer correlação entre o número de lesões segundo o sítio anatômico da tabela MARS com o desempenho nos testes TMT-A ou TMT-B. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os testes HVLT-RI, HVLT-RT ou HVLT-R com a redução dos volumes de VCT, VSB ou VCC. Discussão e Conclusões: Houve redução significativa do VCT, VSB e VCC ao longo do intervalo entre as fases 1 e 3 do estudo, e simultaneamente houve melhora no desempenho dos testes executivos TMT-A e TMT-B. Tais achados podem ser interpretados como uma resultante daquilo que modelos animais têm demonstrado na evolução do TCE: existe um processo contínuo no tecido cerebral após o TCE, que inclui o clareamento dos debris celulares irremediavelmente lesados e reparação de parte do tecido neural que sofreu lesões reversíveis no momento do trauma, tudo isso contribuindo para uma melhora no desempenho cognitivo, ao mesmo tempo em que ocorre redução do volume dos compartimentos encefálicos. A avaliação da carga lesional mostrou-se de valor prognóstico, pois manteve correlação com o grau de atrofia do VSB no intervalo do estudo / Introduction: Patients who survive traumatic brain injury (TBI) present cognitive decline and indirect signs of brain atrophy greater than expected for the normal population. Within the universe of injuries encompassed under the term TBI there are different types of injuries, which can be divided between focal and diffuse. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is present in almost all patients with moderate and severe TBI. There are no longitudinal studies describing imaging findings after TBI in a group with clinical and radiological diagnosis of DAI without significant focal lesions. This study aims to evaluate the DAI lesion load through a systematic counting approach, to evaluate longitudinally the atrophy rate of various brain compartments and to verify correlations between the lesion load and atrophy rates and their correlation with neuropsychological tests evaluating executive and memory performances. Method: 24 patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of DAI were selected and they were submitted to MRI scans in 2, 6 and 12 months after TBI, as defined as the phase 1, phase 2, and phase 3 of the study. In phases 2 and 3 neuropsychological assessment was performed. Lesion load was quantified according to Microbleed Anatomical and Rating Scale (MARS). In all the 3 phases brain volume assessment was performed by FreeSurfer software. The executive capacity was evaluated by the Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, and the memory capacity by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HLVT) in its immediate recall component (HVLT-IR), late recall (RVLT-LR) and recognition (HVLT-R). The lesional load was correlated to the reduction in white matter volume (WMV), cortical gray matter volume (CGV), and subcortical gray matter (SGV) and total brain volume (TBV). Correlation of the total lesion load and anatomical site were correlated to TMT and HVLT tests. It was also performed correlation between degree of atrophy of the WMV, CGV, SGV and TGV with HVLT and TMT tests. Positive results were considered with p < 0.05. Results: The WMV was significantly different between phases 2 and 3 and between phases 1 and 3, with volume reduction of 4.0% in the total study interval. TBV was significantly different between the phases 2 and 3 and between phases 1 and 3, with volume reduction of 1.9% in the total study interval. The CGV was not significantly different in any of the 3 phases. The SGV was significantly different between phases 1 and 2, phases 2 and 3 and between phases 1 and 3, with 3.7% volume reduction in the total study interval. The mean lesion load assessment by MARS was 128 (SD 95) and showed a positive and significant correlation with the reduction in the WMV, and no correlation with the volume reduction of the other evaluated compartments. There were significant differences in the results of the TMT-A and TMT-B tests between phases 2 and 3, with faster execution of the test in phase 3. There were significant differences between the HVLT-IR results phases 2 and 3, with the largest number of words recalled in phase 3. There were no significant differences in the results of HVLT-LR tests and HVLT-R in 2 phases. There were correlations between the result of TMT-B test at phases 2 and 3 to the reduction of the TBV and the results of the TMT at phase 3 to the WMV reduction. There were no correlations between the anatomical site lesion load with the performance in the TMT-A and TMT-B. No correlations were found between HVLT-IR, HVLT-LR or HVLT-R with volume reduction of TBV, WMV or CGM. Discussion and Conclusions: There was a significant volume reduction in TBV, WMV and SGV during the study interval, while there was an improvement the executive tests TMT-A and TMT-B performance. These findings can be interpreted as a result of what animal models have shown the evolution of the ECT: there is a continuous process in the brain tissue after TBI, including clearing irreparably damaged cell debris and repair of the neural tissue components that suffered reversible injuries at the moment of trauma. Those processes contribute to an improvement in cognitive performance, while reduction of the volume of the encephalic compartments occurs at the same time. The lesion evaluation has proven its prognostic value as it showed correlation with the degree of WMV reduction
195

Transplante de lâmina própria olfatória e respiratória após lesão medular em ratos : implicações sobre a recuperação locomotora, hiperreflexia e regeneração axonal

Centenaro, Lígia Aline January 2012 (has links)
Lesões medulares resultam em uma perda irreversível da função abaixo do sítio da lesão. Esses comprometimentos são permanentes e ocorrem devido à perda de neurônios localmente e também dos tratos axonais ascendentes e descendentes da medula espinal. Na tentativa de criar um ambiente favorável à regeneração dos axônios lesionados, células da glia embainhante olfatória (GEO) vêm sendo transplantadas como estratégia de tratamento em animais submetidos a diferentes modelos experimentais de lesões medulares. Entretanto, um consenso sobre o potencial terapêutico desse tipo de transplante celular ainda precisa ser estabelecido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a eficácia do transplante de lâmina própria (LP) olfatória (que possui células da GEO) e de LP respiratória (desprovido de células da GEO), quando implantadas imediatamente, 2 ou 4 semanas após a realização da transecção da medula espinal. Doze semanas após a realização dos implantes, os animais que receberam LP olfatória e respiratória apresentaram uma melhora sutil na função motora dos membros posteriores. Além disso, o transplante de LP olfatória quando realizado imediatamente após a lesão reduziu a hiperatividade do reflexo de retirada, enquanto o implante desse tipo de tecido 4 semanas pós-lesão produziu uma discreta depressão dependente de frequência do reflexo de Hoffman (um análogo elétrico do reflexo monossináptico de estiramento). Nas diferentes janelas terapêuticas utilizadas, o transplante de ambos os tipos de LP produziu resultados comparáveis em relação à preservação do tecido medular, brotamento de neuritos e regeneração de fibras mielínicas no local da lesão, indicando que o tempo decorrido antes da realização dos transplantes não parece limitar os efeitos regenerativos. Todavia, as fibras mielínicas observadas no sítio da transecção nos animais que receberam LP olfatória 2 e 4 semanas pós-lesão possuíam menor área, diâmetro e espessura da bainha de mielina quando comparados aos animais que receberam LP respiratória nesses mesmos períodos. O transplante imediato de LP olfatória e respiratória também favoreceu o restabelecimento das conexões entre as fibras axonais lesionadas com núcleos do tronco encefálico e até mesmo com a região do córtex somatossensorial, como indicado pela presença de neurônios nessas regiões marcados positivamente com um marcador axonal retrógrado. Um número maior de fibras positivas para 5-HT foi observado no coto proximal dos grupos transplantados com ambos os tipos de LP em comparação às regiões da lesão e do coto caudal. Fibras positivas para CGRP estavam presentes em número considerável no local da lesão. A recuperação locomotora e a regeneração axonal no local da lesão foram limitadas e comparáveis entre os grupos transplantados nos diferentes tempos com LP olfatória e respiratória, sugerindo que esses resultados não estão exclusivamente relacionados à presença de células da GEO nos enxertos utilizados. Um melhor entendimento sobre o potencial restaurativo desse tipo de transplante é necessário a fim de justificar a aplicação dessa terapia em humanos. / Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an irreversible loss of function below the injury site. These permanent disabilities occur due to local neuronal death and loss of ascending and descending axons in the spinal cord. In attempt to create a favorable environment for the re-growth of injured axons, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been transplanted as a treatment strategy in animals submitted to different experimental models of SCI. However, a consensus on the efficacy of this cellular transplantation has yet to be reached. The main focus of the present study was explore the efficacy of olfactory lamina propria (OLP, graft containing OECs) or respiratory lamina propria (RLP, graft without OECs) when transplanted immediately, 2-week or 4-week after spinal cord transection. After 12 weeks of transplantation, animals with OLP and RLP grafts showed a subtle hindlimb motor improvement. Furthermore, the transplantation of OLP when performed immediately after injury reduced the withdrawal reflex over-responsiveness, while the implantation of this tissue 4 weeks post-injury produced a discrete frequency-dependent habituation of the Hoffman reflex (the electrical analogue of the classic tendon jerk reflex). In all therapeutic windows used, both lamina propria grafts produced comparable results for tissue sparing, fibers sprouting and re-growth of myelinated fibers at the lesion site, indicating that delayed transplantation approach does not seem to limit the regenerative effects. However, the myelinated fibers observed at the transection site of animals that received OLP 2 or 4 weeks after injury had a smaller myelinated fiber area, diameter and myelin sheath thickness when compared to those animals transplanted with RLP grafts in the same periods. The immediate transplantation of OLP and RLP also foster limited supraspinal axonal re-connection as shown by the presence of neurons stained by retrograde tracing in brainstem nuclei and in the somatosensory cortex. A larger number of 5-HT positive axons were found in the cranial stump of both lamina propria groups compared to the lesion and caudal regions. CGRP positive axons were present in considerable numbers at the SCI site. The locomotor recovery and axon reparative effects were limited and similar between groups transplanted at different times with OLP and RLP, suggesting that these results could not be exclusively related to OECs. In conclusion, a greater understanding of the restorative potential of these tissue grafts is necessary to strengthen the rationale for application of this treatment in humans.
196

Study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of guidance receptors during commissural axon navigation in the spinal cord / Étude de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des récepteurs de guidage au cours de la navigation des axones commissuraux de la moelle épinière

Pignata, Aurora 10 December 2018 (has links)
Les commissures forment un ensemble de connexions nerveuses assurant la communication entre les neurones de chaque hémi partie du système nerveux central des bilatériens. Au cours du développement embryonnaire, les axones des neurones commissuraux sont guidés au travers de la ligne médiane délimitant ces deux parties. Plusieurs sources de signaux de guidage attractifs et répulsifs agissent de concert pour organiser les trajectoires de ces axones. Dans la moelle épinière, les axones commissuraux traversent la ligne médiane dans un territoire ventral, la plaque du plancher (PP). Au cours de la traversée de la PP, ils acquièrent une sensibilité à des signaux répulsifs exprimés par ce territoire qui leur empêchent de rebrousser le chemin et qui les poussent hors de la PP. Plusieurs couples ligands/récepteurs médient ces forces répulsives mais les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l'acquisition de la sensibilité aux signaux répulsifs restent encore peu connus. Par exemple on ignore si les axons se sensibilisent à tous les signaux répulsifs en même temps, quand précisément ce switch de réponse se fait, et les contributions précises de chacun de ces signaux. Une spécificité fonctionnelle est suggérée par l'analyse des phénotypes d'invalidation des gènes codant pour ces récepteurs chez la souris ou encore par des manipulations d'expression chez l'embryon de poulet. L'objectif de mes travaux de thèse a été de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle la génération de spécificités fonctionnelles pourrait résulter de contrôles précis et distincts de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des récepteurs de guidage à la surface du cône de croissance. J'ai tout d'abord développé un dispositif de vidéomicroscopie adapté à l'enregistrement de cônes de croissance accomplissant la traversée de la PP, sur des moelles épinières en configuration de «livre ouvert». Afin de visualiser l'adressage à la surface du cône de croissance, j'ai exploité une forme de GFP sensible au pH, dont les propriétés de fluorescence à pH neutre permettent un suivi spécifique du pool de surface des protéines (Nawabi et al., 2010; Delloye-Bourgeois et al, 2014). J'ai utilisé ce paradigme pour comparer la dynamique temporelle de 4 récepteurs médiant les réponses aux divers signaux répulsifs de la PP: Nrp2, Robo1, Robo2 et PlxnA1. Les vecteurs d'expression de ces formes pHLuo de récepteurs ont été introduits dans les neurones commissuraux de la moelle épinière d'embryon de poulet par électroporation in ovo. Par des approches de microscopie à super-résolution sur les livres-ouverts, j'ai aussi étudié la distribution spatiale des récepteurs répulsifs à la surface des cônes de croissances au cours de la traversée. L'ensemble de ces expériences a pu démontrer que les récepteurs sont adressés à la membrane à différents temps de la navigation de la PP et occupent, de plus, des domaines distincts du cône de croissance. J'ai ensuite adapté la technique d'électroporation à la moelle épinière d'embryon de souris. Ces expériences ont montré que les séquences temporelles observées chez le poulet sont conservées chez la souris. J'ai également réintroduit le récepteur Robo1 dans une lignée de souris présentant une invalidation des récepteurs Robo1/2 et montré que l'altération de la traversée de la PP caractéristique de cette lignée est abolie dans la population d'axones capables d'adresser le récepteur Robo1 à la membrane. Au final, mes résultats démontrent que les axones commissuraux ne sont pas sensibilisés aux signaux répulsifs par la mise en œuvre d'un programme général. Au contraire, les récepteurs de guidage possèdent des profils de dynamiques temporelles spécifiques, et des domaines de distribution distincts dans le cône de croissance. Le contrôle de la dynamique d'adressage représente ainsi un mécanisme permettant de discriminer des signaux concomitants, en les fonctionnalisant à différents temps de la navigation de la moelle épinière / During embryonic development, commissural axons are guided through the midline, crossing from one side of the CNS to the other one at specific time points and positions to project onto contralateral neurons. Several sources of attractive cues regulate their navigation. In addition, repulsive forces act at different steps to keep the axons along their path. In the developing spinal cord, commissural axons cross the midline in a ventral territory, the floor plate (FP). Commissural axons gain sensitivity to repellents present in the FP after their crossing. The setting of these novel properties is necessary for preventing the axons to cross back and also for pushing them towards FP exit. Various ligand/receptor couples have been reported to mediate these repulsive forces. Whether commissural axons gain response to all the repulsive cues at the same time is not known. Whether these repulsive cascades have specific functions is suggested by different outcome of their invalidation in mouse models, but how are set these differences also remains unknown. We hypothesized that the generation of functional specificities could be achieved though specific controls of the spatial and temporal dynamics of guidance receptors at the growth cone surface. During my PhD, I developed a set up for time-lapse imaging of “open book” spinal cords, to monitor the dynamics of guidance receptors in axons experiencing native guidance decisions across the midline. To visualize their cell surface sorting, receptors were fused to the pH-sensitive GFP, pHLuorin, whose fluorescence at neutral pH reports membrane protein pools (Nawabi et al, 2010; Delloye-Bourgeois et al, 2014), and were expressed in spinal commissural neurons through in ovo electroporation. This paradigm revealed striking differences in the temporal dynamics of Nrp2, Robo1, Robo2 and PlexinA1, the receptors known to mediate the responsiveness to the major midline repellents referenced in vertebrates: Slit-Ns, Slit-Cs and Semaphorin3B. Moreover, using super-resolution microscopy, I could evidence that PlexinA1 and Robo1 are sorted in distinct subdomains of commissural growth cones navigating the floor plate. I also introduced the pHLuo-tagged receptors in the mouse embryo. These experiments showed that the temporal sequences established in the chick are conserved in the mouse, and that FP crossing in Robo1/2 mutant embryos was rescued in growth cones that could achieve cell surface sorting of Robo1. Thus, my results show that guidance receptors for midline repellents have highly specific spatial and temporal dynamics. The generation of a temporal sequences of cell surface sorting thus represents a mechanism whereby commissural growth cones discriminate concomitant signals by functionalizing them at different timing of their spinal cord navigation
197

Dynamique de récepteurs uniques du GABAA dans le cône de croissance : rôle dans la détection de signaux de guidage

Bouzigues, Cedric 03 October 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Lors du développement du système nerveux, les axones en croissance choisissent une<br />direction d'extension avec précision. Ce processus est permis par la détection sensible de<br />signaux de guidage par les récepteurs membranaires de la membrane du cône de croissance.<br />Nous avons étudié la dynamique de récepteurs individuels du GABA marqués par<br />des nanocristaux fluorescents. Les récepteurs répartis également dans la membrane d'un<br />cône de croissance soumis à un gradient de GABA sont spécifiquement redistribués vers sa<br />source. Cette réorganisation est due à des interactions avec les microtubules déplaçant les<br />récepteurs vers les régions à forte concentration de GABA, mises en évidence sur les trajectoires<br />des récepteurs. Son rôle fonctionnel a été révélé par la mesure d'une amplification<br />de l'asymétrie de la concentration intracellulaire de calcium, qui régule l'organisation du<br />cytosquelette. Ces observations permettent l'élaboration d'un modèle d'auto-organisation<br />des récepteurs, permettant une amplification du signal extérieur. Une faible activation<br />asymétrique des récepteurs induit une asymétrie de concentration de calcium et de l'organisation<br />du cytosquelette. Ceci crée une boucle de rétroaction positive en favorisant<br />la redistribution, qui renforce le signal induit par le gradient en amplifiant l'asymétrie<br />de la concentration de récepteurs et de calcium. L'auto-organisation des récepteurs est<br />décrite par un système d'équations stochastiques étudiées numériquement et analytiquement.<br />Les travaux présentés permettent de proposer un mécanisme général d'amplification<br />de signaux extérieurs dans l'axone en croissance et dans les systèmes chimiotactiques ou<br />polarisés.
198

Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in the cuprizone mouse model of de- and remyelination / Wirkungen von rekombinantem humanen Erythropoietin im Cuprizone-Maus-Modell

Hagemeyer, Nora 18 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.
199

Le rôle des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes CB1 et CB2 dans le guidage axonal

Argaw, Anteneh 12 1900 (has links)
Au cours du développement, les axones des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGRs) voyagent sur de longues distances pour établir des connexions avec leurs cellules cibles. La navigation des cônes de croissance est guidée par différentes molécules chimiotropiques présentes dans leur environnement. Les endocannabinoïdes (eCB) sont d’importants neuromodulateurs qui régulent de manière rétrograde la fonction de nombreuses synapses du cerveau. Ils agissent principalement par le biais de leurs récepteurs liés à une protéine Gi/o CB1 (CB1R) et CB2 (CB2R). La présence des eCBs durant le stade fœtal et la période postnatale suggère leur implication dans des événements régulant le développement du système nerveux. Cette thèse confirme l’expression des récepteurs aux cannabinoïdes CB1 et CB2 ainsi que l’enzyme dégradant les eCBs lors du développement embryonnaire et perinatal des CGRs et de la voie rétinothalamique in vivo. La manipulation pharmacologique de l’activité de CB1R et CB2R réorganise la morphologie du cône de croissance des CGRs et des neurones corticaux in vitro. De plus, la stimulation locale avec un agoniste de CB1R ou de CB2R modifie le comportement du cône de croissance entraînant sa répulsion. CB1R et CB2R modulent par le biais de la voie de signalisation AMPc/PKA, la mobilisation de DCC à la membrane plasmique. Par ailleurs, les résultats de cette recherche démontrent également l’implication de CB1R et CB2R dans la ségrégation des projections ipsi- et controlatérales et le développement de la voie rétinothalamique. / Following differentiation, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, tipped at their distal end by the growth cone (GC), navigate through relatively long distances in a highly directed manner in order to establish functional synapses with thalamic and superior colliculus (SC) neurons. This is achieved with the help of extracellular guidance molecules which steer RGC axon growth by regulating GC morphology by means of attractive and/or repulsive mechanisms. In the adult brain, endocannabinoids (eCBs) exert an important neuromodulatory function by acting as retrograde messengers to regulate the function of many synapses. Endocannabinoids act mainly via their Gi/o protein coupled receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R). Due to their presence at the fetal and early postnatal periods, it has been proposed that eCBs and their receptors might be involved in several developmental events, such as cell proliferation and migration, axon guidance and synaptogenesis. We observed that during early postnatal development, components of the eCB system are expressed along the visual pathway (the optic chiasm, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the SC). To assess the implication of the eCB system, in vitro, embryonic retinal explant and primary neuron cultures were treated with pharmacological agonists and inverse agonists of CB1R and CB2R. These experiments demonstrated that these cannabinoid receptors modify the GC’s morphology. Most importantly, CB1R and CB2R act through the cAMP/PKA pathway to modulate the presence of DCC at the plasma membrane. In vivo, CB1R and CB2R play a major role and the absence of either one of them induces a decrease in eye-specific segregation of retinal projections. These results show an implication of CB1R and CB2R during RGC growth and retinothalamic development.
200

Étude de la signalisation Sonic Hedgehog dans le guidage des axones de la rétine lors de l’établissement de la vision binoculaire

Fabre, Pierre J. 07 1900 (has links)
Chez les animaux à vision binoculaire, la vision tridimensionnelle permet la perception de la profondeur grâce à l'intégration de l'information visuelle en provenance des deux yeux. La première étape de cette intégration est rendue possible anatomiquement par la ségrégation des axones controlatéraux et ipsilatéraux des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) au niveau du chiasma optique. Les axones controlatéraux croisent la ligne médiane au chiasma en route du nerf optique vers le cerveau. À l’inverse, les axones ipsilatéraux s'écartent du chiasma et continuent dans le tractus optique ipsilatéral, en évitant la ligne médiane vers leurs cibles cérébrales. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base de ce phénomène ne sont pas complètement compris. Les études présentées dans cette thèse montrent que Boc, le récepteur de Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) dans le guidage axonal, est enrichi dans les CGRs ipsilatérales de la rétine en développement. La présence de Shh sur la ligne médiane, et le mode d'expression complémentaire du récepteur nous ont conduit à émettre l'hypothèse que Shh pourrait repousser les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma en activant le récepteur Boc. Conformément à cette hypothèse, nous avons constaté que seulement les CGR exprimant Boc se rétractent in vitro en réponse à Shh et que cette réponse est perdue dans les CGR mutantes pour Boc. In vivo, nous démontrons que Boc est requis pour la ségrégation normale des axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique et, inversement, que l'expression ectopique de Boc dans les CGR contralatérales empêche leurs axones de traverser le chiasma optique. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que Shh repousse les axones ipsilatéraux au niveau du chiasma optique par son récepteur Boc. Cette première partie de notre travail identifie un nouveau couple ligand-récepteur requis pour la ségrégation des axones au niveau du chiasma optique. Une interaction moléculaire impliquée dans cette ségrégation implique l’éphrine-B2 et ses récepteurs EphB (EphB1). Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous montrons, in vivo, en utilisant des souris doubles et quadruples mutantes pour les récepteurs Boc, EphB1 ou les trois récepteurs EphB, que l’abrogation des deux voies de signalisation Shh et éphrine-B2 conduit à l'absence de projections ipsilatérales. Ceci indique que les deux signalisations agissent de façon indépendante dans des voies parallèles. De manière intéressante, ces souris mutantes ont été utilisées comme modèle génétique pour démontrer des défauts dans la perception de la profondeur de champs chez des animaux dépourvus de projections visuelles ipsilatérales. Ainsi, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse démontrent pour la première fois que la formation des projections rétiniennes ipsilatérales est essentielle à l’établissement de la vision binoculaire et dépend des voies induites par les récepteurs d’éphrine-B2 et Shh. / In animals with binocular vision, three dimensional vision allows perception of depth through the integration of visual information from both eyes. The first step of this integration is possible anatomically with the segregation of contralateral and ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm. Contralateral axons cross the chiasm midline as they progress from the optic nerve to the optic tract. In contrast, ipsilateral axons deviate from the chiasm and continue in the ipsilateral optic tract. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not completely understood. The studies presented in this thesis show that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptor Boc is enriched in ipsilateral RGCs of the developing retina. Together with the presence of Shh at the midline, this complementary expression pattern led us to hypothesize that Shh might repel ipsilateral RGC axons at the chiasm. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that only Boc positive RGC axons retract in vitro in response to Shh and that this response is lost in Boc mutant RGCs. In vivo, we show that Boc is required for the normal segregation of ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm and, conversely, that Boc expression in contralateral RGCs prevents their axons from crossing the optic chiasm. Taken together, these results suggest that Shh repels ipsilateral RGC axons at the optic chiasm via its receptor Boc. This first part of this thesis identifies a novel receptor required for the segregation of axons at the optic chiasm. The other couple ligand-receptor involved in this segregation is the Ephrin-B2/EphB signalling. In the second part of this thesis, I show that in vivo, the abrogation of both signalling pathways using quadruple knockout mice of the receptor Boc and three EphB receptors led to the absence of ipsilateral projections, indicating that Shh and ephrinB2 signalling act independently in two parallel pathways. More importantly, these animals, used as a new genetic model to perform visual tests, had a diminished ability to perceive depth. Thus, this thesis demonstrates for the first time that the establishment of ipsilateral retinal projections, essential for accurate binocular vision and perception of depth, is made possible by the combination of EphB and Shh signalling.

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